Selectivity of diclofop-methyl between wheat and wild oat: growth and herbicide metabolism

Abstract Growth of the second leaf of susceptible wild oat (Avena fatua L.) was inhibited within 2 days after treatment with the herbicide, diclofop-methyl, in the 1-1/2 leaf stage. Leaf growth of resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was unaffected by diclofop-methyl. In wild oat. chlorosis developed 1 day after leaf growth was inhibited. Foliar absorption of diclofop-methyl was similar between wild oat and wheat with 67 and 61% of the recovered radioactivity from [¹⁴C]diclofop-methyl being absorbed by wild oat and wheat, respectively, after 4 days. Wild oal was equally sensitive to the methyl ester and acid forms of the herbicide when the compounds were injected into the stem. Wheat was unaffected by both forms when treated similarly. Very little diclofop-methyl and diclofop (combined total of 10 to 12% in wild oat and 5 to 7% in wheat) remained in plant tissues 2 days after leaf treatment in both susceptible and resistant plants. Therefore, the active form of the herbicide must inhibit growth of susceptible plants very rapidly and at relatively low concentrations. Diclofop-methyl was rapidly hydrolyzed to diclofop by wild oat and wheat. Wild oat predominantly conjugated diclofop to an ester conjugate but wheat hydroxylated the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ring and formed a phenolic conjugate. The formation of the different conjugates between wild oat and wheat was the most significant difference in metabolism between the two species. Nearly 60 and 70% of the methanol-soluble radioactivity was present as water-soluble conjugates in wild oat and wheat, respectively, 4 days after treatment.     

Aluminum Effects on Calcium (45Ca2+) Translocation in Aluminum-Tolerant and Aluminum-Sensitive Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars (Differential Responses of the Root Apex versus Mature Root Regions)

The influence of Al exposure on long-distance Ca2+ translocation from specific root zones (root apex or mature root) to the shoot was studied in intact seedlings of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Al-tolerant Atlas 66 and Al-sensitive Scout 66). Seedlings were grown in 100 [mu]M CaCl2 solution (pH 4.5) for 3 d. Subsequently, a divided chamber technique using 45Ca2+-labeled solutions (100 [mu]M CaCl2 with or without 5 or 20 [mu]M AlCl3, pH 4.5) was used to study Ca2+ translocation from either the terminal 5 to 10 mm of the root or a 10-mm region of intact root approximately 50 mm behind the root apex. The Al concentrations used, which were toxic to Scout 66, caused a significant inhibition of Ca2+ translocation from the apical region of Scout 66 roots. The same Al exposures had a much smaller effect on root apical Ca2+ translocation in Atlas 66. When a 10-mm region of the mature root was exposed to 45Ca2+, smaller genotypic differences in the Al effects effects on Ca2+ translocation were observed, because the degree of Al-induced inhibition of Ca2+ translocation was less than that at the root apex. Exposure of the root apex to Al inhibited root elongation by 70 to 99% in Scout 66 but had a lesser effect (less than 40% inhibition) in Atlas 66. When a mature root region was exposed to Al, root elongation was not significantly affected in either cultivar. These results demonstrate that genotypic differences in Al-induced inhibition of Ca2+ translocation and root growth are localized primarily in the root apex. The pattern of Ca2+ translocation within the intact root was mainly basipetal, with most of the absorbed Ca2+ translocated toward the shoot. A small amount of acropetal Ca2+ translocation from the mature root regions to the apex was also observed, which accounted for less than 5% of the total Ca2+ translocation within the entire root. Because Ca2+ translocation toward the root apex is limited, most of the Ca2+ needed for normal cellular function in the apex must be absorbed from the external solution. Thus, continuous Al disruption of Ca2+ absorption into cells of the root apex could alter Ca2+ nutrition and homeostasis in these cells and could play a pivotal role in the mechanisms of Al toxicity in Al-sensitive wheat cultivars.     

Metabolism of diclofop-methyl in cell cultures of Avena sativa and Avena fatua

The metabolism of the herbicide, diclofop-methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2', 4'-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoate), in cell suspension cultures of Avena sativa L. (cv. Garry) and in callus of Avena fatua L. (transferred to liquid) was determined as a function of time (8 h to about 3 weeks) and was compared to previous metabolism data from intact plants. A. fatua metabolized ¹⁴C-labeled diclofop-methyl more rapidly than A. sativa, but the metabolites formed were similar if not identical. Within 2 days, approximately 50% of the total ¹⁴C recovered was in A. fatua cells whereas less than 15% was in A. sativa cells. In older cultures of A. fatua, the amounts of ¹⁴C in the cells and in the medium were about 45% each; 10 to 12% was in the non-extractable cell residue. The ¹⁴C recovered from A. sativa cells increased to a maximum of about 35% at 7 days and then slowly decreased to about 18% by 21 days, whereas the ¹⁴C in the medium of A. sativa decreased to about 60% at 7 days and then increased to over 75% by 21 days. The nonextractable ¹⁴C residue was 5% or less even after 21 days. Major metabolites in methanolic extracts of cells of both A. sativa and A. fatua were diclofop (2-[4-(2', 4'-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate), diclofop hydroxylated at an undetermined position on the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ring (ring OH-diclofop), and conjugates of diclofop and ring-OH diclofop.     

Translocation and loss of phosphate along roots of wheat seedlings

Summary Sites of phosphate uptake, translocation and loss along sterile roots of 5-day-old wheat seedlings were obtained using an automatic scanning method. Highest uptake occurred in the apical centimetre of the primary root and in the lateral root zone although appreciable uptake occurred along the whole of the root. 68% of absorbed phosphate was translocated from the apex, 84% from the midroot portion and 87% from the lateral root zone after 24 hr. Profuse production of lateral roots is seen as important in phosphate uptake and translocation.Losses of absorbed phosphate from root to solution were small and the patterns of such losses along the root corresponded with the patterns of uptake by the root. Patterns of net flux of phosphate along the root are likely to be identical with those for influx. Patterns of phosphate loss along the root are in marked contrast to those reported for chloride efflux and loss of organic materials.     

The effects of diclofop-methyl on root growth of wild oat

Diclofop-methyl severely reduced the growth of seminal roots of wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) when applied in hydroponics at 0.01 and 0.05 μ M . Lateral roots emerged closer to the seminal root apex than in the controls, but coronal root number and length were unaffected at 0.01 μ M . However, doses of 0.05 to 0.1 μ M induced more but shorter coronal roots to emerge than for controls. At 1 μ M the number and length of coronal roots were less than for controls. Root-applied diclofop-methyl at 1 μ M inhibited emerging second leaf growth to the same extent as a foliar dip in 1 μ M diclofop-methyl without causing chlorosis as foliar treatment does. Because of limited basipetal transport of foliarly-applied diclofop-methyl, shoot treatment was ineffective in inducing abnormal root morphogenesis of the seminal and lateral root systems, although it caused abnormalities of the coronal root system. Time course studies were initiated to examine the effect of root-applied diclofop-methyl at 0.05 μ M . Seminal root growth was inhibited (by diclofop-methyl) soon after treatment, while controls continued elongating. The distance between the seminal root apex and the first lateral primordia increased in the controls within one day after treatment, but decreased in the herbicide-treated roots. The distance between the seminal root apex and the first emerged lateral root was reduced by three days after treatment. The number of lateral primordia and emerged roots was unaffected three days after treatment. These dose-response and kinetic results suggested that diclofop-methyl caused a loss of apical dominance in the seminal root.     

Uptake and Translocation of Benthiocarb Herbicide by Plants

The uptake and translocation of ¹⁴C-benthiocarb labelled at benzyl methylene by rice plant, bamyardgrass, wild amaranth, smart weed and lambsquarters were investigated, ¹⁴C-Benthiocarb was absorbed through the roots and the radioactivity was translocated into whole plants. The rate of absorption and translocation varied by the kind of plants. The translocation was occurred not only from roots into leaves, but from a leaf into other leaves, and even into roots of some kinds of plant. The absorption and translocation was more easy in barnyard-grass than in rice plant. Benthiocarb was rapidly absorbed by seeds and accumulated mostly in the embryo. The uptake of benthiocarb by seedlings decreased with the order of mesocotyl (bamyardgrass only), coleoptyl, root and leaf. Benthiocarb was degraded rapidly in plants.     

Effects of diclofop and diclofop-methyl on the membrane potentials of wheat and oat coleoptiles

Electrophysiological measurements were made on the mesophyll cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Waldron) and oat (Avena sativa L. cv Garry) coleoptiles treated either with the herbicide diclofop-methyl (methyl 2-(4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)propanoate), or it's primary metabolite diclofop, (2-(4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)-propanoic acid). Application of a 100 micromolar solution of diclofop-methyl to wheat coleoptiles had little or no effect on the membrane potential (E_M), however in oat, E_M slowly depolarized to the diffusion potential (E_D). At pH 5.7, 100 micromolar diclofop rapidly abolished the electrogenic component of the membrane potential in both oat and wheat coleoptiles with half-times of 5 to 10 minutes and 15 to 20 minutes, respectively. The concentrations giving half-maximal depolarizations in wheat were 20 to 30 micromolar compared to 10 to 20 micromolar in oat. The depolarizing response was not due to a general increase in membrane permeability as judged from the E_M's response to changes in K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻, before and after treatment with diclofop and from its response to KCN treatment. In both plants, diclofop increased the membrane permeability to protons, making the E_M strongly dependent upon the external pH in the range of pH 5.5 to pH 8.5. The effects of diclofop can best be explained by its action as a specific proton ionophore that shuttles protons across the plasmalemma. The rapidity of the cell's response to both diclofop-methyl (15-20 minutes) and diclofop (2-5 minutes) makes the ionophoric activity a likely candidate for the earliest herbicidal event exhibited by these compounds.     

Aryl hydroxylation: A selective mechanism for the herbicides, diclofop-methyl and clofop-isohutyl, in gramineous species

Esters of substituted phenoxy-phenoxy propionic acid constitute a new class of herbicides that are effective against gramineous weed and crop species. Slight changes in chemical structure alter drastically the spectrum of weeds controlled by this class of herbicides. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is resistant to diclofop-methyl (methyl 2-[4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate) (DM) and clofop-isobutyl (iso-butyl 2-[4-(4′-phenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate) (CI), oat (Avena sativa L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) are susceptible to DM but resistant to CI, and corn (Zea mays L.) is susceptible to both compounds. The antagonism of IAA-induced elongation in the coleoptile straight growth test was determined to measure biological activity of the herbicides. The basis for the differential responses by gramineous species was related to the metabolism and deioxication of the herbicides in coleoptiles. Growth of wheat coleaptiles was relatively unaffected by both compounds, oat coleoptile growth was inhibited by DM but not by CI. but corn coleoptile growth was inhibited equally by both compounds. Coleoptiles and excised shoots of the three species rapidly hydrolyzed both compounds to their respective acids (diclofop, clofop). The acids were conjugated to a water-soluble ester conjugate or they were hydroxylated in the chlorine-substituted phenyl ring and conjugated as a phenolic conjugate. Aryl hydroxylation is a detoxication mechanism in resistant plants. Plants resistant to DM or CI contained low concentrations of the parent ester and the free or bound (ester conjugate) acid and a high concentration of free or bound (phenolic conjugate) aryl hydroxylated acid in coleoptile and shoot tissues, Differential responses by the three gramineous species to DM and CI axe due apparently to differences in their detoxication mechanism. The enzyme for aryl hydroxylation in oat appears to have a higher affinity for the 4-chloro- than for the 2,4-dichloro-substituted moiety. Therefore, oat hydroxylated clofop rapidly and was tolerant to CI but the limited ability of oat to hydroxylate diclofop resulted in oat being extremely susceptible to DM.     

Effect of decapitation on absorption,translocation, and phytotoxicity of imazamethabenz in wild oat (Avena fatua L.)

The release of apical dominance by the physical destruction in situ of the apical meristem and associated leaf primordia (decapitation) promoted the growth of tillers in non-herbicide-treated wild oat plants, as indicated by increased tiller lengths and fresh weights. At 96 h after [¹⁴C] herbicide treatment following decapitation, the absorption of [¹⁴C]imazamethabenz and total translocation of radioactivity were respectively increased by 28% and 49%. By 96 h after [¹⁴C]imazamethabenz application, the radioactivity detected in the roots of decapitated plants was 45% higher than that in the roots of nondecapitated plants while the radioactivity in tillers of decapitated plants was 2.6-fold that in tillers of intact plants. Decapitation together with foliar spraying of imazamethabenz at 200 g ha^–1 further reduced tiller fresh weight, greatly decreased the total tiller number, and thereafter significantly increased overall phytotoxicity by 32% as measured by total shoot fresh weight. The results of this study support the hypothesis that main shoot apical dominance limits translocation of applied imazamethabenz to lateral shoots, rendering tillers less susceptible to growth inhibition by the herbicide.     

Evidence for root Fe nutrition in Hydrilla verticillata Royle

Summary The uptake of Fe by roots and apical leaves of the submersed aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata Royle was studied using ⁵⁹FeEDTA. ⁵⁹FeEDTA was absorbed by both roots and apical leaves, and translocated to the other parts of the plant. Approximately 3% of the total ⁵⁹FeEDTA absorbed by the roots over a period of 60 h was translocated to the leaves. Downward translocation of ⁵⁹FeEDTA from the apical portion of the plant to the lower leaves was approximately 21% of the amount absorbed.Published as Journal Series No 333 of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Real-time [11C]methionine translocation in barley in relation to mugineic acid phytosiderophore biosynthesis

[11C]Methionine was supplied through barley roots and the 11C signal was followed for 90 min using a real-time imaging system (PETIS), with subsequent development of autoradiographic images of the whole plant. In all cases, [11C]methionine was first translocated to the 'discrimination center', the basal part of the shoot, and this part was most strongly labeled. Methionine absorbed by the roots of the plants was subsequently translocated to other parts of the plant. In Fe-deficient barley plants, a drastic reduction in [11C]methionine translocation from the roots to the shoot was observed, while a greater amount of 11C was found in the leaves of Fe-sufficient or methionine-pretreated Fe-deficient plants. Treatment of Fe-deficient plants with aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of nicotianamine aminotransferase, increased the translocation of [11C]methionine to the shoot. The retention of exogenously supplied [11C]methionine in the roots of Fe-deficient barley indicates that the methionine is used in the biosynthesis of mugineic acid phytosiderophores in barley roots. This and the absence of methionine movement from shoots to the roots suggest that the mugineic acid precursor methionine originates in the roots of plants.     

Symplastic and apoplastic uptake and root to shoot translocation of nickel in wheat as affected by exogenous amino acids

This study investigated the effect of exogenous amino acids on apoplastic and symplastic uptake and root to shoot translocation of nickel (Ni) in two wheat cultivars. Seedlings of a bread (Triticum aestivum cv. Back Cross) and a durum wheat cultivar (T. durum cv. Durum) were grown in a modified Johnson nutrient solution and exposed to two levels (50 and 100 μM) of histidine, glycine, and glutamine. Application of amino acids resulted in increasing symplastic to apoplastic Ni ratio in roots of both wheat cultivars, although glutamine and glycine were more effective than histidine under our experimental conditions. The amino acid used in the present study generally increased the relative transport of Ni from the roots to shoots in both wheat cultivars. Higher amounts of Ni were translocated to wheat shoots in the presence of histidine than the other amino acids studied, which indicated that histidine was more effective in translocation of Ni from roots to shoots. Amino acids used in the present study largely increased root symplastic Ni, but shoot Ni accumulation was much lower than the total Ni accumulation in roots, indicating a large proportion of Ni was retained or immobilized in wheat roots (either in the apoplastic or symplastic space), with only a very small fraction of Ni being translocated from the root to the shoot. According to the results, glutamine and glycine were more effective than histidine in enhancing the symplastic to apoplastic Ni ratio in the roots, while more Ni was translocated from the roots to the shoots in the presence of histidine.     

Effects of diclofop and diclofop-methyl on membrane potentials in roots of intact oat, maize, and pea seedlings

Growth and electrophysiological studies in roots of intact diclofop-methyl susceptible and resistant seedlings were conducted to test the hypothesis that the herbicide acts primarily as a proton ionophore. The ester formulation of diclofop, at 0.2 micromolar, completely inhibited root growth in herbicide-susceptible oat (Avena sativa L.) after a 96 hour treatment, but induced only a delayed transient depolarization of the membrane potential in oat root cortical cells. Root growth in susceptible maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings was dramatically reduced by exposure to 0.8 micromolar diclofop-methyl, while the same diclofop-methyl exposure hyperpolarized the membrane potential within 48 hours after treatment. Furthermore, exposure of maize roots to the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) (50 nanomolar), inhibited growth by only 31%, 96 hours after treatment, while the same CCCP exposure depolarized the resting potential by an average of 32 millivolts. Thus, the protonophore hypothesis cannot account for a differential membrane response to phytotoxic levels of diclofop-methyl in two susceptible species. From the results of others, much of the evidence to support the protonophore hypothesis was obtained using high concentrations of diclofop acid (100 micromolar). At a similar concentration, we also report a rapid (3 minute) diclofop-induced depolarization of the membrane potential in roots of susceptible oat and maize, moderately tolerant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and resistant pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. Moreover, 100 micromolar diclofop acid inhibited growth in excised cultured pea roots. In contrast, 100 micromolar diclofop-methyl did not inhibit root growth. Since the membrane response to 100 micromolar diclofop acid does not correspond to differential herbicide sensitivity under field conditions, results obtained with very high levels of diclofop acid are probably physiologically irrelevant. The results of this study suggest that the effect of diclofop-methyl on the membrane potentials of susceptible species is probably unrelated to the primary inhibitory effect of the herbicide on plant growth.     

Incorporation and translocation of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench monitored using a planar positron imaging system

[¹⁸F]FDG (2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose) was fed to a sorghum plant [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] from the tip of a leaf and its movement was monitored using a planar positron imaging system (PPIS). [¹⁸F]FDG was uptaken from the leaf tip and it was translocated to the basal part of the shoots from where it moved to the roots, the tillers and the sheaths. Autoradiographic analysis of the distribution of ¹⁸F, [¹⁸F]FDG and/or its metabolites showed translocation to the roots, tillers, and to the leaves that were younger than the supplied leaf. Strong labelling was observed in the basal part of the shoots, in the sheaths, the youngest leaf and the root tips. Our results indicate that [¹⁸F]FDG and/or its metabolites were absorbed from the leaf and translocated to the sites where nutrients are required. This strongly suggests that [¹⁸F]FDG can be utilised as a tracer to study photoassimilate translocation in the living plant. This is the first report on the use of [¹⁸F]FDG, which is routinely used as a probe for clinical diagnosis, to study source to sink translocation of metabolites in whole plants in real time.     

Diclofop-methyl increases the proton permeability of isolated oat-root tonoplast

Diclofop-methyl (methyl ester of 2-[4-(2′,4′-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propionate; 100 micromolar) and diclofop (100 micromolar) inhibited both ATP- and PPi-dependent formation of H⁺ gradients by tonoplast vesicles isolated from oat (Avena sativa L., cv Dal) roots. Diclofop-methyl (1 micromolar) significantly reduced the steady-state H⁺ gradient generated in the presence of ATP. The ester (diclofop-methyl) was more inhibitory than the free acid (diclofop) at pH 7.4, but this relative activity was reversed at pH 5.7. Neither compound affected the rate of ATP or PPi hydrolysis by the proton-pumping enzymes. Diclofop-methyl (50, 100 micromolar), but not diclofop (100 micromolar), accelerated the decay of nonmetabolic H⁺ gradients established across vesicle membranes. Diclofop-methyl (100 micromolar) did not collapse K⁺ gradients across vesicle membranes. Both the (+)- and (−)-enantiomers of diclofop-methyl dissipated nonmetabolic H⁺ gradients established across vesicle membranes. Diclofop-methyl, but not diclofop (each 100 micromolar), accelerated the decay of H⁺ gradients imposed across liposomal membranes. These results show that diclofop-methyl causes a specific increase in the H⁺ permeability of tonoplast.     

麦棉套作复合根系群体对棉株氮素吸收与分配的影响

在盆栽麦棉套作条件下,于2003～2004年设置麦棉自然根系(麦棉根系和肥水均可相互通过)、麦棉纱网隔根(肥水可相互通过,麦棉根系不能相互通过)和麦棉塑膜隔根(麦棉根系和肥水均不能相互通过)3种麦棉根系处理,运用小麦叶片¹⁵N富积标记法和¹⁵N同位素稀释法,研究麦棉复合根系群体对棉花氮素吸收与分配的影响.结果表明,在麦棉套作群体中,既存在麦棉共处期小麦对棉花根区氮素的竞争,又存在小麦根区及其所吸收氮素向棉花的转移.棉花根系吸收的¹⁵N肥料大多分配到地上部,根系分配的量较少,且麦棉自然根系处理地上部的¹⁵N标记肥料氮的吸收率(NUR)最大,纱网隔根处理次之,塑膜隔根处理最少.在麦棉共处期,麦棉自然根系处理棉花的植株从¹⁵N标记肥料中吸收的氮占其全氮的百分率(Ndff)和NUR均低于隔根处理.至棉花初花期(小麦已收获,秸秆原位埋入土壤中),麦棉自然根系处理棉花吸收的氮素主要来源于化学肥料而非秸秆降解物.棉株不同器官所分配的¹⁵N标记肥料比例不同,棉花生殖器官中¹⁵N含量明显高于其他器官.麦棉自然根系处理棉株生物量也高于隔根处理.     

麦棉套作复合根系群体对棉株氮素吸收与分配的影响

在盆栽麦棉套作条件下,于2003～2004年设置麦棉自然根系（麦棉根系和肥水均可相互通过）、麦棉纱网隔根（肥水可相互通过,麦棉根系不能相互通过）和麦棉塑膜隔根（麦棉根系和肥水均不能相互通过）3种麦棉根系处理,运用小麦叶片15N富积标记法和15N同位素稀释法,研究麦棉复合根系群体对棉花氮素吸收与分配的影响．结果表明,在麦棉套作群体中,既存在麦棉共处期小麦对棉花根区氮素的竞争,又存在小麦根区及其所吸收氮素向棉花的转移．棉花根系吸收的15N肥料大多分配到地上部,根系分配的量较少,且麦棉自然根系处理地上部的15N标记肥料氮的吸收率（NUR）最大,纱网隔根处理次之,塑膜隔根处理最少．在麦棉共处期,麦棉自然根系处理棉花的植株从15N标记肥料中吸收的氮占其全氮的百分率（Ndff）和NUR均低于隔根处理．至棉花初花期（小麦已收获,秸秆原位埋入土壤中）,麦棉自然根系处理棉花吸收的氮素主要来源于化学肥料而非秸秆降解物．棉株不同器官所分配的15N标记肥料比例不同,棉花生殖器官中15N含量明显高于其他器官．麦棉自然根系处理棉株生物量也高于隔根处理．     

The absorption, translocation and distribution of the herbicide glyphosate in maize expressing the CP-4 transgene

Maize (Zea mays L. var. Bonnie) transformed with a gene encoding a 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase with altered sensitivity showed over 100-fold greater resistance to the herbicide glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]glycine) in comparison with its non-transformed progenitor (parental control) at the third-leaf stage. Studies with [¹⁴C]-glyphosate at a dosage lethal to the parental control, but sublethal to the transgenic, revealed that a maximum of 45-65% of the applied dose was absorbed, with greater absorption occurring in transgenic plants. Translocation of glyphosate was closely related to its absorption (r value 0.956) with approximately 15% more of the applied dose being mobilized in transgenic plants than the parental controls. Analysis of electronic autoradiograms along the treated leaf lamina found discrete internal regions of glyphosate accumulation closely associated with the site of application. These regions contained lower amounts of glyphosate present in the treated leaf lamina was almost completely translocated in transgenic plants, while in the parental controls more remained and the leaf became necrotic. In both types of maize there was a small accumulation of herbicide in the tip region of the leaf which was not mobilized. Younger shoot tissues and roots were major sinks for translocated glyphosate accumulating approximately 25-40% of the applied dose depending upon treatment. In the parental control, equal amounts of glyphosate were found distributed between young shoot tissues and roots; while in transgenic plants, the young shoot tissue accumulated around three times more glyphosate than the roots. In both plant types, glyphosate was localized in the meristems and young, actively growing leaves. Specific glyphosate activity (the amount of glyphosate per unit dry weight of tissue) in the major sinks of the transgenic declined towards the end of the treatment period but remained relatively constant in the parental control. In conclusion, enhancing glyphosate resistance by genetic transformation influenced the absorption, translocation and distribution of this herbicide in whole plants.Keywords: Zea mays, glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]-glycine), transgenic, absorption, translocation, source-sink.      

8-[C]Benzylaminopurine Translocation in Phaseolus vulgaris

[8-¹⁴C]Benzylaminopurine (BA) translocation was studied in whole plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under three different light regimes (continuous light, 8-hour light + 16-hour dark, dark). Applications were made to the apex, to a cotyledonary leaf, or to the root system. Results showed that no BA basipetal translocation occurred, however BA is easily absorbed by the root system and is translocated acropetally.     

Metabolism of myo-[2-H]Inositol and scyllo-[R-H]Inositol in Ripening Wheat Kernels

Injection of myo-[2-(3)H]inositol or scyllo-[R-(3)H]inositol into the peduncular cavity of wheat stalks about 2 to 4 weeks postanthesis led to rapid translocation into the spike and accumulation of label in developing kernels, especially the bran fraction. With myo-[2-(3)H]inositol, about 50 to 60% of the label was incorporated into high molecular weight cell wall substance in the region of the injection. That portion translocated to the kernels was utilized primarily for cell wall polysaccharide formation and phytate biosynthesis. A small amount was recovered as free myo-inositol and galactinol. When scyllo-[R-(3)H]inositol was supplied, most of the label was translocated into the developing kernels where it accumulated as free scyllo-inositol and O-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-scyllo-inositol in approximately equal amount. None of the label from scyllo-[R-(3)H]inositol was utilized for either phytate biosynthesis or cell wall polysaccharide formation.