贵州省菌蚊初步目录及一中国新记录种

贵州省的菌蚊自1988年以来已记载过4属9种,最近又整理鉴定出1属3种,其中有1中国新记录种,另有1种为雌虫首次记载,使贵州省的菌蚊增加到5属12种。现简要报道如下。     

中国木生革菌研究4.刺囊革菌属，二叉韧革菌属和叉丝革菌属中的三个中国新记录种

报道中国木生革菌3个新记录种：艾氏刺囊革菌采自河南省,褐伏二叉韧革菌采自安徽省,柳叉丝革菌采自贵州省。根据所采集的标本对这3种真菌进行了详细描述。     

贵州玉米籽粒镰刀菌污染情况调查

【背景】镰刀菌引起的作物病害在贵州省内时有发生,由于该地区低温高湿的气候特征并不适宜镰刀菌生长,之前未系统开展镰刀菌侵染和分布情况调查。【目的】调查贵州省玉米籽粒中镰刀菌病害的污染情况。【方法】收集贵州省58个县/县级市的玉米籽粒样品78份,利用原核表达的可用于检测镰刀菌的Fv SG7-AP融合蛋白对样品进行快速免疫学检测,并对部分样品进行生物学培养鉴定。【结果】共有67份样品检测结果为阳性,污染率高达85.90%,生物学培养后显微镜观察到镰刀菌菌丝和孢子。检测出镰刀菌污染的玉米样品分布在贵州省51个县/县级市,其中19个地区检测到轻度污染样品,20个地区检测到中度污染样品,12个地区检测到重度污染样品。【结论】贵州省绝大部分地区存在不同程度的镰刀菌污染,有必要在作物耕种、收获及贮藏期间采取有效的防控措施,以保障食品安全与人畜健康。     

假笼头菌属一新种

本文报道了假笼头菌属 Pseudoclathrus 的一新种:雷公山假笼头菌Pseudodathrus leigongshanensis W.Zhou et K.Q.Zhang sp.nov.。周薇等于1982年10月15日采自贵州省雷山县雷公山,阔叶林中地上。本新种不同于该属唯一种——柱孢假笼头菌 Pseudoclathrus cylindrosporusLiu et Bau 之处,主要是臂无任何脊沟,弧形、薄带状,肉桂色,菌蕾卵形或亚球形,灰色。     

绿僵菌属的一个新种

本文报导从贵州省贵阳罹病梨虎Rhynchites Coreanus Kono幼虫虫尸分离的一种绿僵菌新种的鉴定结果,该菌与绿僵菌属模式种金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) s-orkin 有明显区别,根据菌落颜色、分生孢子团块大小、连接紧密和牢固程度、孢子链连接方式和分生孢子形态等,我们鉴定为新种——翠绿绿僵菌Metarhizium iadini chen、Guo et zhou sp.nov.     

从不同地区网柄菌中分离和纯培养的共生放线菌

收集从采自中国甘肃省、贵州省和吉林省不同环境土壤中分离得到的网柄菌菌株,并从网柄菌中分离与其共生的放线菌。采用放线菌选择培养基(改良高氏1号),通过平板划线法分离放线菌;利用16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析确定培养的放线菌的分类学地位。结果显示：3个省的网柄菌中共分离到放线菌3种55株;从甘肃省的6种网柄菌的20个菌株中纯化培养出28株放线菌,分属为2目3科3属3种,其中微杆菌属为优势属,占89%;从贵州省的6种网柄菌的10个菌株中纯化培养出17株放线菌,皆为氧化微杆菌Microbacterium oxydans;从吉林省的8种网柄菌的8个菌株中纯化培养出10株放线菌,分属于2目2科2属2种,微杆菌属为优势属,占90%。结果表明,环境因素对网柄菌携带共生放线菌种类的影响大于网柄菌物种差异的影响,从碱性土壤的网柄菌中更容易分离得到与其共生的放线菌菌株。     

齿裂菌属的两个新种

本文报道齿裂菌属(Coccomyces de Not.)的两个新种一贵州齿裂菌(C.guizhouensis Y.R.Lin et B.F.Hu)和油杉齿裂菌(C.keteleeriae Y.R.Lin)。前者发生在贵州省织金县华山松(Pinus armandi Franch.)的枝条上,后一种见于福建省福州市油杉[Ketelecria fortunei(Murr.)Carr.]的落叶上。对这两个种作了汉文、拉丁文描述和图解。     

日本亮耳菌——一种新的杀线虫真菌

从贵州省宽阔水自然保护区采到的日本亮耳菌Lampteromycesjaponicus(Kawam.)Sing.这一中国新记录种,其菌丝体及其丙酮粗提物对线虫有毒杀作用,是一类有应用前景的食线虫真菌资源。     

贵州美口菌属二新种

本文报道了采自贵州省绥阳县的二个美口菌属Calostoma Desv.的新种,命名为贵州美口菌Calostoma guizhouense Liu et Jiang和姜氏美口菌Calostoma jiangii Liu et Y. H. Liu。     

贵州美口菌属二新种(英文)

本文报道了采自贵州省绥阳县的二个美口菌属Calostoma Desv.的新种,命名为贵州美口菌Calostoma guizhouense Liu et Jiang和姜氏美口菌Calostoma jiangii Liu et Y. H. Liu。     

黑龙江省沾河林场林下大型真菌名录

通过对黑龙江省沾河地区坤得气林场红松母树林区域内林下大型真菌调查,获得标本677份,经鉴定为38科73属169种,其中黑龙江省新记录种13种。根据食药用途划分出食用真菌81种,药用真菌26种,有毒真菌24种。     

Distribution of iron, cobalt, zinc and selenium in macrofungi

Samples of wild growing ectomycorrhizal and terrestrial saprobic macrofungi (mushrooms) were collected from unpolluted areas and analyzed for their iron, cobalt, zinc and selenium content. Trace elements were determined using long-term instrumental neutron activation analysis. In total, 217 samples, including 87 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi and 43 species of terrestrial saprobes, were examined. Distribution of trace element contents in ectomycorrhizal and saprobic macrofungi was investigated; results are thoroughly compared with previously published data. Doubtful literature data and ability of macrofungi to accumulate/concentrate investigated elements are discussed. Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca was found to concentrate Fe and Russula atropurpurea was confirmed as an effective Zn-accumulating species. Distribution of Se in ectomycorrhizal species was obviously different from that in saprobic species; selenium contents were higher in saprobic species (mostly above 2 ppm).     

Mushroom diversity in sustainable shade tea forest and the effect of fire damage

A survey of the biodiversity of wild macrofungi, including edible species yields, was carried out from 1 May to 30 September 2007 at four different forest types (in mainly Miang tea forest). The plots 100 m², comprised a tea garden with a few planted canopy tree species (37.2% canopy cover), a cultivated sustainable tea forest (80.2% canopy cover), an abandoned sustainable tea forest (89.8% canopy cover), and an abandoned sustainable tea forest that had suffered fire damage (72.9% canopy cover). All visible mushrooms were collected during weekly forays. Macro-characters of the fungi were annotated and photographed by digital camera and the fungi were identified to genera and morphospecies (e.g. Agaricus sp.1, Agaricus sp.2). The fresh weight of wild edible mushrooms produced in the plots was also recorded during this period. The biodiversity of macrofungi in abandoned sustainable tea forest was highest with 115 species in 47 genera, followed by cultivated sustainable tea forest with 85 species in 42 genera and fire damaged abandoned sustainable tea forest with 48 species in 25 genera, while only 19 species belonging to 15 genera were found in the tea garden. Twenty-one species belonging to nine genera with a total of 60.9 kg of edible fungi were collected throughout this study. The fresh weight of edible mushrooms was recorded with the highest fresh weight (25.3 kg) collected from the abandoned sustainable tea forest, followed by 18.2 kg in the cultivated sustainable tea forest, while in the fire damaged sustainable tea forest 16.4 kg were collected and only 1 kg was collected in the tea garden. Abandoned sustainable tea forest contained a greater shade tree biodiversity and higher canopy cover than other plots. This area has a generally higher humidity, a greater ground litter cover, a greater number of microhabitats, a greater number of trees that can form mycorrhizal associations and this probably accounts for the higher diversity of macrofungi and production of edible mushrooms. The fire damaged sustainable tea forest had lower mushroom diversity and edible mushroom production possibly due to the loss of litter and lower tree diversity. The tea garden supported a poor diversity of mushrooms and almost no edible mushrooms. Shade tea forest (Miang tea forest) is a good method to produce tea in a sustainable way as it maintains diversity of mushrooms and other organisms and could be developed as an alternative to shade coffee.     

中国森林大型真菌重要类群多样性和系统学研究

大型真菌主要为担子菌门的真菌和少数为子囊菌门的真菌,该类真菌具有重要的经济价值和生态功能,主要生长在森林生态系统中.30年来作者对我国几乎所有类型森林生态中的大型真菌进行了系统调查和采集,共采集标本11.2万号.基于对这些材料的形态学及分子系统学研究,并结合生态学和生物地理学特征,共鉴定出中国森林大型真菌4 250种,...     

唐家河国家级自然保护区大型真菌多样性研究

为了摸清保护区大型真菌资源,2003～2007年多次对保护区大型真菌资源种类及利用情况进行深入调查,基本摸清了保护区大型真菌资源种类,本次调查显示保护区大型真菌有8目39科95属219种,有经济价值的真菌162种,其中可食用真菌149种、药用真菌52种、毒菌31种、木腐菌82种、菌根菌72种。为达到不破坏生态环境和保护资源的目的,根据保护区大型真菌资源特点提出保护和综合利用建议,为保护区管理处制定大型真菌资源保护与利用对策提供科学依据。     

Modelling and predicting fungal distribution patterns using herbarium data

Aim The main aims of this study are: (1) to test if temperature and related parameters are the primary determinants of the regional distribution of macrofungi (as is commonly recognized for plants); (2) to test if the success of modelling fungal distribution patterns depends on species and distribution characteristics; and (3) to explore the potential of using herbarium data for modelling and predicting fungal species’ distributions. Location The study area, Norway, spans 58–71° N latitude and 4–32° E longitude, and embraces extensive ecological gradients in a small area. Methods The study is based on 1020 herbarium collections of nine selected species of macrofungi and a set of 75 environmental predictor variables, all recorded in a 5 × 5‐km grid covering Norway. Primarily, generalized linear model (GLM; logistic regression) analyses were used to identify the environmental variables that best accounted for the species’ recorded distributions in Norway. Second, Maxent analyses (using variables identified by GLM) were used to produce predictive potential distribution maps for these species. Results Variables relating to temperature and radiation were most frequently included in the GLMs, and between 24.8% and 59.8% of the variation in single‐species occurrence was accounted for. The fraction of variation explained by the GLMs ranged from 41.6% to 59.8% for species with restricted distributions, and from 24.8% to 39.3% for species with widespread/scattered and intermediate distributions. The two‐step procedure of GLM followed by Maxent gave predictions with very high values for the area under the curve (0.927–0.997), and maps of potential distribution were generally credible. Main conclusions We show that temperature is a key factor governing the distribution of macrofungi in Norway, indicating that fungi may respond strongly to global warming. We confirm that modelling success depends partly on species and distribution characteristics, notably on how the distribution relates to the extent of the study area. Our study demonstrates that the combination of GLM and Maxent may be a fruitful approach for biogeography. We conclude that herbarium data improve insight into factors that control the distributions of fungi, of particular value for research on fleshy fungi (mushrooms), which have largely cryptic life cycles.     

雾灵山国家级自然保护区大型真菌物种多样性

大型真菌在维持生态系统稳定和为人类提供经济价值方面都具有重要作用, 本文对雾灵山国家级自然保护区中的大型真菌资源进行了详细调查, 为该保护区大型真菌资源开发和利用提供基础资料。作者于2019‒2020年采用样线法和随机踏查法对该保护区大型真菌物种资源多样性进行了初步调查和评估, 共采集大型真菌标本1,132份。结合形态学和ITS序列证据进行了鉴定, 并通过查阅相关文献资料对该保护区大型真菌物种资源价值进行了评价。结果表明: 雾灵山国家级自然保护区共有236种大型真菌, 隶属于2门6纲18目56科107属, 其中15种属于子囊菌门, 221种属于担子菌门。为方便统计, 将大于等于10个种的科定为优势科, 大于等于5个种的属定为优势属。其中优势科有红菇科、蘑菇科、多孔菌科和丝膜菌科, 每个科所包含的种数分别占总种数的8.90%、7.20%、5.93%和4.24%, 共计62种。优势属有红菇属(Russula)、蘑菇属(Agaricus)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、马勃属(Lycoperdon)、小皮伞属(Marasmius)等11个属, 共包含79个种, 占总种数的33.48%。对大型真菌的资源价值评价的结果显示, 保护区内共有食用菌66种、药用菌35种、有毒菌36种和食药兼用菌26种。研究结果表明, 雾灵山国家级自然保护区大型真菌资源丰富, 优势科和优势属中最为丰富的分别是红菇科和红菇属(Russula), 具有经济价值的菌达127种, 为食用菌的引种驯化、药用菌开发利用亦或有毒菌鉴别提供了丰富资源。     

抚育间伐对油松人工林下大型真菌的影响

真菌在森林凋落物分解过程中起重要作用,研究间伐如何影响真菌进而影响凋落物分解,对深入了解间伐调控人工林凋落物分解有重要意义。本文以抚育间伐后的中龄油松人工林为研究对象,设立对照（I）、轻度（II）、中度（III）和强度（IV）4种间伐强度,于2011年对间伐后林下大型真菌进行两次调查,分析了不同间伐强度下大型真菌的科的分布、优势种组成和生态指标（包括丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数）。结果表明：（1）8月、9月采集到的大型真菌分别为35种和25种,分属13个科和10个科;（2）在大型真菌出菇期,间伐改变了大型真菌的优势种组成,对照林下大型真菌优势种最初为外生菌根菌（粘盖乳牛肝菌 血红铆钉菇）后变为腐生菌（大盖小皮伞和脐顶小皮伞）,而间伐后林下优势种始终为腐生菌;（3）间伐影响大型真菌的生态指标,中度间伐林下大型真菌丰富度和多样性指数最高。总之,适度间伐不仅有利于提高林下大型真菌的丰富度与多样性,同时使其群落结构发生改变,群落优势种由外生菌根菌变为以分解凋落物为主的腐生菌,可促进凋落物的分解和养分循环。     

北京地区大型真菌多样性分析

为明确北京地区大型真菌资源状况,以中国科学院菌物标本馆馆藏的京区标本和本研究组采自该地区的标本为材料,结合已报道的文献资料,经过对定名标本的物种名称进行系统整理,得到北京地区大型真菌记录867种,隶属于2门20目72科281属,其中食用菌294种,药用菌169种（包含食用兼药用菌69种）,毒菌56种。在全部大型真菌中,蘑菇科Agaricaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、口蘑科Tricholomataceae和红菇科Russulaceae等24科拥有的物种占总物种数量的77.28%,这些科在该地区占有主导地位;红菇属Russula、蘑菇属Agaricus和丝盖伞属Inocybe等50个属的物种占总物种数量的60.21%,具有相对优势。大型真菌区系分布分析的结果表明,北京地区已发现的大型真菌主要为世界广泛分布的属。物种丰富度分析表明采自门头沟区的大型真菌的标本数和物种丰度最高,最能代表北京地区大型真菌物种的多样性;其他地区采集的标本数量显著减少,而且物种数和物种丰度均明显降低;特别是城区和近郊地区,由于适宜栖息地的丧失,大型真菌更是少见。     

Colonizing success of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes on islands

The biodiversity of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetous macrofungi growing on seven islands in central Japan were compared to examine colonizing success within the context of island biogeography theory. Two hypotheses were tested: that the number of the fungal species depends on island area and that the slope of the species-area curve for saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal macrofungi differ in response to differences in their nutritional requirements. Data for the number of species that were identified based on sporocarps closely fit the conventional species-area curve. The slopes of the species-area curve for saprotrophic fungi (0.316) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (0.469) were similar to those reported for insects and birds, and plants on other archipelagos, respectively. In addition species-area curve data showed that ectomycorrhizal fungi colonized only islands > 630 m(2). While the species composition of saprotrophic fungi found on any pair of islands was positively correlated to the ratio of the areas of the island pair being compared (smaller/larger), no such relationship was observed for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Conversely similar ectomycorrhizal fungi, mostly those belonging to the genera Amanita, Inocybe, Boletellus and Russula, were found on pairs of islands with similar vegetation in the same geographic region. These results suggested that the colonizing success by ectomycorrhizal fungi is limited by host plant diversity, which is lower on smaller islands, instead of restricted immigration resulting from limited spore dispersal ability.