邻体竞争对植物个体生长速率和死亡概率的影响：基于日本落叶松？…

选择４种有代表性的植物邻体竞争指数,分析了税地松（Ｌａｒｉｘ ｌｅｐｔｏｌｅｐｉｓ）试验种群的个体生长速率和死亡概率的影响,发现在本试验条件,引入竞争指数不能明显改善对生长速率的预测效果,但用竞争可以较好地以预测个体于１个个月内在竞争压力下死亡的概率,从而为构造植物生长模型时处理个体死亡问题提供一个有益的定量化思路。     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林植物功能性状变异与不同垂直层次个体生长的关联

建立植物功能性状与群落动态之间的关联是功能生态学的核心问题之一。本文基于鼎湖山1.44 ha塔吊样地的两次调查数据, 通过采集样地内所有4,142株个体的6种植物功能性状, 对比分析了个体水平植物功能性状和物种水平功能性状均值对不同垂直层次(灌木层、亚冠层和林冠层)个体生长的影响差异。首先, 分析了不同垂直层次下各植物功能性状的变化趋势; 其次, 计算了不同垂直层次下各植物功能性状的种内和种间变异水平; 最后, 运用结构方程模型探讨了植物功能性状、光竞争以及地下竞争对不同垂直层次树木生长的影响。结果表明: (1)不同垂直层次下的植物功能性状表现出明显的分异, 由灌木层至林冠层, 叶面积、比叶面积和能量供求关系指数显著降低, 而叶片厚度和叶片干物质含量显著升高; (2)不同垂直层次下植物功能性状的种间变异均大于种内变异, 且林冠层的种内功能性状变异均大于灌木层和亚冠层; (3)基于个体水平植物功能性状的结构方程模型较物种水平功能性状均值对生长具有更高的解释程度, 且个体水平植物功能性状的引入更有利于提高对灌木层个体生长的预测能力; (4)光竞争和地下竞争主要通过影响功能性状间接影响植物生长。由灌木层至林冠层, 同种间的相互作用逐渐减弱, 异种间的相互作用逐渐增强。综上, 将个体水平植物功能性状纳入分析有助于更好地理解群落的结构和动态。     

植物代谢速率与个体生物量关系研究进展

植物的各项生理生态功能（例如,呼吸、生长和繁殖）都与个体生物量成异速生长关系。West, Brown及Enquist基于分形网络结构理论所提出的WBE模型认为：植物的代谢（呼吸）速率正比于个体生物量的3/4次幂。然而,恒定的“3/4异速生长指数”与实测数据、植物生理生态学等研究之间存在矛盾,引发激烈的争论。论文分析了不同回归方法对代谢指数的影响,重点对植物代谢速率与个体生物量异速生长关系研究进展进行了综述,分析并得出了植物代谢指数在小个体时接近1.0,并随着生物量的增加而系统减小,且其密切依赖于氮含量的调控的结论。据此,提出了进一步深入研究植物代谢速率个体生物量关系需要解决的一些科学问题。     

植物邻体干扰的研究范畴、热点及意义

系统介绍了确定邻体和度量邻体竞争指数的常用方法,以及邻体干扰研究的热点问题和研究意义。植物邻体干扰研究热点主要包括：(1)邻体干扰对植物个体存活率的影响;(2)邻体干扰对生物多样性的影响;(3)构件水平上的邻体干扰效应;(4)基株对邻体干扰的适应;(5)邻体干扰对植物个体生长速率的影响。     

太白红杉单木胸径生长模型的研究

通过比较分析4种有代表性的植物竞争指数的预测效果,选择较合适的指标构建太白红杉(Larix chinensis)的单木生长模型.研究结果表明:包含对象木胸径、竞争木胸径及对象木与竞争木距离的APA指数能客观反映太白红杉群落植株间的竞争关系;以近2年内胸径相对生长速率为因变量,自身胸径大小和竞争强度为自变量,通过回归分析建立的太白红杉单木生长模型具有较高的回归优度(r＝0.916,P<0.05),表明该模型能很好地预测太白红杉的生长.     

施肥与竞争生长对入侵植物黄顶菊和本地植物光合特性的影响

【背景】黄顶菊具有较强的生态适应性和竞争能力,可压制或排挤本地物种,形成单优势种群,进而导致当地生物多样性下降。【方法】选取黄顶菊入侵域的4种伴生植物益母草、苘麻、马唐、反枝苋为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定入侵植物黄顶菊与这4种植物竞争生长过程中的光合特性,并研究施肥对不同植物与黄顶菊竞争生长过程中光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度的影响。【结果】竞争生长对黄顶菊净光合速率的影响与本地植物种类密切相关,施肥促进了黄顶菊的净光合速率;竞争生长显著抑制了益母草、马唐和反枝苋的净光合速率,促进了苘麻的净光合速率,施肥增强了这4种植物的净光合速率。竞争生长对益母草和苘麻蒸腾速率的影响显著,而对其他2种植物的影响较小;与苘麻、益母草和反枝苋竞争生长过程中黄顶菊的蒸腾速率显著降低;施肥显著降低了单种处理中黄顶菊的蒸腾速率。与益母草、苘麻和反枝苋竞争生长过程中黄顶菊的胞间CO2浓度明显降低,施肥处理对黄顶菊的CO2利用率有显著抑制作用。【结论与意义】施肥影响黄顶菊的光合特性,与不同本地植物竞争生长对黄顶菊光合特性的影响不同。本研究结果将为进一步揭示黄顶菊的入侵机制及其综合治理提供理论依据。     

中亚热带濒危植物毛红椿和南方红豆杉种内与种间竞争差异

濒危植物是全球生物多样性的重要组成部分,为了弄清中亚热带地区不同生长型濒危乔木树种的竞争模式及其机制,研究了江西九岭山国家级自然保护区毛红椿和南方红豆杉的种内与种间竞争差异。结果表明: 阳性落叶树种毛红椿种群的竞争压力主要来自于同种个体,种内竞争指数占总竞争指数的66.4%,耐阴常绿树种南方红豆杉种群主要受种间竞争的影响,种间竞争指数占总竞争指数的68.7%。2种濒危植物受到的种内、种间以及总竞争强度均随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小,表明竞争压力由幼林向成熟林逐渐降低。在生长过程中,毛红椿以种内竞争引起的自疏作用为主导,南方红豆杉则由种间竞争引起的他疏作用为主导。毛红椿和南方红豆杉种群在更新过程中,小径级个体都要经历强度较大的种内或种间竞争选择才能发育为成树。由于主要竞争压力的来源差异,对于生活在中亚热带同一区域内不同生长型的濒危植物应该采取不同的生物多样性保育措施。     

邻域竞争对长白山阔叶红松林关键树种生长的影响

林木间的竞争是影响树木生长、形态和死亡的主要因素.单木邻域竞争分析能够反映个体间相互作用规律及其距离范围,对于减缓林木竞争、促进林木生长具有重要意义.为弄清竞争对阔叶红松林林木生长的影响,本研究基于Hegyi单木竞争指数和邻域分析方法,探讨了长白山原始阔叶红松林中的5个关键树种——红松、紫椴、水曲柳、蒙古栎和春榆(胸高断面积合计占80%)竞争的邻域半径,并分析了竞争对关键树种生长和死亡的影响.结果表明:红松、紫椴、水曲柳和蒙古栎4个树种单木竞争的邻域半径均为11 m,春榆为13 m.关键树种单木邻域竞争强度与其生长量的对数呈显著负相关,与树木个体的大小呈显著正相关;竞争强度对树木生长影响的相对重要性随着个体的生长而降低.邻域竞争显著增加了关键树种的死亡率.本研究表明长白山阔叶红松林中邻域竞争对关键树种的生长和存活有重要影响,研究结果对阔叶红松林关键树种竞争环境的调整和生产力的提升具有指导意义.     

藜个体在高密度种群中的氮素利用效率

 氮素利用效率（NUE）是植物养分策略研究中的一项重要内容。该文利用Berendse和Aerts提出的氮素利用效率概念和原理研究了高密度的藜(Chenopodium album)种群中不同植物个体在种内竞争条件下的氮素利用效率。结果表明,由于植株的氮素吸收速率与其个体大小成非线性关系,说明不同植株个体对氮素的竞争属于非对称竞争。个体较大的植株氮素输入较高,而个体较小的植株氮素输出较高,因而较大个体植株的氮素净增加也较高。植株的氮素损失随着个体大小的增加而增加,较大植株个体的氮素浓度随着生长而下降,而较小植株个体的氮素浓度随时间的变化不大,说明个体较小的植株的生长受光照的限制比受氮素的限制更大,而对较大的植株个体而言,它们的生长受氮素的限制更大。高密度藜种群中的不同植物个体具有不同的养分策略,氮素利用效率及其组成部分氮素生产力（NP）和氮素滞留时间（MRT）均不同。植株的NP和MRT与其个体大小正相关,较大的植物个体具有较高的NP和较长的MRT,因而氮素利用效率也高于个体较小的植株。在个体水平上,种内不同植株的NP与MRT不存在权衡关系（Trade-off）。因此,Berendse和Aerts提出的氮素利用效率概念不仅适用于研究种间的养分策略,对于研究种内不同植株的养分策略也同样适用。     

水曲柳落叶松人工混交林中树木个体生长的竞争效应模型

本研究从水曲柳落叶松混交林中树木的种内种间竞争机制出发,对与距离有关的竞争模型和邻体干扰模型进行了改进,提出了以竞争指数分量和竞争效应系数来量化树木间的空间竞争。根据野外的实测数据,以年材积生长量为因变量各竞争指数分量为自变量,通过多元回归分析建立了树木个体生长的竞争效应模型,回归结果有很好的拟合优度。本研究为空间竞争模型的进一步改进和生态学研究植物竞争生长关系提供了新的思路。     

基于引力模型的林木竞争分析

引力模型是否可以应用于森林群落林木竞争关系分析是值得研究的问题。基于引力模型建立林木相对活力圈能反映竞争木活力大小,基于竞争木的相对活力圈建立引力竞争指数能准确反映林木生长与林木竞争的关系。以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区针阔混交林为研究对象,将V_Hegyi竞争指数、引力竞争指数分别与胸径进行相关分析,胸高断面积生长量分别与2种竞争指数进行相关分析,胸径生长率与2期引力竞争指数的比值(2021年与2006年的引力竞争指数之比)进行相关分析,此外,对相对活力圈直径与胸径进行相关分析,并比较分析了活立木与枯死木的竞争指数大小。结果表明: 2种竞争指数与胸径均呈显著负相关,且均服从幂函数关系。林木胸高断面积生长量与2种竞争指数均呈显著负相关,但引力竞争指数比V_Hegyi竞争指数更能反映林木生长与林木竞争的关系。相对于V_Hegyi竞争指数的比值,2期引力竞争指数的比值更能说明林木生长与林木竞争的关系。在针阔混交林中,阔叶树种的生长与竞争的相关性>针叶树种生长与竞争的相关性。林木枯损受竞争的显著影响。林木相对活力圈大小与林木胸径大小呈显著负相关。引力模型是反映空间相互作用的重要模型之一,可以应用于林木竞争关系的研究,且基于引力模型建立的引力竞争指数可以作为评价林木竞争和林木活力的一个空间结构指标,比V_Hegyi竞争指数更能反映林木生长与林木竞争的关系。     

青杄林恢复演替过程中的邻体竞争效应及邻体干扰指数的改进模型

本文研究了青杄(Picea wilsonii)个体生长速度与其邻体效应之间的相互关系。结果表明乔木演替初期种山杨、白桦以及青杄自身对青杄生长的影响均为竞争关系。由以基株为中心、两米为半径圆内所有个体所测得的邻体干扰可以解释青杄生长速度变异的百分之三十以上。在本文中,我们还改进了邻体干扰指数,提出应该考虑基株自身的个体大小,由改进的指数模型能够解释青杄生长速度变异的百分之四十五左左。因此可以说改进指数要优于原先的指数。根据本文所得的结果,我们可以断定青杄林恢复演替的动力是优势植物种间的竞争。     

落叶松人工林单木模型的研究

根据吉林省松江河林业局所实测的落叶松人工林(Larix olgensis)临时标准地66块、固定标准地18块以及8块团状枝解析样地资料,通过对林分中优势木生长及树冠结构与动态的分析,提出适于树木生长的Korf方程并用来构造林木的潜在生长函数。选择林分密度指数(SDI)作为反映林分中林木之间平均拥挤指标。在单木竞争指标的选择上,通过引进树冠因子,并在与传统的竞争指标相比较的基础上,淡化距离因子的作用,应用优势木相对树冠表面积构造了与距离无关的单木竞争指标,以此建立了落叶松人工林单木生长模型。     

EFFECTS OF VINE COMPETITION ON AVAILABILITY OF LIGHT,WATER, AND NITROGEN TO A TREE HOST (LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA)

Competitive effects of vines on their tree hosts are well documented, but the mechanisms involved in these interactions are poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to measure the effects of below- and/or aboveground competition from the vines Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia on availability of light, water, and nitrogen to the host tree Liquidambar styraciflua, and to examine the relationship between resource availability and tree growth. Light penetration through tree canopies, pre-dawn leaf water potential, and leaf nitrogen concentration were used as predictors of light, water, and nitrogen availability to the tree, respectively. Vine presence significantly reduced light penetration through the tree canopies, but this reduction was not clearly related to the growth responses of trees. Vines did not reduce the pre-dawn leaf water potential of competing trees, which was consistently above -0.5 MPa for the duration of the study. Leaf nitrogen concentration of trees, on the other hand, was significantly reduced by belowground competition with L. japonica. The positive correlation between the annual average leaf nitrogen concentration and tree diameter growth suggested that competition for nitrogen mediated the effects of belowground competition of vines on tree growth.     

四川大头茶在其群落中的种内与种间竞争的初步研究

用Ｈｅｇｙｉ的单木竞争指数模型对不同演替阶段的四川大头茶群落内的四川大头茶种内,种间的竞争强度进行了定量分析,结果表明：四川大头茶种内竞争较与其伴生树种间的竞争剧烈,竞争木对对象木的竞争强度与对象木的个体大小服从幂函数关系,竞争强度随着对象木人体的增大页减小;对象木的生长速度与竞争指数之间有极显著的负相关关系。     

贵州赤水常绿阔叶林不同层次树木空间分布格局和竞争的关系

在贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区的亚热带常绿阔叶林中设置0.96 hm~2的固定样地进行调查,将2299株乔木按树高分级(林木下层、中层、上层),进行空间定位并记录胸径和冠幅等个体指标。采用基于个体间距离的对数相关函数(Paircorrelation functions,PCF)和基于个体胸径、冠幅的标记点格局分析(Marked correlation functions,MCF)空间统计方法检测不同高度层内和层间的空间分布格局和潜在的竞争,结果表明:(1)样地内上层树种呈现随机分布,中下层树种在0—6 m的小尺度内呈聚集分布,在层间关系上表现为0—1 m尺度下显著的正相关关系。(2)在群落内上层个体中没有检测到显著的层内竞争,也未发现其与中、下层树种存在层间竞争关系。(3)群落中、下层树种的层内和层间竞争对两者间空间分布格局和个体大小均产生了一定影响,其相邻个体的胸径和冠幅呈现显著负相关关系。这说明在贵州赤水地区常绿阔叶林中群落中不同层次个体处于不同演替阶段,群落内层内和层间竞争对个体较大的林木上层物种的影响已经非常微弱,而主要发生在中、下层树种内,导致了个体较小的中下层更新树种在层间和层内都出现了小尺度下聚集分布格局,这解释了研究地内不同高度级别树种间竞争关系与共存策略,也验证了标记点格局分析方法在检测植物群落竞争中的敏感性。     

Tree vigor and height growth in Black Spruce

Summary The relationship between tree height and tree vigor was examined in order to test the hypothesis that increased height results in a reduction in photosynthate availability for growth due to an increase in respiratory load of the sapwood. Various vigor indices were measured on black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.] trees on a wide range of sites and ages. The relationship between these vigor indices and tree height and site quality were then evaluated through correlation and regression analyses. Vigor indices based on meristematic activity such as specific volume increment and height growth rate were generally more strongly correlated than foliage based indices (i.e. Waring vigor estimates). Both tree height and site index were found to have a significant effect on specific volume increment and height growth rate. However the height effect decreased with a decrease in site quality, and became insignificant (P <0.05) on the poorer sites. The full regression model, allowing the height effect to vary between different site quality groups, explained 82% and 72% of the variability in specific volume increment and height growth rate, respectively. The results support the hypothesis that increases in the ratio of respiration to photosynthesis in trees as they increase in size is largely a function of tree height. Possible explanations for the decreased height effect on poor sites are also discussed.     

Effects of inbreeding on coastal Douglas fir growth and yield in operational plantations: a model-based approach

In advanced generation seed orchards, tradeoffs exist between genetic gain obtained by selecting the best related individuals for seed orchard populations, and potential losses due to subsequent inbreeding between these individuals. Although inbreeding depression for growth rate is strong in most forest tree species at the individual tree level, the effect of a small proportion of inbreds in seed lots on final stand yield may be less important. The effects of inbreeding on wood production of mature stands cannot be assessed empirically in the short term, thus such effects were simulated for coastal Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] using an individual-tree growth and yield model TASS (Tree and Stand Simulator). The simulations were based on seed set, nursery culling rates, and 10-year-old field test performance for trees resulting from crosses between unrelated individuals and for inbred trees produced through mating between half-sibs, full-sibs, parents and offspring and self-pollination. Results indicate that inclusion of a small proportion of related clones in seed orchards will have relatively low impacts on stand yields due to low probability of related individuals mating, lower probability of producing acceptable seedlings from related matings than from unrelated matings, and a greater probability of competition-induced mortality for slower growing inbred individuals than for outcrossed trees. Thus, competition reduces the losses expected due to inbreeding depression at harvest, particularly on better sites with higher planting densities and longer rotations. Slightly higher breeding values for related clones than unrelated clones would offset or exceed the effects of inbreeding resulting from related matings. Concerns regarding the maintenance of genetic diversity are more likely to limit inclusion of related clones in orchards than inbreeding depression for final stand yield.Communicated by O. Savolainen     

Growth and competition in clonal plants-persistence of shoot populations and species diversity

This paper reviews studies on growth and size-structure dynamics of shoots and clones in clonal plants in comparison with those in non-clonal plants, and discusses the characteristics of clonal plants. The mode of competition between individuals (symmetric versus asymmetric, degree of competitive asymmetry), growth dynamics of individuals, allocation pattern between organs and spatial pattern of individuals are closely correlated with each other in non-clonal plant populations. Theoretical and field studies based on the diffusion model revealed that plants of “height-growth” type (mostly early-successional tree species) and plants of “diameter-growth” type (mostly late-successional tree species) tend to exhibit asymmetric competition and symmetric competition respectively. Moreover, asymmetrically competing plants show smaller effects of variation in individual growth rate and spatial pattern on the size-structure dynamics of the population than symmetrically competing plants. Thefefore, the spatial pattern of inviduals should be considered especially for plants undergoing symmetric competition. These results for non-clonal plants should have a significant implication also for the growth dynamics and competition in clonal plants. The mean growth rate of shoots [G(t,x) function] and hence the mode of competition between shoots differs among clonal plant species as in non-clonal plants. However, a large magnitude and size-independence (or slightly negative size-dependence) of the variation in growth rate of shoots [D(t,x) function], especially at the early stage in a growing season is a common characteristic of many clonal plant species, in contrast to the positively size-dependent variation in individual growth rate in non-clonal plants. This type of variation in shoot growth rate leads to the persistence of stable shoot populations even when the mean growth rate function is changed, and also in cases where the shoot population structure would be unstable in the absence of variation in growth rate. It is suggested that competition between clones is symmetric in most clonal plant species, which brings about small-scale spatio-temporal changes in species abundance and hence species diversity.