脐带间充质干细胞的临床应用

正2012年1月,韩国食品药品管理局(KFDA)批准Medi-post公司生产的Cartistem干细胞产品上市,主要用于治疗退行性关节炎和膝关节软骨损伤。这种干细胞产品来自新生儿脐带血,称为脐带血间充质干细胞(umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell,UCBMSC);脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell,UCMSC)来自新生儿脐带组织,主要是从华通氏胶(Wharton’s Jelly)中提取的;两种间充质干细胞尽管来源不同,但生物学特性是一     

间充质干细胞外泌体经不同信号通路调节骨代谢的研究进展

间充质干细胞外泌体(mesenchymal stem cell exocrines,MSC-EXOs)由间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)释放，具有旁分泌作用的囊泡。MSC-EXOs可以通过传递细胞因子来介导细胞间通讯从而调节受体细胞的细胞行为。目前，已有许多研究发现，MSC-EXOs可以通过传递细胞因子介入骨代谢相关信号通路来调节骨代谢。本文对间充质干细胞外泌体调节骨代谢的主要信号通路内容及作用的研究进展进行综述总结，并讨论了外泌体中重要细胞因子的作用，旨在找寻MSCEXOs治疗骨代谢相关疾病新的治疗靶点。     

人脐带和胎盘不同层次间充质干细胞的生物学特性分析

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)在再生医学中具有广阔的应用前景,其临床转化应用已成为研究热点,如何大量获取原代间充质干细胞以及针对不同疾病选择最为合适的细胞来源是关键.为了探讨不同来源间充质干细胞的异同,为临床治疗与研究选择合适的种子细胞提供参考,文中比较了人脐带和胎盘不同层次间充质干...     

人胚胎干细胞源性间充质干细胞的研究进展

人胚胎干细胞源性间充质干细胞(human embryonic stem cell derived mesenchymal stem cells,h ESC-MSCs)是由胚胎干细胞诱导分化而来的间充质干细胞,具有成体间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)相似的生物学特性和功能,由于其来源丰富、均一性好,受到广泛关注,是MSCs的一种新的获取途径。其应用避免了胚胎干细胞直接应用而面临的致瘤性问题,是胚胎干细胞应用于疾病治疗的一种新的形式,具有广阔的应用前景。然而,h ESC-MSCs真正运用于临床治疗仍面临较多的问题需要解决。该文就h ESC-MSCs的诱导分化、生物学特性、应用前景及目前尚存在的问题作一综述。     

脐带间充质干细胞应用的最新进展

脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,UC-MSCs)主要来自中胚层,是从出生后废弃的胚外组织中分离获得,具有比一般的成体干细胞更强的多能分化能力,而且可以跨胚层分化,可以诱导分化为骨细胞、软骨细胞、内皮细胞、心肌细胞,以及神经细胞、肝脏细胞和胰岛细胞等.这表明脐带来源的干细胞具有多向分化潜能,具有作为细胞替代治疗的种子细胞可能.这篇综述将浅谈UC-MSCs的优势,免疫学特性,并重点探讨其应用的最新进展.     

间充质干细胞研究新进展

骨髓中存在着一种多潜能的间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)。其在体内分布广泛,易分离,能在体外大量扩增,并具有强大的可塑性,除能在体内、外诱导分化形成骨、软骨、脂肪、神经胶质等细胞以外,最新的研究结果表明还能分化形成包括血液、内皮、肝实质细胞以及视网膜等几乎三个胚层的细胞。由于间充质干细胞跨越了人胚胎干细胞所面临的伦理问题,这使得间充质干细胞在细胞治疗及组织工程等应用方面具有其他组织干细胞不可比拟的优势。     

hUC-MSCs肝样细胞分化机制的研究进展

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是来源于发育早期中胚层的一类多能干细胞,广泛分布于全身结缔组织和器官间质中,是一类具有自我更新、不断增殖和多向分化潜能的成体干细胞。随着组织工程和再生医学的研究和发展,MSCs成为一种治疗各种终末期肝脏疾病的潜在治疗手段。该文就人脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilicalcord mesenchymal stem cells,h UCMSCs)的生物学特性、体外诱导分化为肝样细胞(hepatocyte-like cells,HLCs)及其可能分化机制的研究进展予以综述。     

间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡对肺部疾病作用研究进展

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)是细胞自然分泌的脂质囊泡结构,在生理和病理过程中发挥信息交流作用。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stromal cell, MSCs)是一种来源广泛的多能基质干细胞,其强大的再生潜能及免疫调节能力在肺部疾病的修复和治疗中显示出广阔前景。间充质干细胞来源细胞外囊泡(mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles, MSCs-EV)具有类似MSCs的功能特性,其携带的多种活性因子在肺部组织、肺微环境及肺部疾病中展现出良好治疗效果。主要总结了MSCs及MSCs-EV生物特性,深入讨论了MSCs-EV在肺部疾病中的作用机制及临床应用价值。     

离子通道对间充质干细胞增殖、骨向分化的作用

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是一类具有向中胚层多向分化的干细胞,其细胞表面的离子通道表达多样,功能复杂。近年来,离子通道对间充质干细胞的功能调节备受关注。越来越多研究发现离子通道参与各种信号传递,调控细胞功能,如增殖、分化等基因的表达等。本文主要从离子通道表达的角度介绍离子通道在间充质干细胞的增殖、骨向分化中的作用。     

间充质干细胞更改名称的时候到了

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)作为临床试验研究中应用最为广泛的细胞取得令人瞩目的效果而倍受临床医师关注。然而关于间充质干细胞的命名却存在争议。为澄清其命名源由,1991年为间充质干细胞命名、业界称之为"间充质干细胞之父"的美国医学与生物工程院院士,阿诺得卡普兰(Arnold I.Caplan)教授撰写专家论述:间充质干细胞更改名称的时侯到了(Mesenchymal Stem Cells:Time to Change the Name!)。为准确理解将Mesenchymal stem cell更改为Medicinal Signaling Cell的中文译文,本刊编辑部特邀阿诺得卡普兰院士在2017年10月28日武汉全国器官移植大会报告期间,和我国业界学者讨论,形成Medicinal Signaling Cell中文译文为"医用信号细胞"的共识。本刊谭建明主编获得阿诺得卡普兰授权,全文翻译其论述并在本刊发表。     

Amniotic mesenchymal cells from pre‐eclamptic placentae maintain immunomodulatory features as healthy controls

Pre‐eclampsia (PE) is one of the most severe syndromes in human pregnancy, and the underlying mechanisms of PE have yet to be determined. Pre‐eclampsia is characterized by the alteration of the immune system's activation status, an increase in inflammatory Th1/Th17/APC cells, and a decrease in Th2/Treg subsets/cytokines. Moreover, inflammatory infiltrates have been detected in the amniotic membranes of pre‐eclamptic placentae, and to this date limited data are available regarding the role of amniotic membrane cells in PE. Interestingly, we and others have previously shown that human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSC) possess anti‐inflammatory properties towards almost all immune cells described to be altered in PE. In this study we investigated whether the immunomodulatory properties of hAMSC were altered in PE. We performed a comprehensive study of cell phenotype and investigated the in vitro immunomodulatory properties of hAMSC isolated from pre‐eclamptic pregnancies (PE‐hAMSC), comparing them to hAMSC from normal pregnancies (N‐hAMSC). We demonstrate that PE‐hAMSC inhibit CD4/CD8 T‐cell proliferation, suppress Th1/Th2/Th17 polarization, induce Treg and block dendritic cells and M1 differentiation switching them to M2 cells. Notably, PE‐hAMSC generated a more prominent induction of Treg and higher suppression of interferon‐γ when compared to N‐hAMSC, and this was associated with higher transforming growth factor‐β1 secretion and PD‐L2/PD‐L1 expression in PE‐hAMSC. In conclusion, for the first time we demonstrate that there is no intrinsic impairment of the immunomodulatory features of PE‐hAMSC. Our results suggest that amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells do not contribute to the disease, but conversely, could participate in offsetting the inflammatory environment which characterizes PE.     

Conditioned medium from amniotic cells protects striatal degeneration and ameliorates motor deficits in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease

Inflammation significantly impacts the progression of Huntington's disease (HD) and the mutant HTT protein determines a pro‐inflammatory activation of microglia. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from the amniotic membrane (hAMSC), and their conditioned medium (CM‐hAMSC), have been shown to possess protective effects in vitro and in vivo in animal models of immune‐based disorders and of traumatic brain injury, which have been shown to be mediated by their immunomodulatory properties. In this study, in the R6/2 mouse model for HD we demonstrate that mice treated with CM‐hAMSC display less severe signs of neurological dysfunction than saline‐treated ones. CM‐hAMSC treatment significantly delayed the development of the hind paw clasping response during tail suspension, reduced deficits in rotarod performance, and decreased locomotor activity in an open field test. The effects of CM‐hAMSC on neurological function were reflected in a significant amelioration in brain pathology, including reduction in striatal atrophy and the formation of striatal neuronal intranuclear inclusions. In addition, while no significant increase was found in the expression of BDNF levels after CM‐hAMSC treatment, a significant decrease of microglia activation and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels were observed. These results support the concept that CM‐hAMSC could act by modulating inflammatory cells, and more specifically microglia.     

Evaluation of a low cost cryopreservation system on the biology of human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

Background

Human amniotic-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSC) are a novel population of multipotent stem cells that have been shown to have great potential for use in regenerative medicine. However, procedures to store and preserve hAMSC for future clinical applications have not been explored extensively.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the influence of cryopreservation, using a protocol based on freezing rate of 1 °C/min, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotectant and a thawing rate >100 °C/min, on hAMSC morphology, proliferation rates, viability, cell cycle, karyotype, immune phenotype and multilineage differentiation potential.

Results

This study found that this cryopreservation protocol does not affect the biological properties of hAMSC.

Discussion

This shows that this protocol is a viable system for banking hAMSC, with the associated advantages that has a low cost in terms of expense, time and personnel involved and is easy to implement.     

Tissue engineering for neurodegenerative diseases using human amniotic membrane and umbilical cord

Regenerative medicine, based on the use of stem cells, scaffolds and growth factors, has the potential to be a good approach for restoring damaged tissues of the central nervous system. This study investigated the use of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSC), human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESC), and human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSC) derived from human umbilical cord as a source of stem cells, and the potential of the human amniotic membrane (HAM) as a scaffold and/or source of growth factors to promote nerve regeneration. The hAMSC and hAESC obtained from HAM and the hWJMSC from umbilical cords were cultured in induction medium to obtain neural-like cells. The morphological differentiation of hAMSC, hAESC and hWJMSC into neural-like cells was evident after 4–5 days, when they acquired an elongated and multipolar shape, and at 21 days, when they expressed neural and glial markers. On other way, the HAM was completely decellularized without affecting the components of the basement membrane or the matrix. Subsequently, hAMSC, hAESC and hWJMSC differentiated into neural-like cells were seeded onto the decellularized HAM, maintaining their morphology. Finally, conditioned media from the HAM allowed proliferation of hAMSC, hAESC and hWJMSC differentiated to neural-like cells. Both HAM and umbilical cord are biomaterials with great potential for use in regenerative medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.     

Paracrine-Mediated Neuroprotection and Neuritogenesis of Axotomised Retinal Ganglion Cells by Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells: Comparison with Human Bone Marrow and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

We have investigated and compared the neurotrophic activity of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC), human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC) and human adipose-derived stem cells (hAMSC) on axotomised adult rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in vitro in order to evaluate their therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative conditions of RGC. Using the transwell system, RGC survival and length/number of neurites were quantified in coculture with stem cells in the presence or absence of specific Fc-receptor inhibitors to determine the role of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, VEGF, GDNF, PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB/BB in stem cell-mediated RGC neuroprotection and neuritogenesis. Conditioned media, collected from cultured hDPSC/hBMSC/hAMSC, were assayed for the secreted growth factors detailed above using ELISA. PCR array determined the hDPSC, hBMSC and hAMSC expression of genes encoding 84 growth factors and receptors. The results demonstrated that hDPSC promoted significantly more neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised RGC than either hBMSC or hAMSC, an effect that was neutralized after the addition of specific Fc-receptor inhibitors. hDPSC secreted greater levels of various growth factors including NGF, BDNF and VEGF compared with hBMSC/hAMSC. The PCR array confirmed these findings and identified VGF as a novel potentially therapeutic hDPSC-derived neurotrophic factor (NTF) with significant RGC neuroprotective properties after coculture with axotomised RGC. In conclusion, hDPSC promoted significant multi-factorial paracrine-mediated RGC survival and neurite outgrowth and may be considered a potent and advantageous cell therapy for retinal nerve repair.     

Amnion-derived mesenchymal stromal cells show a mesenchymal–epithelial phenotype in culture

The amnionic membrane is a rich source of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSC), which are readily available and show a potential use in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Before these cells can be applied clinically, careful characterization is necessary, especially as primary cells are known to change their phenotype in culture. We analyzed the mesenchymal phenotype of hAMSC at different stages after isolation using immunohistochemistry. Shortly after isolation (1 day), 92 % (±7 %) of the hAMSC expressed the mesenchymal marker vimentin, 2 % (±1 %) stained for the epithelial marker cytokeratin-7 and 5 % (±4 %) co-expressed these markers. After 5 days, the double positive cells slightly increased to 7 % (±3 %), while exclusive expression of cytokeratin-7 or vimentin remained unchanged (1 % ± 2 % and 92 % ± 1 %, respectively). After the first passage, all attached cells were vimentin-positive, while 54 % (±9 %) co-expressed cytokeratin-7 and vimentin. Thus, we conclude that under culture, hAMSC adopt a hybrid mesenchymal–epithelial phenotype. It is also essential to perform microscopical examination during the first days after isolation to detect contaminations with human amnion-derived epithelial cells in cultures of hAMSC.     

Management of intrauterine adhesions using human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells to promote endometrial regeneration and repair through Notch signalling

Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) severely hamper women's reproductive functions. Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell (hAMSC) transplantation is effective in treating IUAs. Here, we examined the function of Notch signalling in IUA treatment with hAMSC transplantation. Forty-five Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into the sham operation, IUA, IUA + E2, IUA + hAMSCs and IUA + hAMSCs + E2 groups. After IUA induction in the rats, hAMSCs promoted endometrial regeneration and repair via differentiation into endometrial epithelial cells. In all groups, the expression of key proteins in Notch signalling was detected in the uterus by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated Notch signalling activation in the hAMSCs and hAMSCs + E2 groups. We could also induce hAMSC differentiation to generate endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, the inhibition of Notch signalling using the AdR-dnNotch1 vector suppressed hAMSC differentiation (assessed by epithelial and mesenchymal marker levels), whereas its activation using the AdR-Jagged1 vector increased differentiation. The above findings indicate Notch signalling mediates the differentiation of hAMSCs into endometrial epithelial cells, thus promoting endometrial regeneration and repair; Notch signalling could have an important function in IUA treatment.     

Lifespan of human amniotic fluid-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells

Background aimsHuman multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) have become one of the main interests in regenerative medicine because of their ability to differentiate into different lineages. Human amniotic fluid is reported to contain MSC (hAMSC) and therefore may be a useful source of cells for clinical applications. However, our understanding of the behavior of these cells in indefinite in vitro culture conditions is very limited.MethodsWe systematically evaluated and characterized, throughout their whole lifespan, the expansion potential, chromosomal stability, surface and intracellular phenotype and differentiation potential of fibroblastoid hAMSC (F-type hAMSC).ResultsNine F-type hAMSC cultures could be expanded in in vitro culture conditions for 223.25 ± 24.44 days (mean ± SD), during which time 28.96 ± 1.5 passages were made giving rise to 54.95 ± 3.17 population doublings (PD) and an estimated number of accumulated cells of between 1.0 × 10²² and 9.7 × 10²³, with no visible alterations in the chromosome during their lifespan. All the cultures showed unchanged percentages of strongly positive expressions of the surface markers CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD95, CD105 and HLA-ABC, as well as the embryonic intracellular markers Nanog and Sox2, during their lifespan, whereas the expression of the embryonic surface markers SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 fell until it disappeared with progression of the culture. These cells retained their differentiation capacities to adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages throughout their lifespan.ConclusionsF-type hAMSC exhibit reproducible biologic characteristics, confirming that these cells are ideal candidates for use in regenerative medicine.