蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶结构与功能特性及其对血液凝固系统的作用

蛇毒,特别是蝰亚科和腹亚科蛇毒,含有大量丝氨酸蛋白酶。这是自然界长期时化过程中演化出的一种既和哺乳动物蛋白酶相似,又存在相当程度的结构与功能分化的生物大分子,通过激活、灭活和转变机体中的凝血因子而广泛作用于血液凝固系统。它们的一级序列和胰蛋白酶－激肽释放酶同源。它们具有相同的活性中心构造和酶催化机制,但活性中心外可变区序列的差异造成了它们底物专一性差异,进一步体现为生物学和药理学功能的差异。它们和     

组织蛋白酶及其抑制剂研究进展

组织蛋白酶是半胱氨酸蛋白酶家族的主要成员,在生物界已发现20余种,人体中主要存在11种,它们与人类肿瘤、骨质疏松、关节炎等多种重大疾病密切相关,是近年来备受关注的一类靶标蛋白酶。自从20世纪90年代以来,多种组织蛋白酶的晶体结构陆续明确,有关其研究进展较快。本文以人类组织蛋白酶为重点,主要介绍近15年来组织蛋白酶结构、功能和抑制剂研究方面的一些重要进展。     

蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶结构与功能关系

蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶(snake venome serine proteinases,SVSP)是分布于多种蛇毒中的一类蛋白质水解酶,它们与凝血及纤溶系统关系密切,具有一定的临床应用价值。本文主要介绍了几种空间结构已知的SVSP在结构上的特征,以及由此而产生的底物特异性及生化特性的差异,显示了天然SVSP中存在着与功能相关的结构变异多样性,这为进一步开发及医学利用SVSP提供了有益的信息。     

蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶

蛇毒是含有许多种生物活性蛋白质和多肽的复杂混合物 ,在蛇毒中蛋白酶占据着独特的位置 ,特别是蝰亚科和蝮亚科。目前可将蛇毒中蛋白水解酶主要分成两大类 ,其中一类是可被ＰＭＳＦ或ＤＦＰ抑制其活性的丝氨酸蛋白酶类。它们的蛋白质序列与胰蛋白酶、激肽释放酶比较显示较大同源性 ,均具有一个共同活性中心和相同的酶催化机制。但由于活性中心外的序列差异导致底物专一性差异和生物活性差异。另一类是可被金属螯合剂ＥＤＴＡ抑制其活性的金属蛋白酶类。一般说来 ,参加它们催化作用活性中心的金属离子是锌 ,隶属于一个新的金属蛋白酶亚科 (ｍ…     

组织蛋白酶D生物合成及其功能的研究进展

蛋白酶D是溶酶体的重要组成部分,与癌细胞的生长和转移密切相关。本篇综述了蛋白酶D在细胞中的生物合成路线及其在细胞内的生物功能。旨在探讨组织蛋白酶与癌细胞的关系,为临床治疗癌症提供依据。     

“蛇毒蛋白酶结构与功能及其对血液凝固系统的作用”获2002年云南省科学技术奖（自然科学类）一等奖

由中国科学院昆明动物研究所张云研究员等开展的“蛇毒蛋白酶结构与功能及其对血液凝固系统的作用”的研究项目获云南省 2 0 0 2年科学技术奖 (自然科学类 )一等奖。首先 ,该项目系统全面地研究了中国常见蛇类蛇毒对哺乳动物血液凝固系统的作用。其次 ,发现并克隆了竹叶青蛇毒专一纤溶酶原激活剂 (TSV PA) ,利用TSV PA的定点突变结果和三维空间结构 ,确定了Asp97残基在人t PA和u PA中的关键作用 ;研究了眼镜蛇科蛇毒第Ⅹ因子激活剂 ,以及蝮蛇蛇毒凝血酶原激活剂 ;还完成了高比活竹叶青蛇毒凝血酶样酶Stejnobin和 3个纤维蛋白原溶酶St…     

功能蛋白酶催化及应用进展

蛋白酶广泛存在于动物、植物及微生物体内,在生物体内的代谢和合成过程中发挥着重要作用,也是一种重要的工业酶制剂,其中,微生物蛋白酶几乎占据着全球商业蛋白酶的三分之二。随着生物技术的兴起,蛋白酶在各个领域的应用日益广泛,通过酶工程改造和基因工程菌株构建获得高稳定性的蛋白酶是其工业应用的关键。本文首先对功能蛋白酶的来源进行了分析,进一步对功能蛋白酶的类型、功能及其作用机制进行了阐述;然后综述了部分重要功能蛋白酶的酶工程改造和基因工程菌株构建方法;最后总结了功能蛋白酶的应用领域并提出了未来重要功能蛋白酶的应用方向。     

丙型肝炎病毒丝氨酸蛋白酶的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）非结构３区（ＮＳ３）编码的丝氨酸蛋白酶是ＨＣＶ复制过程中的重要蛋白酶,负责对ＮＳ３、ＮＳ４及ＮＳ５进行加工。ＮＳ４ａ是ＨＣＶ丝氨酸蛋白酶作用的辅因子,并具有多种活性。ＨＣＶ丝氨酸蛋白酶有相对特异的底物,其活性不能被一般的丝氨酸蛋白抑制剂所抑制。丝氨酸蛋白酶是ＨＣＶ药物设计的靶目标之一。对其结构与功能的研究有着重要意义。     

Kunitz 型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂结构与功能研究

蛋白酶抑制剂在酶学及蛋白质的结构与功能关系研究中有重要意义,Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂是其中最重要的,也是研究最广泛的蛋白酶抑制剂之一．该类蛋白酶抑制剂三维结构高度保守：由一个明显的疏水核心、三对高度保守的二硫键桥、三链β-折叠和一个N端3 10螺旋及一个C端α-螺旋组成．3对二硫键对分子空间结构的稳定起着非常重要的作用．这一类型抑制剂有5个主要的活性位点：P1、P1’、P3、P3’、P4,它们都位于一个溶剂暴露的环上．P1位点是抑制作用的关键活性位点,抑制剂的专一性由P1位点氨基酸残基的性质决定;P1’位点氨基酸残基的侧链大小对抑制剂．酶的结合常数有很大影响,用大的侧链残基取代会导致结合常数降低;P4位点残基被取代经常产生负效应,会导致活性区域环的构象发生很大改变,从而影响酶与抑制剂的结合．     

植物基质金属蛋白酶的研究进展

基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)是高度保守的锌依赖型内肽酶家族.医学研究表明,人体MMPs不仅在一系列生理过程中发挥关键作用,而且与很多重大疾病关联.例如,MMPs在恶性肿瘤组织中的表达量大幅度上升,和肿瘤的侵袭转移密切相关.MMPs也广泛存在于高等植物,它可能参与植物发育调控、免疫应答及非生物逆境胁迫响应等多个方面.该文对近年来国内外有关植物MMPs的分布、结构特点、活性调节以及生物学功能等方面的研究进展进行综述,并对该领域的研究趋势和重点问题进行了讨论.     

去泛素化酶USP11在细胞中的功能作用及其研究进展

Ubiquitin-specific protease 11(USP11)属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶,是去泛素化酶家族(deubiquitinating enzymes,DUBs)的重要成员之一。近年来研究表明USP11能调节细胞内众多蛋白底物的稳定性及功能,包括DNA修复蛋白、病毒RNA复制相关蛋白、TGFβ和NF-κB信号转导通路相关蛋白等,在疾病的发生发展中起着重要的作用。主要综述了USP11的结构、在细胞中的分子功能以及与肿瘤和病毒性疾病的关系,探讨了USP11作为治疗分子靶标的可能性。     

A Global Census of Fission Yeast Deubiquitinating Enzyme Localization and Interaction Networks Reveals Distinct Compartmentalization Profiles and Overlapping Functions in Endocytosis and Polarity

Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are reciprocal processes that tune protein stability, function, and/or localization. The removal of ubiquitin and remodeling of ubiquitin chains is catalyzed by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which are cysteine proteases or metalloproteases. Although ubiquitination has been extensively studied for decades, the complexity of cellular roles for deubiquitinating enzymes has only recently been explored, and there are still several gaps in our understanding of when, where, and how these enzymes function to modulate the fate of polypeptides. To address these questions we performed a systematic analysis of the 20 Schizosaccharomyces pombe DUBs using confocal microscopy, proteomics, and enzymatic activity assays. Our results reveal that S. pombe DUBs are present in almost all cell compartments, and the majority are part of stable protein complexes essential for their function. Interestingly, DUB partners identified by our study include the homolog of a putative tumor suppressor gene not previously linked to the ubiquitin pathway, and two conserved tryptophan-aspartate (WD) repeat proteins that regulate Ubp9, a DUB that we show participates in endocytosis, actin dynamics, and cell polarity. In order to understand how DUB activity affects these processes we constructed multiple DUB mutants and find that a quintuple deletion of ubp4 ubp5 ubp9 ubp15 sst2/amsh displays severe growth, polarity, and endocytosis defects. This mutant allowed the identification of two common substrates for five cytoplasmic DUBs. Through these studies, a common regulatory theme emerged in which DUB localization and/or activity is modulated by interacting partners. Despite apparently distinct cytoplasmic localization patterns, several DUBs cooperate in regulating endocytosis and cell polarity. These studies provide a framework for dissecting DUB signaling pathways in S. pombe and may shed light on DUB functions in metazoans.     

Peroxisomal Import Reduces the Proapoptotic Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP2

The human deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 2 (USP2) regulates multiple cellular pathways, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. As a result of alternative splicing four USP2 isoenzymes are expressed in human cells of which all contain a weak peroxisome targeting signal of type 1 (PTS1) at their C-termini. Here, we systematically analyzed apoptotic effects induced by overexpression and intracellular localization for each isoform. All isoforms exhibit proapoptotic activity and are post-translationally imported into the matrix of peroxisomes in a PEX5-dependent manner. However, a significant fraction of the USP2 pool resides in the cytosol due to a weaker PTS1 and thus low affinity to the PTS receptor PEX5. Blocking of peroxisomal import did not interfere with the proapoptotic activity of USP2, suggesting that the enzyme performs its critical function outside of this compartment. Instead, increase of the efficiency of USP2 import into peroxisomes either by optimization of its peroxisomal targeting signal or by overexpression of the PTS1 receptor did result in a reduction of the apoptotic rate of transfected cells. Our studies suggest that peroxisomal import of USP2 provides additional control over the proapoptotic activity of cytosolic USP2 by spatial separation of the deubiquitinating enzymes from their interaction partners in the cytosol and nucleus.     

植物泛素结合酶E2功能研究进展

泛素-26S蛋白酶体途径是细胞内蛋白质选择性降解的重要途径,广泛参与植物生长发育相关过程。该途径中关键酶主要包括泛素活化酶(E1)、泛素结合酶(E2)和泛素连接酶(E3),对靶蛋白泛素化起重要作用。在简单概述泛素化过程的基础上,主要对近年来植物E2蛋白在DNA修复、光周期和维管分化调控,缺素及抗逆胁迫响应中的功能进行综述,为今后该蛋白功能的深入研究及木本植物中该功能基因的发掘奠定基础。     

Identification of a Deubiquitinating Enzyme as a Novel AGS3-Interacting Protein

Activator of G protein Signaling 3 (AGS3) is a receptor-independent G protein activator that has been implicated in multiple biological events such as brain development, neuroplasticity and addiction, cardiac function, Golgi structure/function, macroautophagy and metabolism. However, how AGS3 is regulated is little known. We demonstrate here that AGS3 interacts with a ubiquitin specific protease USP9x, and this interaction is at least partially mediated through the C-terminal G protein regulatory domain of AGS3. Knockdown of USP9x causes a moderate reduction in the level of AGS3. In contrast, overexpression of either USP9x or its deubiquitinating domain UCH increases the amount of AGS3, whereas expression of the mutant UCH domain that lacks deubiquitinating activity does not have the same effect. As previously observed in AGS3 knockdown cells, the localization of several marker proteins of the late Golgi compartments is disturbed in cells depleted of USP9x. Taken together, our study suggests that USP9x can modulate the level of a subpopulation of AGS3, and this modulation plays a role in regulating the structure of the late Golgi compartments. Finally, we have found that levels of AGS3 and USP9x are co-regulated in the prefrontal cortex of rats withdrawn from repeated cocaine treatment. In conjunction with the above data, this observation indicates a potential role of USP9X in the regulation of the AGS3 level during cocaine-induced neuroplasticity.     

Differential Regulation of JAMM Domain Deubiquitinating Enzyme Activity within the RAP80 Complex

BRCC36 is a JAMM (JAB1/MPN/Mov34 metalloenzyme) domain, lysine 63-ubiquitin (K63-Ub)-specific deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) and a member of two protein complexes: the DNA damage-responsive BRCA1-RAP80 complex, and the cytoplasmic BRCC36 isopeptidase complex (BRISC). The presence of several identical constituents in both complexes suggests common regulatory mechanisms and potential competition between K63-Ub-related signaling in cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. Surprisingly, we discover that BRCC36 DUB activity requires different interactions within the context of each complex. Abraxas and BRCC45 were essential for BRCC36 DUB activity within the RAP80 complex, whereas KIAA0157/Abro was the only interaction required for DUB activity within the BRISC. Poh1 also required protein interactions for activity, suggesting a common regulatory mechanism for JAMM domain DUBs. Finally, BRISC deficiency enhanced formation of the BRCA1-RAP80 complex in vivo, increasing BRCA1 levels at DNA double strand breaks. These findings reveal that JAMM domain DUB activity and K63-Ub levels are regulated by multiple mechanisms within the cell.