中国球钩丝壳属的分类研究I．球钩丝壳属的建立

在对采自我国浙江杭州的栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.)上的白粉菌Uneiaula bulbosa(Tai et Wei)Tai的模式标本HMAS 11460进行详细研究后,我们根据这种菌同时具有长、短两种附属丝这一重要特征将它从钩丝壳属(Uncinula)分出成立新属球钩丝壳属(Bulbouncinulagen. Nov.)。新属球钩丝壳属是介于钩丝壳属和球针壳属(Phyllactinia)两个属之间的一个属。它与钩丝壳属的主要区别在于同时具有长、短两种附属丝,长附属丝除和钩丝壳属一样在顶端卷曲外还有一个球形的基部;它与球针壳属的主要区别在于长附属丝虽然和球针壳属一样有一个球形的基部但顶端不是针状而是卷曲的,此外,它虽然与球针壳属一样同时具有另一种短的附属丝,但它的短附属丝不是帚状的而是头状的。因此,这种菌的原来名称Uncinula bulbosa (Tai et Wei)Tai以及其基原异名Uncinula．Clintonii Peck var. bulbosa Tai et Wei同时成为新组合Bulbouncinula bulbosa(Tai et Wei) comb. Nov 的异名。新属有汉文及拉丁文描述,新组合有汉文描述。     

论奥陶纪三叶虫属Reedocalymene Kobayashi, 1951

由于建立Ｒｅｅｄｏｃａｌｙｍｅｎｅ一属的模式种标本保存甚差,长期以来,这一属的概念一直不甚明了,研究了峡东地区庙坡组新发现的丰富日保存完好的Ｒｅｅｄｏｃａｌｙｍｅｎｅ ｅｘｐａｎｓａ Ｙｉ材料,其中完整背过 首次发现。新材料揭示了以往Ｒｅｅｄｏｃａｌｙｍｅｎｅ的一些鲜为人知的背面和腹面形态,从而有可能对该属进行全面的修订,讨论了Ｒ．ｅｘ－ｐａｎｓａ的某些重要特征,如面线、前坑、腹边缘板、前舌以及壳     

中国球针壳属分类的研究I．关于种的划分

在研究白粉菌分类和编写《中国白粉菌志》的过程中,我们发现前人对球针壳属(Phyllactinia)种的划分多有不妥之处。本文试图用辩证唯物主义观点,根据我们的研究结果所得出的下列分种原则,对我国球针壳属的种进行重新划分。这些原则主要足：1．形态特征,主要包括附属丝的长度、子囊孢子的数目及子囊壳的大小等等;2．生理特性,主要是寄生专化性或寄主范围,球针壳属的每一个种的寄主范围都不宜跨科;3．在同科同属甚至同种的寄主上,如菌的形态悬殊,仍可分为几个不同的种。从我们的研究材料中共划分出30个种,其中新种16个,新组合2个。它们寄生在26科44属80余种植物上。本文还对球针壳属的一般特点、分种的历史渊源、种的概念和划分、形态特征、生理特性以及生态和地理分布等进行了概述和讨论。     

中国球针壳属分类的研究II．短附属丝子囊壳类型

本文报道、描述了我国具短附属丝的球针壳属白粉菌15个种,其中6个新种和2个改级新组合。具短附属丝的球针壳类,其附属丝长度一般为子囊壳直径的0.5一1.5倍。新种为：①油桐球针壳Phyllactinia aleuritidis Yu et Lai sp. Nov., ②桤木球针壳Ph. Alni Yu etHan sp. Nov. ③蛇葡萄球针壳 Ph. Ampelopsidis Yu et Lai sp. Nov., ④ 木兰球针壳 Ph. Magnoliae Yu et Lai sp. Nov., ⑤泡桐球针壳 Ph．paulownlae Yu sp. Nov. 及⑥中国球针壳 Ph. Sinensis Yu sp. Nov.。新组合为：臭椿球针壳 Phyllactinia ailanthi (Golov.et Bunk.)Yu stat. Nov. 和杨球针壳 Ph. Populi (Jacz．) Yu stat. Nov. 还讨论了述15个种与它们邻近种或相似种之间的区别。模式标本存中国科学院真菌标本室。     

高温单孢菌属分类研究进展

自从Henssen于1957年建立高温单孢菌属至今,高温单孢菌属各菌种的分类地位一直处于不断的变化之中。近年来,随着该属一些种的重新分类以及新种的发现,高温单孢菌属的分类发生了很大的变化。这主要是由于分类手段已由传统的形态学分类方法向现代的多相分类方法过渡。介绍了自高温单孢菌属建立以来,该属分类的研究现状,认为高温单孢菌属在系统分类上尚需进一步的研究。     

中国毛壳菌科研究Ⅰ. ——毛壳菌属的种

报道了毛壳菌属的十一个种,旋丝毛壳 Chaetomium bostrychodes,反卷毛壳 C. convolutum,舟形毛壳 C. cymbiforme,高大毛壳 C. elatum,粪生毛壳 C. funicola,球孢毛壳 C. globosporum,球毛壳 C. globosum,细丽毛壳 C. gracile,六孢毛壳 C. hexagonosporum,印度毛壳 C. indicum和近缘毛壳C. subaffine。其中包括四个中国新记录种:舟形毛壳 C. cymbiforme,球孢毛壳 C. globosporum,六孢毛壳 C. hexagonosporum和近缘毛壳 C. subaffine。根据我国的标本和菌种对新记录种作了描述,并附了显微照片。标本与菌种保存在西北农林科技大学真菌标本室 (HMUABO)。     

中国帕飞虱属分类研究(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

Fennah(1978)根据分布于越南的标本建立了帕飞虱属Palego,仅包括其模式种Palego simulator Fennah,1978;葛钟麟(1982)根据分布于中国南部的标本建立了披突飞虱属Parathri-ambus,并指定刺披突飞虱Parathriambus spinosus为其模式种,该属现在包括2种.作者在整理研究保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆的该属标本时,发现帕飞虱属Palego的模式种;根据葛钟麟(1982)对披突飞虱属Parathriambus的属征描述,作者发现该属与Fennah(1978)建立的帕飞虱属Palego的属征吻合.据此,作者提出:披突飞虱属Parathriambus Kuoh,1982应为帕飞虱属Palego Fen-nah,1978的新异名.文中对该属属征进行了重新描记,原来隶属披突飞虱属Parathriambus的2个种同时被移入帕飞虱属;帕飞虱属Palego的模式种Palego simulator Fennah也是在中国的首次报道.文中还给出了该属已知种的分种检索表.     

论燕海扇和异海扇

燕海扇(Aviculopecten)由McCoy(1851)创立,是燕海扇科和燕海扇超科的模式属,故地位十分重要.它是石炭-二叠纪海扇类中最为常见的属名之一.由于它的模式种Aviculopecten planoradiatus McCoy只有左壳,而右壳和铰部构造的特征不明,在实际应用中,其含义被不适当地扩大,从而导致在燕海扇类研究中的混乱.1986年,笔者在大英博物馆发现4块燕海扇模式种Aviculopecten planoradiatus的右壳标本,其中包括一块双壳铰合在一起的标本,另有2块标本显示了铰合构造.这些标本的发现为系统修订燕海扇属的属征创造了条件.最近,Newell和Boyd(1995)根据Pecten flexuosus (McCoy,1844,p.93,pl.18,fig.1)和Aviculopecten americanus Newell et Boyd(1995,p.60,Fig.44)的特征,推测燕海扇属的特征为两壳相等或几乎相等,这一推测显然与燕海扇模式种的特征不符,因此,他们对燕海扇和燕海扇科所作的定义不能成立.我们认为,对任何属征的修订都应基于对模式标本进行充分研究的基础之上,应避免建立在假设基础上的修订.燕海扇属的主要特征是左壳膨凸,右壳近平;两壳壳饰相同,均由简单的射褶组成,插入仅见于个体发育的早期.与之相似的属有Deltopecten和Hayasakapecten.这次发现的2块右壳标本在壳顶下显示了三角形弹体窝的存在,表明它和Deltopecten属确实不同.Hayasakapecten和Aviculopecten的区别在于双壳近等,同心饰在脊间沟下伸为刺;Newell和Boyd(1995)定义的"燕海扇"似应归入Hayasakapecten属的范畴.Newell (1938)修订燕海扇属时所依据的北美石炭纪标本和燕海扇属的模式种差异甚大,不宜继续归在燕海扇属内,本文将它们归入异海扇属(Heteropecten).异海扇的左壳特征和埃赛海扇属(Etheripecten)颇为相近,但埃赛海扇左壳的首级射饰特强,脊间沟颇宽,其中插入多条细弱得多的次级射饰,次级射饰间的级间差异不甚明显.异海扇左壳的射饰虽然也是间生式,但其各级射脊依次插入,强度依次顺序减弱,据此不难区分.这两个属右壳间的差别比较明显,埃赛海扇为间生式,而异海扇是分叉式.     

中国球针壳属分类的研究III．长附属丝子囊壳类型

本文报道并描述了我国具长附属丝的球针壳15个种,其中10个是新种。这些具长附属丝的球针壳的附属丝长度一般为子囊壳直径的1．5—3倍。新种是：八角枫球针壳Phyllartiniaalangii Yu et Lai sp．nov．,云实球针壳Ph．caesalptntae Yu sp. Nov., 旱莲球针壳Ph. Campto-thecae Yu sp．nov,蜡瓣花球针壳Ph．coeyloptidis Yu et Han sp．nov.,香薷球针壳 Ph. El-sholtziae Yu sp．nov．,胡桃楸球针壳Ph．juglandis-mandshuricae Yu sp. Nov.,钓樟球针壳Ph. Linderae Yu et Lai sp．nov,青檀球针壳Ph．ptcrocelttdis Yu et Han sp. Nov.,白 辛树球针壳Ph．pterostyracis Yu et Lai sp. Nov.,和香椿球针亮 Ph. Toonae Yu et Lai sp. Nov. 全部的种都是根据我国的材料进行描述的,并讨论了每一个种与其邻近种的异同。此外,还对榛球针壳Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr．Ex Fr．) Lev. Em. Yu的描述按作者的观点和所掌握的资料进行了修改和重新描述。模式标本存中国科学院真菌标本室。     

关于保留球毛壳与橄榄色毛壳作为不同种的见解

球毛壳(Chaetomium globosum Kze.)系 Kunze 于1817年报道见于丹麦石竹(Dianthus carthusianorum L.)茎上的毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)的第一个种(模式种)。Cooke and Ellis 在1878年描述了见于飞蓬属(Erigeron L.)腐茎上的橄榄色毛壳(C.oliaceum C.et E.)。在 Chivers(1915)、Skolko and Groves(1953)、Udagawa(1960)、Ames(1963)和 Seth(1972)关于毛壳菌属的专著都曾指出很难划分这两个种的界限。Skolk and Groves(1953)区分此两个种时以橄榄色毛壳具有较大的子囊壳、较宽的顶附属丝和较大的子囊孢子,而 Chivers(1915)则认为橄榄色毛壳是球毛壳的异名,Udagawa(1960)区分此两个种仅根据子囊孢子的长度和宽度,他认为橄榄色毛壳的子囊孢子大于球毛壳的子囊孢子。Seth(1972)在他的专著中虽保留此两个种作为独立种,但他指出限于他镜检过的标本材料及根据 Chivers 专著中的球毛壳的特征辑要概括了橄榄色毛壳的特征,对这两个种的区分界限确实是很难划分的。最近我们在北京采集和分离了来源于不同的植物和动物材料上的毛壳菌种类,以期进行北京地区毛壳菌种类调查研究。我们分离获得许多球毛壳——橄榄色毛壳类的毛壳菌菌株。参考了不同作者对这两个种的子囊壳、顶附属丝、侧附属丝、子囊及子囊孢子的特征记载,对北京的这一类型菌株进行了细致研究,认为球毛壳与橄榄色毛壳确有形态学特征区别,表现在橄榄色毛壳的子囊壳、顶附属丝和子囊孢子较球毛壳的更为粗壮,兼之球毛壳的顶附属丝较橄榄色毛壳的为窄且有分隔和微粗糙,球毛壳的子囊孢子呈浅橄榄褐色至暗橄榄褐色,含两个折光性油滴而橄榄色毛壳的子囊孢子呈暗橄榄褐色,量度亦较大,凭依经验即可鉴别此两个不同种。     

Neurophysiology of geniculate ganglion (facial nerve) taste systems: species comparisons

On the basis of various measures taken from geniculate gangliontaste neurons in four species, it was concluded that withineach species the neurons could be subdivided into distinct functionalgroups. In this report, the neural groups of different specieswere directly compared. Units from all four species were studiedwith a common test series of solutions in addition to otherstimuli. Since these stimuli were presented at the same concentrationsto all species, direct quantitative comparisons across specieswere possible for a wide range of chemical compounds. In addition,the neural groups were compared with respect to spontaneousand evoked activity measures, latency to electrical stimulation,and receptive field characteristics. These neurophysiologicaldata suggest a basic model of four distinct subgroups: acidunits, salt units, amino acid units, and X units.     

荷花品种分类新系统

就古今中外荷花工作者对茶花品种分类研究进行的分析比较,提出品种分类的基本原则,对《中国荷花品种图志》（１９８９）制定的荷品种分类系统作了若干调整,即认定美国莲（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｌｕｔｅａ）为中国莲亚种后重新确定基分类地位;将中,小株型品种并列与大标型品种分开;增设新类型,补充重台型品种和间色花品种,调整后制定的荷花品种分类新系统检索表,包括３种系,６群,１４类,３８型,含２７８个品种。     

The utility of wing morphometrics for assigning type specimens to cryptic bumblebee species

Since the beginning of taxonomy, species have been described based on morphology, but the advent of using semio-chemicals and genetics has led to the discovery of cryptic species (i.e. morphologically similar species). When a new cryptic species is described, earlier type specimens have to be re-evaluated, although this process can be challenging as only nondestructive methods ought to be used in order to preserve the integrity of the type specimens. Methods should allow comparison with recently collected specimens clustered based on chemical, ethological and/or genetic traits with old specimens (i.e. type specimens) where only morphological traits are available. Here we develop a method based on geometric morphometric analyses of wing shape for a taxonomically challenging group of bumblebees, the subgenus Alpinobombus Skorikov. We consider nine monophyletic taxa (including several cryptic species) to assess the accuracy of this method to discriminate the taxa based on their wing shape and then to attribute type specimens using a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. We show that, for these bees, wing shape is taxon-specific, except for two sister taxa for which the species status is still debated. Moreover, for most of the taxa, type specimens were correctly attributed with high posterior probabilities of attribution, except for a few type specimens corresponding to the same two sister taxa where taxa delimitation based on wing shape was previously the subject of discussion. Our study highlights the potential of geometric morphometric analyses to help in the re-attribution of type specimens when the existence of cryptic species is revealed.     

Germination of Species of Caryophyllaceae in Relation to their Geographical Distribution in Europe

Comparisons were made between the germination responses to temperatureof species of Caryophyllaceae collected in the wild from differentparts of Europe. Species occurring predominantly in the Mediterraneanzone were compared with those distributed in the deciduous woodlandzone of central and southern Europe; steppeland and grasslandareas of eastern Europe, and in the Taiga and Tundra of northernEurope. The geo-botanical distributions of different specieswere reflected in their germination responses. Species fromthe Mediterranean germinated over a range with a mean of 4.5to 24.2 °C; those from deciduous woodland over the range11.8 to 30.0 °C; those from steppelands over the range 6.0to 30.0 °C. There was little uniformity in the northernEuropean species. The significance of the results is discussedin relation to the distribution of different species, the variationwithin a species, and the climatic components of the variousgeo-botanical zones.     

A catalog of bird specimens associated with Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied and potential type material in the natural history collection in Wiesbaden

Bird specimens collected by 19^th century explorer and ornithologist Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied form one of the foundation collections of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. However, parts of his collection remained in Germany and came to the Museum Wiesbaden. Since Wied described numerous new species without designating types, some of these specimens might be type material. Here we present a catalog of the 30 Wiesbaden specimens associated with him and discuss their potential type status. We conclude that 17 individuals in 11 species are potential type specimens that should be considered in future taxonomic work.     

中国荔波世界自然遗产地动物模式标本名录

了解荔波世界自然遗产地动物模式标本分类学研究历史, 可为遗产地履行联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心的要求以及生物多样性保护工作提供参考。本文采用内容分析法, 对采自该遗产地并确立为模式种的物种, 收集相关文献并进行整理和分析, 编制了中国荔波世界自然遗产地动物模式标本名录。结果表明: (1)荔波世界自然遗产地动物模式标本共有204种, 隶属于3门6纲22目60科; (2)动物模式标本物种采集最早可追溯到1955年, 最近为2013年, 两者相隔58年, 而采集高峰期为1995-2004年; (3)以国内学者3人合力发表的物种最多(93种, 占总种数的45.59%); (4)模式物种的橱柜时间严重滞后, 从采集到发表滞后最长的达47年; (5)模式标本涉及66位采集人(或团队), 以国内学者居多(63位, 占总人数的95.45%); (6)遗产地动物模式标本被保存于27家国内外研究机构或私人收藏, 国内收藏1,504号标本, 国外收藏7号; (7)遗产地动物模式标本物种发表于169篇文献, 中文文献有155篇, 外文文献有14篇。随着研究的深入, 荔波世界自然遗产地有更多的新种不断被发现, 说明遗产地物种资源丰富, 生物多样性存在被低估的可能性, 暗示遗产地的物种分类研究工作仍需要投入大量的精力。     

Does a type specimen necessarily or contingently belong to its species?

In a recent article, Alex Levine raises a paradox. It appears that, given some relatively uncontroversial premises about how a species term comes to refer to its species, a type specimen belongs necessarily and contingently to its species. According to Levine, this problem arises if species are individuals rather than natural kinds. I argue that the problem can be generalized: the problem also arises if species are kinds and type specimens are paradigmatic members used to baptize names for species. Indeed, the same problem arises with respect to kinds like gold and the samples used to ground names for them. After arguing that the paradox arises whether or not species are individuals, I attempt to show how the paradox can be resolved. Levine's argument that a type specimen belongs necessarily to its species is specious. The appeal of the argument stems from a failure to distinguish between two different modal statements concerning type specimens, one de dicto and the other de re. Type specimens belong contingently to their respective species. Even so, they can be known a priori to belong to them: hence, that a particular type specimen belongs to its species is an example of contingent a priori knowledge.     

晚泥盆世腕足动物中国石燕(Sinospirifer)之修订

通过对保存在南京地质古生物研究所的弓石燕类模式标本(由葛利普最早研究)的再研究,作者认为,Sinospirifer Grabau,193l仍是一个有效属。它与Cyrtospirfer Nalivkin,1924的主要区别在于腹壳后部强烈加厚、假三角板中央具有肉茎管以及在壳褶及褶间均发育微瘤(whitneyi—subextensus型的微细纹饰)。Tien(1938)指定S．sinensis Grabau,1931作为Sinospirifer的模式种,因为它与S．subextensus(Martelli,1902)有着相同的形态构造,包括壳形、壳率、中槽壳线型式、中央肉茎管、微细纹饰及内部构造等,所以Ssinensis应是S．subextensus(Martelli,1902)的次同义名,Sinospirifer的模式种应更改为S．subextensus。此外,S．archiaciformis,S.wan-gleighi,S．vilis,S．subhavasakai,S．pellizzarii,S.pellizzariformis和S．heterosinosus几个种在外部及内部构造上也与Ssubextensus相同,同样被视作为S．subextensus的次同义名。葛利普文中所列举的所谓几个种之间的区分特征已在湖南中部同一地点同一层位所采集的同一样品的标本中观察到,它们仅仅是种内变异的现象。对于以往不同种的标本被归人同种的情况,作者均作了修订,例如,S．vilis Grabau,1931实际代表几个种标本的混合体,经修订,分别被归于Siplospirifer subextensus,“Sinospirifer”hayasakai,Tenticospirifer supervilis等。S．sub—hayasakai Grabau,1931仅限于正模为代表的特征,被归于Sinospirifer subextensus,而两个副模标本(NIGP 2736和2740)则应归人”Sinospirifer”gortanioides Grabau,1931。     

广西英罗港红树林潮沟鱼类多样性季节动态研究

于1999年分4个季节来采用拦网的方法对广西英罗港红树林潮沟水中鱼类的多样性进行了研究,共发现鱼类54种,隶属于29种44属,季度出现频数F=1～4的鱼类种数分别为27、8、11和8种,各季的优势种明显,但不同季节最大优势种不同,分别为：春季、斑Ji（Clupanodon punctatus);夏季,前鳞骨鲻（Osteomugil ophuyseni）;秋季,眶棘双边鱼（Ambassis gymnocephalus）;冬季,鹿斑Fu（Leiognathus ruconius）,这些鱼类以暖水性种占绝对优势,在生态类型上以底层种类较多,各季节出现鱼类种数分别为：春季30种、夏季30种,秋季26种,冬种22种,夏季与秋季共有种最多,有20个种,这两季节间的相似性指数也最大,达55.6%,多样性指数D、H′、J值均以秋季最高,相对于林外水域,红树林潮沟鱼类群落的鱼类种数及3个指数均较高,跟热带红树林区相比,广西英罗港红树林潮沟鱼类群落的多样性低。