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1.
Résumé En l'absence de son propre couvain,Solenopsis fugax a élevé des larves deLeptothorax nylanderi, à la température de 22°C. Les ouvrières deSolenopsis détruisirent une partie de ces larves mais nourrirent celles qu'elles épargnèrent; ces dernières grossirent lentement pendant cinq à six mois, sans atteindre le stade prénymphe. Lorsque les ouvrières deS. fugax et les larves deL. nylanderi furent soumises ensemble à un hivernage préalable, elles donnèrent les mêmes résultats que sans hivernage. La présence d'une jeune reine deSolenopsis fut défavorable aux larves deLeptothorax.Inversement,L. nylanderi fut capable d'élever, à la température de 22°C, des larves deS. fugax et de les amener jusqu'au stade adulte. En présence de leurs propres larves, les ouvrières deL. nylanderi détruisirent tapidement toutes les larves deS. fugax introduites dans leur nid. D'autre part, un jeune couvain deLeptothorax remplaçait plus ou moins rapidement les larves deLeptothorax enlevées au préalable; sa présence était alors défavorable au développement des larves deSolenopsis. Un hivernage en début d'expérience fut plutôt favorable auxS. fugax, de même que la présence d'une reine féconde deLeptothorax. LesSolenopsis ainsi obtenus n'ont pas vécu plus de sept semaines. Ils étaient tous de caste ouvrière et de taille très petite.
Summary When its own eggs and larvae missed,Solenopsis fugax bred larvae ofLeptothorax nylanderi, at a temperature of 22°C. TheSolenopsis workers killed some of this larvae and fed the others; these slowly grew bigger during five or six months but never reached the pre-pupa stage. The result was the same if the workers ofS. fugax and the larvae ofL. nylanderi overwintered together or not at all. A youngSolenopsis queen being there was noxious to the larvae ofLeptothorax.On the contrary,L. nylanderi has been able to breed larvae ofS. fugax up to the imago stage, at a temperature of 22°C. When its own larvae were in the nest, together with larvae ofS. fugax, the workers ofL. nylanderi killed the larvae ofS. fugax. On the other hand, new eggs and young larvae ofLeptothorax had to replace, more or less quickly, the larvae which had been taken away, and that was noxious to the growth ofSolenopsis larvae. An overwintering at the beginning of the experiment was rather favourable toS. fugax as was the presence of a fecundLeptothorax queen. TheSolenopsis thus obtained lived no longer than seven weeks. They all were workers and very small.
S. Fugax L. Nylanderi 22° . Leptothorax , , , , . . S. Fugax Leptothorax.,L. Nylanderi 22° S. Fugax . L. Nylanderi ( )Leptothorax ; S. Fugax Solenopsis, Leptothorax. S. Fugax . .
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2.
Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences.Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.
Summary Larvae ofAnergates atratulus were experimentally reared by workers ofMyrmica laevinodis, at 22°C. An overwintering of both larvae ofAnergates and workers ofMyrmica is not necessary for the success of that experiment. The presence of larvae ofMyrmica does not keep theMyrmica from rearing larvae ofAnergates. The workers ofMyrmica have been cooled, in all the experiments, before receiving larvae ofAnergates. No queen ofMyrmica have been used in that experiments.38 of the 64 larvae ofAnergates used became imagos. Most of the 26 lostAnergates died at the beginning of the adoption and during the metamorphosis. The females lived generally 2 or 3 days and tried, very early, to leave their native nest. The males lived 2 or 3 weeks.
Anergates atratulus Myrmica laevinodis, 22 . bmecme Anergates Myrmica. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica . 64 Anergates , 38 . 26 Anergates 2 3 . 2 3 .
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3.
The purpose of this table is to provide the community with a citable record of publications of ongoing genome sequencing projects that have led to a publication in the scientific literature. While our goal is to make the list complete, there is no guarantee that we may have omitted one or more publications appearing in this time frame. Readers and authors who wish to have publications added to subsequent versions of this list are invited to provide the bibliographic data for such references to the SIGS editorial office.

Phylum Euryarchaeota

Phylum Crenarchaeota

Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus

Phylum Proteobacteria

Phylum Tenericutes

Phylum Firmicutes

Phylum Actinobacteria

Non-Bacterial genomes

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4.
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5.
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6.
In this short report, the genome-wide homologous recombination events were re-evaluated for classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strain AF407339. We challenged a previous study which suggested only one recombination event in AF407339 based on 25 CSFV genomes. Through our re-analysis on the 25 genomes in the previous study and the 41 genomes used in the present study, we argued that there should be possibly at least two clear recombination events happening in AF407339 through genome-wide scanning. The reasons for identifying only one recombination event in the previous study might be due to the limited number of available CSFV genome sequences at that time and the limited usage of detection methods. In contrast, as identified by most detection methods using all available CSFV genome sequences, two major recombination events were found at the starting and ending zones of the genome AF407339, respectively. The first one has two parents AF333000 (minor) and AY554397 (major) with beginning and ending breakpoints located at 19 and 607 nt of the genome respectively. The second one has two parents AF531433 (minor) and GQ902941 (major) with beginning and ending breakpoints at 8397 and 11,078 nt of the genome respectively. Phylogenetic incongruence analysis using neighbor-joining algorithm with 1000 bootstrapping replicates further supported the existence of these two recombination events. In addition, we also identified additional 18 recombination events on the available CSFV strains. Some of them may be trivial and can be ignored. In conclusion, CSFV might have relatively high frequency of homologous recombination events. Genome-wide scanning of identifying recombination events should utilize multiple detection methods so as to reduce the risk of misidentification.  相似文献   

7.
Our previous work using a melanoma progression model composed of melanocytic cells (melanocytes, primary and metastatic melanoma samples) demonstrated various deregulated genes, including a few known lncRNAs. Further analysis was conducted to discover novel lncRNAs associated with melanoma, and candidates were prioritized for their potential association with invasiveness or other metastasis‐related processes. In this sense, we found the intergenic lncRNA U73166 (ENSG00000230454) and decided to explore its effects in melanoma. For that, we silenced the lncRNA U73166 expression using shRNAs in a melanoma cell line. Next, we experimentally investigated its functions and found that migration and invasion had significantly decreased in knockdown cells, indicating an essential association of lncRNA U73166 for cancer processes. Additionally, using naïve and vemurafenib‐resistant cell lines and data from a patient before and after resistance, we found that vemurafenib‐resistant samples had a higher expression of lncRNA U73166. Also, we retrieved data from the literature that indicates lncRNA U73166 may act as a mediator of RNA processing and cell invasion, probably inducing a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, our results suggest a relevant role of lncRNA U73166 in metastasis development. We also pointed herein the lncRNA U73166 as a new possible biomarker or target to help overcome clinical vemurafenib resistance.  相似文献   

8.
The purpose of this table is to provide the community with a citable record of publications of ongoing genome sequencing projects that have led to a publication in the scientific literature. While our goal is to make the list complete, there is no guarantee that we may have omitted one or more publications appearing in this time frame. Readers and authors who wish to have publications added to subsequent versions of this list are invited to provide the bibliographic data for such references to the SIGS editorial office.

Non-Bacterial genomes

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9.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a very common malignant skin tumor that rarely metastatizes, but is often locally aggressive. Several factors, like large size (more than 3 cm), exposure to ultraviolet rays, histological variants, level of infiltration and perineural or perivascular invasion, are associated with a more aggressive clinical course. These morphological features seem to be more determinant in mideface localized BCC, which frequently show a significantly higher recurrence rate. An immunohistochemical profile, characterized by reactivity of tumor cells for p53, Ki67 and alpha-SMA has been associated with a more aggressive behaviour in large BCCs. The aim of this study was to verify if also little (<3 cm) basal cell carcinomas can express immunohistochemical markers typical for an aggressive behaviour.Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a very common malignant skin tumor that rarely metastatizes, even If Is often locally aggressive. Several factors, like large size (more than 3 cm), face localization, exposure to ultraviolet rays, histological variants, infiltration level and perineural or perivascular invasion, are associated with a more aggressive clinical course. In particular, the incidence of metastasis and/or death correlates with tumors greater than 3 cm in diameter in which setting patients are said to have 1–2 % risk of metastases that increases to 20–25% in lesions greater than 5 cm and to 50% in lesions greater than 10 cm in diameter (Snow et al., 1994). Histologically morpheiform, keratotic types and infiltrative growth of BCC are also considered features of the most aggressive course (Crowson, 2006). This can be explained by the fact that both the superficial and nodular variants of BCC are surrounded by a continuous basement membrane zone comprising collagens type IV and V admixed with laminin, while the aggressive growth variants (i.e. morpheiform, metatypical, and infiltrative growth subtypes) manifest the absence of basement membrane (Barsky et al., 1987).The molecular markers which characterize aggressive BCC include: increased expression of stromolysin (MMP-3) and collagenase-1 (MMP-1) (Cribier et al., 2001), decreased expression of syndecan-1 proteoglycan (Bayer-Garner et al., 2000) and of anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 (Ramdial et al., 2000; Staibano et al., 2001).C-ras , c-fos (Urabe et al., 1994; Van der Schroeff et al., 1990) and p53 tumor supressor gene mutations (Auepemikiate et al., 2002) are indicative of an aggressive course.Focusing upon bcl-2 and p53 expression in BCC, there have been numerous studies documenting the utility of bcl-2 as a marker of favourable clinical behaviour while p53 expression may be a feature of a more aggressive outcome (Ramdial et al., 2000; Staibano et al., 2001; Bozdogan et al., 2002).An increased expression of cytoskeletal microfilaments like α–smooth muscle actin, frequently found in invasive BCC subtypes (Jones JCR et al., 1989), may explain an enhanced tumor mobility and deep tissue invasion through the stroma. (Cristian et al., 2001; Law et al., 2003). The aim of this preliminary study was to verify if also little (<3 cm) basal cell carcinomas may express aggressive immunohistochemical markers like p53, Ki67 and alpha-SMA. We used 31 excisional BCCs with tumor size less than 2 cm (ranging from 2 up to 20 mm) and with different skin localization (19 in the face, 6 in the trunk and 6 in the body extremities). All cases were immunostained for p53, BCL2, Ki67 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (
AgeSexLocationHystotypeMax.DimDepthUlcEssInfp53Bcl-2Ki67AML
161MExtrKeratotic10×81No+++URD+++++-
261MFaceAdenoid10×94No+URD+++---
364MExtrSup mult11×130.8No+DRD+---
473MFaceNodular10×82Yes+DRD+++++++++
584MFaceNodular9×122Yes+DRD----
684MFaceAdenoid50.8No+URD+++---
784MExtrNodular13×103No+DRD+++++-
852FFaceNodular40.8No+URD+++-
976FFaceAdenoid10×44No+DRD+++-++-
1077FFaceMorph8×61Yes+++DRD+++---
1186MFaceMorph81Yes+DRD+++-++
1263FFaceAdenoid41No+URD+++++
1376FFaceNodular71.5No+DRD++++++-
1484MFaceNodular114Yes+++DRD+--+
1563FFaceKeratotic10×61.8No++DRD-+++-
1668FTrunkSup mult10×60.7No++URD++--
1767MFaceSup mult12×60.4No+URD+-+-
1867MExtrSup mult4×30.3No+URD+++++-
1932FExtrSup mult1×30.4No+URD+++-
2045MTrunkNodular7×52Yes+++URD+++-
2162MTrunkSup mult11×70.9No++URD-++-++
2265MTrunkAdenoid7×61.5No+URD+++++-
2372MTrunkNodular12×61No+URD+++-++
2486FFaceKeratotic20×113.1No++DRD+++-
2585MFaceNodular0.51.3No++DRD++++-
2674FExtrNodular4×40.9No+URD--+-
2771MFaceNodular6×121.7No+DRD--+-
2864FTrunkSup mult1.3×1.50.4No++URD+++---
2978FFaceNodular4×31.5No++DRD+++-+++
3080MFaceKeratotic4×41.6Yes+DRD--++++
Open in a separate window Our data show that p53 (75%), Bcl2 (50%) and Ki67 (63%) positivity was generally diffuse in the majority of cases. On the contrary, cytoplasmatic α-SMA expression was present only in 8 out of 31 cases (25,8%). All these 8 α-SMA positive BCCs, prevalently found in the mideface (6 out of 8), were characterized by an initial invasion beyond the dermis. Among these 6 face-localized α-SMA positive BCCs, 1 showed a sclerosing aggressive histotype, 1 a keratotic type and 4 a nodular histotype.These 8 little α-SMA-positive BCCs, compared to the others 23 α-SMA negative samples, all showed a major aggressiveness features: facial location, ulceration, morpheiform histotype and deeper infiltration into the dermis (Location
Histotype
Local aggressiveness
Immunohistochemistry
FaceKeratoticMorpheiformDepht of invasion Mean value(mm)UlcerationInfiltration of the dermisP53Bcl-2Ki678 α-SMA Positive cases75%12%12%1.650%63%75%50%63%23 α-SMA Negative cases56%13%4%1.413%48%78%43%65%Open in a separate windowGiven the absence of a specific difference between α-SMA positive cases and α-SMA negative cases in the expression of aggressive immunohistochemical markers, except for a light reduction of bcl-2 in the α-SMA positive group (​and2).2). By the analysis of the data, we selected the combination that could better define an aggressive behaviour even for little BCC: α-SMA, p53, Ki67 positivity and bcl-2 negativity. We considered p53 and ki67 markers of proliferation and cell-cycle alteration, combined with a loss of apoptotic activity expressed by Bcl-2 negativity, quite characteristic of aggressiveness; moreover α-SMA positivity probably reflects invasive potential and acquired mobility by neoplastic cells.This immunohistochemical profile (α-SMA, p53, Ki67 positivity and bcl-2 negativity) in our cases of BCC is present in two of them; one is a morpheiform BCC, that is an aggressive variant, while the other one is a nodular subtype (less aggressive).Therefore, our preliminary data suggest that only α-SMA positivity should be considered as an early diagnostic marker of potential aggressiveness in little BCC: all α-SMA positive little BCC in fact showed clinical and histological features of aggressiveness. Invasive potential is probably acquired by some BCCs not only when they reach large size, but it is probably present also when they have still little size, and can be revealed by α-SMA positivity in the neoplastic cells. Open in a separate windowFigure 1BCC, nodular type, HE, 10×. Open in a separate windowFigure 2BCC, nodular type, α-SMA positivity, 10×.  相似文献   

10.
Genomic and Biochemical Analysis of N Glycosylation in the Mushroom-Forming Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune     
Elsa Berends  Robin A. Ohm  Jan F. de Jong  Gerard Rouwendal  Han A. B. W?sten  Luis G. Lugones  Dirk Bosch 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2009,75(13):4648-4652
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11.
Temporal and Spatial Diversity of the Tap Water Microbiota in a Norwegian Hospital     
Knut Rudi  Tone Tann?s  Morten Vatn 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2009,75(24):7855-7857
We analyzed the temporal and spatial diversity of the microbiota in a low-usage and a high-usage hospital tap. We identified a tap-specific colonization pattern, with potential human pathogens being overrepresented in the low-usage tap. We propose that founder effects and local adaptation caused the tap-specific colonization patterns. Our conclusion is that tap-specific colonization represents a potential challenge for water safety.Humans are exposed to and consume large amounts of tap water in their everyday life, with the tap water microbiota representing a potent reservoir for pathogens (8). Despite the potential impact, our knowledge about the ecological diversification processes of the tap water microbiota is limited (4, 11).The aim of the present work was to determine the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of the planktonic tap water microbiota. We compared the summer and winter microbiota from two hospital taps supplied from the same water source. We analyzed 16S rRNA gene clone libraries by using a novel alignment-independent approach for operational taxonomic unit (OTU) designation (6), while established OTU diversity and richness estimators were used for the ecological interpretations.Tap water samples (1 liter) from a high-usage kitchen and a low-usage toilet cold-water tap in Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway, were collected in January and July 2006. The total DNA was isolated and the 16S rRNA gene PCR amplified and sequenced. Based on the sequences, we estimated the species richness and diversity, we calculated the distances between the communities, and trees were constructed to reflect the relatedness of the microbiota in the samples analyzed. Details about these analytical approaches are given in the materials and methods section in the supplemental material.Our initial analysis of species composition was done using the RDPII hierarchical classifier. We found that the majority of pathogen-related bacteria in our data set belonged to the class Gammaproteobacteria. The genera encompassed Legionella, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio (Table ​(Table1).1). We found a significant overrepresentation of pathogen-related bacteria in the toilet tap (P = 0.04), while there were no significant differences between summer and winter samples. Legionella showed the highest relative abundance for the pathogen-related bacteria. With respect to the total diversity, we found that Proteobacteria dominated the tap water microbiota (representing 86% of the taxa) (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). There was, however, a large portion (56%) of the taxa that could not be assigned to the genus level using this classifier.

TABLE 1.

Cloned sequences related to human pathogensa
Sampling placeSampling timePathogenNCBI accession no.Identity (%)
ToiletSummerEscherichia coliEF41861499
ToiletSummerEscherichia sp.EF07430799
ToiletSummerLegionella sp.AY92415595
ToiletSummerLegionella sp.AY92415395
ToiletSummerLegionella sp.AY92415396
ToiletWinterLegionella sp.AY92406196
ToiletWinterLegionella sp.AY92415897
ToiletWinterLegionella sp.AY92415897
KitchenWinterLegionella sp.AY92399697
ToiletSummerPseudomonas fluorescensEF41307398
ToiletSummerPseudomonas fluorescensEF41307398
KitchenSummerPseudomonas fluorescensDQ20773199
ToiletWinterVibrio sp.DQ40838898
ToiletWinterVibrio sp.AB27476098
KitchenWinterVibrio sp.DQ40838898
KitchenWinterVibrio lentusAY29293699
KitchenWinterVibrio sp.AM18376597
ToiletWinterStenotrophomonas maltophiliaAY83773099
KitchenWinterStenotrophomonas maltophiliaDQ42487098
ToiletWinterStreptococcus suisAF28457898
ToiletWinterStreptococcus suisAF28457898
Open in a separate windowaThe relatedness between the cloned sequences and potential pathogens was determined by BLAST searches of the NCBI database, carried out using default settings.To obtain a better resolution of the uncharacterized microbiota, we analyzed the data using a clustering approach that is not dependent on a predefined bacterial group (see the materials and methods section in the supplemental material for details). These analyses showed that there were three relatively tightly clustered groups in our data set (Fig. ​(Fig.1A).1A). The largest group (n = 590) was only distantly related to characterized betaproteobacteria within the order Rhodocyclales. We also identified another large betaproteocaterial group (n = 320) related to Polynucleobacter. Finally, a tight group (n = 145) related to the alphaproteobacterium Sphingomonas was identified.Open in a separate windowFIG. 1.Tap water microbiota diversity, determined by use of a principal component analysis coordinate system. (A) Each bacterium is classified by coordinates, with the following color code: brown squares, kitchen summer; red diamonds, toilet summer; green triangles, kitchen winter; and green circles, toilet winter. (B and C) Each square represents a 1 × 1 (B) or 5 × 5 (C) OTU. PC1, first principal component; PC2, second principal component.The tap-specific distributions of the bacterial groups were investigated using density distribution analyses. A dominant population related to Polynucleobacter was identified for the toilet summer samples, while for the winter samples there was a dominance of the Rhodocyclales-related bacteria. The kitchen summer samples revealed a dominance of Sphingomonas. The corresponding winter samples did not reveal distinct high-density bacterial populations (see Table S2 in the supplemental material).Hierarchical clustering for the 1 × 1 OTU density distribution confirmed the relatively low overlap for the microbiota in the samples analyzed (Fig. ​(Fig.2).2). We found that the microbiota clustered according to tap and not season.Open in a separate windowFIG. 2.Hierarchical clustering for the density distribution of the tap water microbiota. The density of 1 × 1 OTUs was used as a pseudospecies for hierarchical clustering. The tree for the Cord distance matrix is presented, while the distances calculated using the three distance matrices Cord, Brad Curtis, and Sneath Sokal, respectively, are shown for each branch.We have described the species diversity and richness of the microbiota in Table S3 in the supplemental material. For the low taxonomic level, these analyses showed that the diversity and species richness were greater for the winter samples than for the summer samples. Comparing the two taps, the diversity and richness were greater in the kitchen tap than in the toilet tap. In particular, the winter sample from the kitchen showed great richness and diversity. The high taxonomic level, however, did not reveal the same clear differences as did the low level, and the distributions were more even. Rarefaction analyses for the low taxonomic level confirmed the richness and diversity estimates (see Fig. S1 in the supplemental material).Our final analyses sought to fit the species rank distributions to common rank abundance curves. Generally, the rank abundance curves were best fitted to log series or truncated log normal distributions (see Table S4 in the supplemental material). The log series distribution could be fit to all of the samples except the kitchen summer samples at the low taxonomic level, while the truncated log normal distribution could not be fit to the kitchen samples at the high taxonomic level. Interestingly, however, the kitchen winter sample was best fit to a geometric curve at both the high and the low taxonomic level.Diversifying, adaptive biofilm barriers have been documented for tap water bacteria (7), and it is known that planktonic bacteria can interact with biofilms in an adaptive manner (3). On the other hand, tap usage leads to water flowthrough and replacement of the global with the local water population by stochastic founder effects (1).Therefore, we propose that parts of the local diversity observed can be explained by local adaptation (10) and parts by founder effects (9).Most prokaryote diversity measures assume log normal or log series OTU dominance density distributions (5). The kitchen winter sample, however, showed deviations from these patterns by being correlated to geometric distributions (in addition to the log series and truncated log normal distributions for the high taxonomic level). This sample also showed a much greater species richness than the other samples. A possible explanation is that the species richness of the tap water microbiota can be linked to usage and that the kitchen tap is driven toward a founder microbiota by high usage.Since our work indicates an overrepresentation of Legionella in the low-usage tap, it would be of high interest to determine whether the processes for local Legionella colonization can be related to tap usage. Understanding the ecological forces affecting Legionella and other pathogens are of great importance for human health. At the Akerhus University Hospital, this was exemplified by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in an intensive care unit, where the outbreak could be traced back to a single tap (2).  相似文献   

12.
New Design Strategy for Development of Specific Primer Sets for PCR-Based Detection of Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae in Environmental Samples     
Claire Valiente Moro  Olivier Crouzet  Séréna Rasconi  Antoine Thouvenot  Gérard Coffe  Isabelle Batisson  Jacques Bohatier 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2009,75(17):5729-5733
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13.
Allosteric Modulation of a Cannabinoid G Protein-coupled Receptor: BINDING SITE ELUCIDATION AND RELATIONSHIP TO G PROTEIN SIGNALING*     
Derek M. Shore  Gemma L. Baillie  Dow H. Hurst  Frank Navas  III  Herbert H. Seltzman  Jahan P. Marcu  Mary E. Abood  Ruth A. Ross  Patricia H. Reggio 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2014,289(9):5828-5845
The cannabinoid 1 (CB1) allosteric modulator, 5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid [2-(4-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-amide) (ORG27569), has the paradoxical effect of increasing the equilibrium binding of [3H](−)-3-[2-hydroxyl-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-4-[3-hydroxylpropyl]cyclohexan-1-ol (CP55,940, an orthosteric agonist) while at the same time decreasing its efficacy (in G protein-mediated signaling). ORG27569 also decreases basal signaling, acting as an inverse agonist for the G protein-mediated signaling pathway. In ligand displacement assays, ORG27569 can displace the CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist, N-(piperidiny-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide(SR141716A). The goal of this work was to identify the binding site of ORG27569 at CB1. To this end, we used computation, synthesis, mutation, and functional studies to identify the ORG27569-binding site in the CB1 TMH3-6-7 region. This site is consistent with the results of K3.28192A, F3.36200A, W5.43279A, W6.48356A, and F3.25189A mutation studies, which revealed the ORG27569-binding site overlaps with our previously determined binding site of SR141716A but extends extracellularly. Additionally, we identified a key electrostatic interaction between the ORG27569 piperidine ring nitrogen and K3.28192 that is important for ORG27569 to act as an inverse agonist. At this allosteric site, ORG27569 promotes an intermediate conformation of the CB1 receptor, explaining ORG27569''s ability to increase equilibrium binding of CP55,940. This site also explains ORG27569''s ability to antagonize the efficacy of CP55,940 in three complementary ways. 1) ORG27569 sterically blocks movements of the second extracellular loop that have been linked to receptor activation. 2) ORG27569 sterically blocks a key electrostatic interaction between the third extracellular loop residue Lys-373 and D2.63176. 3) ORG27569 packs against TMH6, sterically hindering movements of this helix that have been shown to be important for receptor activation.  相似文献   

14.
Dispersion of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolates Belonging to Major Clonal Complexes in Different Portuguese Settings     
Ana R. Freitas  Carla Novais  Patricia Ruiz-Garbajosa  Teresa M. Coque  Luísa Peixe 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2009,75(14):4904-4908
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15.
Genomic Basis of a Polyagglutinating Isolate of Neisseria meningitidis     
Lavanya Rishishwar  Lee S. Katz  Nitya V. Sharma  Lori Rowe  Michael Frace  Jennifer Dolan Thomas  Brian H. Harcourt  Leonard W. Mayer  I. King Jordan 《Journal of bacteriology》2012,194(20):5649-5656
Containment strategies for outbreaks of invasive Neisseria meningitidis disease are informed by serogroup assays that characterize the polysaccharide capsule. We sought to uncover the genomic basis of conflicting serogroup assay results for an isolate (M16917) from a patient with acute meningococcal disease. To this end, we characterized the complete genome sequence of the M16917 isolate and performed a variety of comparative sequence analyses against N. meningitidis reference genome sequences of known serogroups. Multilocus sequence typing and whole-genome sequence comparison revealed that M16917 is a member of the ST-11 sequence group, which is most often associated with serogroup C. However, sequence similarity comparisons and phylogenetic analysis showed that the serogroup diagnostic capsule polymerase gene (synD) of M16917 belongs to serogroup B. These results suggest that a capsule-switching event occurred based on homologous recombination at or around the capsule locus of M16917. Detailed analysis of this locus uncovered the locations of recombination breakpoints in the M16917 genome sequence, which led to the introduction of an ∼2-kb serogroup B sequence cassette into the serogroup C genomic background. Since there is no currently available vaccine for serogroup B strains of N. meningitidis, this kind capsule-switching event could have public health relevance as a vaccine escape mutant.  相似文献   

16.
Correlation of Fragile Histidine Triad (Fhit) Protein Structural Features with Effector Interactions and Biological Functions     
Flavia Pichiorri  Hiroshi Okumura  Tatsuya Nakamura  Preston N. Garrison  Pierluigi Gasparini  Sung-Suk Suh  Teresa Druck  Kelly A. McCorkell  Larry D. Barnes  Carlo M. Croce    Kay Huebner 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(2):1040-1049
We have previously shown that Fhit tumor suppressor protein interacts with Hsp60 chaperone machinery and ferredoxin reductase (Fdxr) protein. Fhit-effector interactions are associated with a Fhit-dependent increase in Fdxr stability, followed by generation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis induction under conditions of oxidative stress. To define Fhit structural features that affect interactions, downstream signaling, and biological outcomes, we used cancer cells expressing Fhit mutants with amino acid substitutions that alter enzymatic activity, enzyme substrate binding, or phosphorylation at tyrosine 114. Gastric cancer cell clones stably expressing mutants that do not bind substrate or cannot be phosphorylated showed decreased binding to Hsp60 and Fdxr and reduced mitochondrial localization. Expression of Fhit or mutants that bind interactor proteins results in oxidative damage and accumulation of cells in G2/M or sub-G1 fractions after peroxide treatment; noninteracting mutants are defective in these biological effects. Gastric cancer clones expressing noncomplexing Fhit mutants show reduction of Fhit tumor suppressor activity, confirming that substrate binding, interaction with heat shock proteins, mitochondrial localization, and interaction with Fdxr are important for Fhit tumor suppressor function.Fhit protein is a powerful tumor suppressor that is frequently lost or reduced in cancer cells because of rearrangement of the exquisitely DNA damage-sensitive fragile FHIT gene. Restoration of Fhit expression suppresses tumorigenicity of cancer cells of various types, and the ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro is reduced by specific Fhit mutations (1, 2).Through studies of signal pathways affected by Fhit expression, by searches for Fhit protein effectors, and by in vitro analyses of Fhit activity, we and others have defined Fhit enzymatic activity in vitro (3), apoptotic activity in cells and tumors (4–6), and most recently identification of a Fhit protein complex that affects Fhit stability, mitochondrial localization, and interaction with ferredoxin reductase (Fdxr)5 (7). The complex includes Hsp60 and Hsp10 that mediate Fhit stability and may affect import into mitochondria, where Fhit interacts with Fdxr, which is responsible for transferring electrons from NADPH to cytochrome P450 via ferredoxin. Virally mediated Fhit restoration in Fhit-deficient cancer cells increases production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by increased apoptosis of cancer cells under oxidative stress conditions; conversely, Fhit-negative cells escape apoptosis, likely carrying oxidative DNA damage that contributes to accumulation of mutations.The Fhit protein sequence, showing high homology to the histidine triad (HIT) family of proteins, suggested that the protein product would hydrolyze diadenosine tetraphosphate or diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A) (8), and in vitro studies showed that Ap3A was cleaved into ADP and AMP by Fhit. The catalytic histidine triad within Fhit was essential for catalytic activity (3), and a Fhit mutant that substituted Asn for His at the central histidine (H96N mutant) was catalytically inactive, although it bound substrate well (3). Early tumor suppression studies showed that cancer cells stably transfected with wild type (WT) or H96N mutant Fhit were suppressed for tumor growth in nude mice. This suggested the hypothesis that the Fhit-substrate complex sends the tumor suppression signal (9, 10). To test this hypothesis, a series of FHIT alleles was designed to reduce substrate-binding and/or hydrolytic rates and was characterized by quantitative cell-death assays on cancer cells virally infected with each allele. The allele series covered defects as great as 100,000-fold in kcat and increases as large as 30-fold in Km. Mutants with 2–7-fold increases in Km had significantly reduced apoptotic indices and the mutant with a 30-fold increase in Km retained little apoptotic function. Thus, the proapoptotic function of Fhit, which is likely associated with tumor suppressor function, is limited by substrate binding and is unrelated to substrate hydrolysis (11).Fhit, a homodimeric protein of 147 amino acids, is a target of tyrosine phosphorylation by the Src family protein kinases, which can phosphorylate Tyr-114 of Fhit in vitro and in vivo (12). After co-expression of Fhit with the Elk tyrosine kinase in Escherichia coli to generate phosphorylated forms of Fhit, unphosphorylated, mono-, and diphosphorylated Fhit were purified, and enzyme kinetics studies showed that monophosphorylated Fhit exhibited monophasic kinetics with Km and kcat values ∼2- and ∼7-fold lower, respectively, than for unphosphorylated Fhit. Diphosphorylated Fhit exhibited biphasic kinetics; one site had Km and kcat values ∼2- and ∼140-fold lower, respectively, than for unphosphorylated Fhit; the second site had a Km ∼60-fold higher and a kcat ∼6-fold lower than for unphosphorylated Fhit (13). Thus, it was possible that the alterations in Km and kcat values for phosphorylated forms of Fhit might favor formation and lifetime of the Fhit-Ap3A complex and enhance tumor suppressor activity (see Fhit forms
Kinetic parameters
% Sub-G1
Direct binding
Subcellular location
Co-IP in vivo
8-OHdG
Apoptosis
Tumor suppressor
Km (mm)kcat (s–1)A549MKN74Hsp60FdxrHsp60Fdxr Fhit WT 1.6 +/– 0.19 2.7 +/– 0.95 43 24 Yes Yes Cyt & mito Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Catalyt mutants    H96D Up 2-fold Down >2 × 104 29 NT NT NT Cyt & mito Yes Yes NT Yes NT    H96N Up 2-fold Down >5 × 105 31 14.4 NT NT Cyt & mito Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Loop mutants    Y114A Up 23-fold Down 2-fold 3.7 NT NT NT Cyt +/– +/– +/– No No    Y114D NT NT 2.9 6 NT NT Cyt +/– +/– – No –/+    Y114E NT NT NT NT NT NT Cyt & mito –/+ –/+ – No NT    Y114F Up 5-fold Up 1.1-fold 11.5 3 NT NT Cyt & mito –/+ –/+ – No No    Y114W Up 5-fold Up 1.4-fold NT NT NT NT Cyt & mito –/+ – – NT NT    del113–117 Up 10-fold Down 38-fold 5 NT NT NT NT NT NT – No NT Other mutants    L25W Up 7-fold Down 4-fold 15 NT NT NT Cyt – – – NT –/+    I10W,L25W Up 32-fold Down 6-fold 11 NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT    F5W Up 3.3 fold NT NT 5 NT NT NT NT NT +/– No NT Purified pFhit    pFhit Down 0.4-fold Down 7-fold NA NA –/+ Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA    ppFhit Down 0.4-fold Down > 100-fold NA NA –/+ Yes NA NA NA NA NA NA Up 60-fold Down 6-fold Open in a separate windowTo explore the in vivo importance of the Tyr-114 phosphorylation site and define Fhit-mediated signaling events, Semba et al. (14) compared the differential biological effects of Ad-FHIT WT and Ad-FHIT Tyr-114 mutant expression in human lung cancer cells. Caspase-dependent apoptosis was effectively induced only by WT Fhit protein. However, the biological significance of phosphorylation at Tyr-114 has been difficult to study because the endogenous phosphorylated forms have very short half-lives; activation of epidermal growth facto receptor family members induces Fhit phosphorylation by Src and proteasome degradation of phosphorylated Fhit (15).Although there are possible connections among the various pathways known to be altered in Fhit-deficient cells, apoptosis, DNA damage-response checkpoint activation, ROS production, and related biological effects of Fhit loss or overexpression, details of the pathway(s) leading from Fhit overexpression to cell death and tumor suppression have not been delineated. Now that a Fhit signaling complex has been identified, we set out to examine which structural features of Fhit protein might participate in individual steps of the pathway leading from Fhit overexpression through complex formation, subcellular localization, interaction with mitochondrial Fdxr, DNA damage induction, cell cycle changes, apoptosis, and ultimately tumor suppression. The underlying hypotheses were as follows: substrate-binding mutants would behave similarly to WT; nonsubstrate-binding mutants would be defective in some step of the pathway, perhaps complexing with heat shock proteins or Fdxr or perhaps induction of DNA damage; and Tyr-114 mutants, which also affect formation or stability of the enzyme-substrate complex, would also be defective in executing some step of the Fhit overexpression pathway to cell death. One goal was to identify specific mutants that exhibited deficiency in specific steps of the pathway, so that such mutants could be used to dissect each step in more detail. Using in vitro Fhit and Fhit-effector protein interactions, we aimed to determine the following: 1) which proteins of the complex interact directly with Fhit, and 2) the biological role of these interactions in vivo. Using cancer cells expressing exogenous WT and mutant Fhit proteins, we were able to examine the structural features of Fhit that affect the direct interaction with its effectors, participate in ROS production, and are necessary for tumor suppression activity.  相似文献   

17.
Evidence for Multiple Recent Host Species Shifts among the Ranaviruses (Family Iridoviridae)     
James K. Jancovich  Michel Bremont  Jeffrey W. Touchman  Bertram L. Jacobs 《Journal of virology》2010,84(6):2636-2647
  相似文献   

18.
Le syndrome de Klinefelter chez l'enfant     
Ch. Sultan  J. M. Lobaccaro  S. Lumbroso  S. Missov  Ch. Belon  M. Bost  R. Dumas 《Andrologie》1994,4(3):283-287
Klinfelter syndrome was first described in adult males with gynecomastia, azoospermia and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Children with the 47, XXY karyotype demonstrate few clinical findings so Klinefelter syndrome is rarely diagnosed until adult life. Besides children who have been diagnosed during prenatal genetic testing, in infancy a male with 47, XXY (or variants: 46, XY-47, XXY; 48, XXXY; 48, XXYY, 49, XXXXY) may be found while undergoing evaluation of micropenis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism or facial anomalies. The older child may present with learning disabilities, behavior disorders or tall stature. At the time of puberty, the clinical picture includes small testes, gynecomastia and an eunuchoid habitus. Early diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome must be performed since it has been demonstrated that early treatment with androgens may ameliorate many aspects of the clinical symptoms and attenuate or prevent behavioral and psychiatric disorders associated with 47, XXY males.  相似文献   

19.
Analysis of the Clonal Relationship of Serotype O26:H11 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Isolates from Cattle     
Lutz Geue  Sabrina Klare  Christina Schnick  Birgit Mintel  Katharina Meyer  Franz J. Conraths 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2009,75(21):6947-6953
Twelve cluster groups of Escherichia coli O26 isolates found in three cattle farms were monitored in space and time. Cluster analysis suggests that only some O26:H11 strains had the potential for long-term persistence in hosts and farms. As judged by their virulence markers, bovine enterohemorrhagic O26:H11 isolates may represent a considerable risk for human infection.Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains comprise a group of zoonotic enteric pathogens (42). In humans, infections with some STEC serotypes result in hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic diarrhea, which can be complicated by hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) (49). These STEC strains are also designated “enterohemorrhagic E. coli” (EHEC). Consequently, EHEC strains represent a subgroup of STEC with a high pathogenic potential for humans. Strains of the E. coli serogroup O26 were originally classified as enteropathogenic E. coli due to their association with outbreaks of infantile diarrhea in the 1940s. In 1977, Konowalchuk et al. (37) recognized that these bacteria produced Stx, and 10 years later, the Stx-producing E. coli O26:H11/H− strains were classified as EHEC. EHEC O26 strains constitute the most common non-O157 EHEC group associated with diarrhea and HUS in Europe (12, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 55, 60). Reports on an association between EHEC O26 and HUS or diarrhea from North America including the United States (15, 30, 33), South America (51, 57), Australia (22), and Asia (31, 32) provide further evidence for the worldwide spread of these organisms. Studies in Germany and Austria (26, 27) on sporadic HUS cases between 1996 and 2003 found that EHEC O26 accounted for 14% of all EHEC strains and for ∼40% of non-O157 EHEC strains obtained from these patients. A proportion of 11% EHEC O26 strains was detected in a case-control study in Germany (59) between 2001 and 2003. In the age group <3 years, the number of EHEC O26 cases was nearly equal to that of EHEC O157 cases, although the incidence of EHEC O26-associated disease is probably underestimated because of diagnostic limitations in comparison to the diagnosis of O157:H7/H− (18, 34). Moreover, EHEC O26 has spread globally (35). Beutin (6) described EHEC O26:H11/H−, among O103:H2, O111:H, O145:H28/H−, and O157:H7/H−, as the well-known pathogenic “gang of five,” and Bettelheim (5) warned that we ignore the non-O157 STEC strains at our peril.EHEC O26 strains produce Stx1, Stx2, or both (15, 63). Moreover, these strains contain the intimin-encoding eae gene (11, 63), a characteristic feature of EHEC (44). In addition, EHEC strains possess other markers associated with virulence, such as a large plasmid that carries further potential virulence genes, e.g., genes coding for EHEC hemolysin (EHEC-hlyA), a catalase-peroxidase (katP), and an extracellular serine protease (espP) (17, 52). The efa1 (E. coli factor for adherence 1) gene was identified as an intestinal colonization factor in EHEC (43). EHEC O26 represents a highly dynamic group of organisms that rapidly generate new pathogenic clones (7, 8, 63).Ruminants, especially cattle, are considered the primary reservoir for human infections with EHEC. Therefore, the aim of this study was the molecular characterization of bovine E. coli field isolates of serogroup O26 using a panel of typical virulence markers. The epidemiological situation in the beef herds from which the isolates were obtained and the spatial and temporal behavior of the clonal distribution of E. coli serogroup O26 were analyzed during the observation period. The potential risk of the isolates inducing disease in humans was assessed.In our study, 56 bovine E. coli O26:H11 isolates and one bovine O26:H32 isolate were analyzed for EHEC virulence-associated factors. The isolates had been obtained from three different beef farms during a long-term study. They were detected in eight different cattle in farm A over a period of 15 months (detected on 10 sampling days), in 3 different animals in farm C over a period of 8 months (detected on 3 sampling days), and in one cow on one sampling day in farm D (Table ​(Table1)1) (28).

TABLE 1.

Typing of E. coli O26 isolates
Sampling day, source, and isolateSerotypeVirulence profile by:
fliC PCR-RFLPstx1 genestx2 geneStx1 (toxin)Stx2 (toxin)Subtype(s)
efa1 genebEHEC-hlyA genekatP geneespP genePlasmid size(s) in kbCluster
stx1/stx2eaetirespAespB
Day 15
    Animal 6 (farm A)
        WH-01/06/002-1O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 127
        WH-01/06/002-2O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 127
        WH-01/06/002-3O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 127
    Animal 8 (farm A)
        WH-01/08/002-2O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 127
    Animal 26 (farm A)
        WH-01/26/001-2O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 127
        WH-01/26/001-5O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 127
        WH-01/26/001-6O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 127
        WH-01/26/001-7O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/−+++110, 127
Day 29
    Animal 2 (farm A)
        WH-01/02/003-1O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 126
        WH-01/02/003-2O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 126
        WH-01/02/003-5O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 126
        WH-01/02/003-6O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/+−++110, 126
        WH-01/02/003-7O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 126
        WH-01/02/003-8O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ−/++++110, 126
        WH-01/02/003-9O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++1106
        WH-01/02/003-10O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++1106
    Animal 26 (farm A)
        WH-01/26/002-2O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 125
        WH-01/26/002-5O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 125
        WH-01/26/002-8O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 125
        WH-01/26/002-9O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++−−110, 125
        WH-01/26/002-10O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 125
Day 64
    Animal 20 (farm A)
        WH-01/20/005-3O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/+−−−130, 2.52
Day 78
    Animal 29 (farm A)
        WH-01/29/002-1O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/−+−−130, 12, 2.54
        WH-01/29/002-2O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 12, 2.54
        WH-01/29/002-3O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 12, 2.54
        WH-01/29/002-4O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 12, 2.54
        WH-01/29/002-5O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/+−−+130, 12, 2.54
Day 106
    Animal 27 (farm A)
        WH-01/27/005-2O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/−+++145, 110, 123
        WH-01/27/005-5O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 12, 2.55
        WH-01/27/005-6O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/+−−−130, 12, 2.55
Day 113
    Animal 7 (farm C)
        WH-04/07/001-2O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/+−++55, 35, 2.511
        WH-04/07/001-4O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++5512
        WH-04/07/001-6O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++5512
Day 170
    Animal 22 (farm C)
        WH-04/22/001-1O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 12, 6.312
        WH-04/22/001-4O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 12, 6.312
        WH-04/22/001-5O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 12, 6.312
Day 176
    Animal 14 (farm D)
        WH-03/14/004-8O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/+−++11010
Day 218
    Animal 27 (farm A)
        WH-01/27/009-1O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++110, 129
        WH-01/27/009-2O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++110, 129
        WH-01/27/009-3O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++110, 128
        WH-01/27/009-8O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++−−110, 128
        WH-01/27/009-9O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++110, 129
Day 309
    Animal 29 (farm A)
        WH-01/29/010-1O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 35, 124
        WH-01/29/010-2O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++−−130, 55, 358
        WH-01/29/010-3O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++130, 35, 128
Day 365
    Animal 8 (farm C)
        WH-04/08/008-6O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 5512
Day 379
    Animal 9 (farm A)
        WH-01/09/016-2O26:H32H32++−−stx1/stx2−−−−−/−−−−145, 130, 1.81
    Animal 27 (farm A)
        WH-01/27/014-3O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 129
        WH-01/27/014-4O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 129
        WH-01/27/014-5O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 128
Day 407
    Animal 29 (farm A)
        WH-01/29/013-4O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 12, 2.58
        WH-01/29/013-7O26:H11H11+−+−stx1ββββ+/++++110, 12, 2.58
Day 478
    Animal 27 (farm A)
        WH-01/27/017-1O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++110, 128
        WH-01/27/017-5O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++110, 128
        WH-01/27/017-6O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++1108
        WH-01/27/017-7O26:H11H11++++stx1/stx2ββββ+/++++1108
        WH-01/27/017-10O26:H11H11+−++stx1ββββ+/++++130, 12, 2.58
Open in a separate windowastx1/stx2, gene stx1 or stx2.befa1 was detected by two hybridizations (with lifA1-lifA2 and lifA3-lifA4 probes). +/+, complete gene; +/− or −/+, incomplete gene; −/−, efa1 negative.The serotyping of the O26 isolates was confirmed by the results of the fliC PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis performed according to Fields et al. (25), with slight modifications described by Zhang et al. (62). All O26:H11 isolates showed the H11 pattern described by Zhang et al. (62). In contrast, the O26:H32 isolate demonstrated a different fliC RFLP pattern that was identical to the H32 pattern described by the same authors. It has been demonstrated that EHEC O26:H11 strains belong to at least four different sequence types (STs) in the common clone complex 29 (39). In the multilocus sequence typing analysis for E. coli (61), the tested five EHEC O26:H11 isolates (WH-01/02/003-1, WH-01/20/005-3, WH-01/27/009-9, WH-03/14/004-8, and WH-04/22/001-1) of different farms and clusters were characterized as two sequence types (ST 21 and ST 396). The isolates from farms A and C belong to ST 21, the most frequent ST of EHEC O26:H11 isolates found in humans and animals (39), but the single isolate from farm D was characterized as ST 396.Typing and subtyping of genes (stx1 and/or stx2, eae, tir, espA, espB, EHEC-hlyA, katP, and espP) associated with EHEC were performed with LightCycler fluorescence PCR (48) and different block-cycler PCRs. To identify the subtypes of the stx2 genes and of the locus of enterocyte effacement-encoding genes eae, tir, espA, and espB, the PCR products were digested by different restriction endonucleases (19, 26, 46). The complete pattern of virulence markers was detected in most bovine isolates examined in our study. An stx1 gene was present in all O26 isolates. In addition, an stx2 gene was found in nine O26:H11 isolates in farm A and in three isolates of the same type in farm C, as well as in the O26:H32 isolate. Both Stx1 and Stx2 were closely related to families of Stx1 and Stx2 variants or alleles. EHEC isolates with stx2 genes are significantly more often associated with HUS and other severe disease manifestations than isolates with an stx1 gene, which are more frequently associated with uncomplicated diarrhea and healthy individuals (13). In contrast to STEC strains harboring stx2 gene variants, however, STEC strains of the stx2 genotype were statistically significantly associated with HUS (26). The stx2 genotype was found in all O26 isolates with an stx2 gene, while the GK3/GK4 amplification products after digestion with HaeIII and FokI restriction enzymes showed the typical pattern for this genotype described by Friedrich et al. (26). The nucleotide sequences of the A and B subunits of the stx2 gene of the selected bovine O26:H11 isolate WH-01/27/017-1 (GenBank accession no. EU700491) were identical to the stx2 genes of different sorbitol-fermenting EHEC O157:H− strains associated with human HUS cases and other EHEC infections in Germany (10) and 99.3% identical in their DNA sequences to the stx2 gene of the EHEC type strain EDL933, a typical O157:H7 isolate from an HUS patient. A characteristic stx1 genotype was present in all O26 isolates. The nucleotide sequences of the A and B subunits of the stx1 gene of the tested bovine O26:H11 isolate WH-01/27/017-1 (GenBank accession no. EU700490) were nearly identical to those of the stx1 genes of the EHEC O26:H11 reference type strains H19 and DEC10B, which had been associated with human disease outbreaks in Canada and Australia. Nucleotide exchanges typical for stx1c and stx1d subtypes as described by Kuczius et al. (38) were not found. All bovine O26:H11 strains produced an Stx1 with high cytotoxicity for Vero cells tested by Stx enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Vero cell neutralization assay (53). The Stx2 cytotoxicity for Vero cells was also very high in the O26:H11 isolates.Not only factors influencing the basic and inducible Stx production are important in STEC pathogenesis. It has been suggested that the eae and EHEC-hlyA genes are likely contributors to STEC pathogenicity (2, 3, 13, 50). Ritchie et al. (50) found both genes in all analyzed HUS-associated STEC isolates. In all O26:H11 isolates we obtained, stx genes were present in combination with eae genes. Only the O26:H32 isolate lacked an eae gene. To date, 10 distinct variants of eae have been described (1, 19, 36, 45, 47). Some serotypes were closely associated with a particular intimin variant: the O157 serogroup was linked to γ-eae, the O26 serogroup to β-eae, and the O103 serogroup to ɛ-eae (4, 19, 20, 58). Our study confirms these associations. All bovine O26:H11 isolates were also typed as members of the β-eae subgroup. A translocated intimin receptor gene (tir gene) and the type III secreted proteins encoded by the espA and espB genes were found in all 56 O26:H11 isolates but not in the O26:H32 isolate. These other tested locus of enterocyte effacement-associated genes belonged to the β-subgroups. These results are in accord with the results of China et al. (19), who detected the pathotypes β-eae, β-tir, β-espA, and β-espB in all investigated human O26 strains. Like the eae gene, the EHEC-hlyA gene was found in association with severe clinical disease in humans (52). Aldick et al. (2) showed that EHEC hemolysin is toxic (cytolytic) to human microvascular endothelial cells and may thus contribute to the pathogenesis of HUS. In our study, the EHEC-hlyA gene was detected in 50 of the 56 bovine E. coli O26:H11 isolates which harbored virulence-associated plasmids of different sizes (Table ​(Table1).1). The presence of virulence-associated plasmids corresponded to the occurrence of additional virulence markers such as the espP and katP genes (17). The katP gene and the espP gene were detected in 49 and 50 of the 56 O26:H11 isolates, respectively. The espP gene was missing in six of the seven bovine O26:H11 isolates in which the katP genes were also absent. Both genes were not found in the O26:H32 isolate (Table ​(Table1).1). Although we found large plasmids of the same size in O26:H11 isolates, they lacked one or more of the plasmid-associated virulence factors (Table ​(Table1).1). Two DNA probes were used to detect the efa1 genes by colony hybridization. (DNA probes were labeled with digoxigenin [DIG] with lifA1-lifA2 and lifA3-lifA4 primers [14] using the PCR DIG probe synthesis kit [Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany]; DIG Easy Hyb solution [Roche] was used for prehybridization and hybridization.) Positive results with both DNA probes were obtained for 52 of 56 E. coli O26:H11 isolates. A positive signal was only found in three isolates with the lifA1-lifA2 DNA probe and in one isolate with the lifA3-lifA4 probe. An efa1 gene was not detected in the O26:H32 isolate (Table ​(Table11).We also analyzed the spatial and temporal behavior of the O26:H11/H32 isolates in the beef herds by cluster analysis (conducted in PAUP* for Windows version 4.0, 2008 [http://paup.csit.fsu.edu/about.html]). This was performed with distance matrices using the neighbor-joining algorithm, an agglomerative cluster method which generates a phylogenetic tree. The distance matrices were calculated by pairwise comparisons of the fragmentation patterns produced by genomic typing through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis with four restriction endonucleases (XbaI, NotI, BlnI, and SpeI) and the presence or absence of potential virulence markers (Fig. ​(Fig.11 and Table ​Table1).1). To this end, the total character difference was used, which counts the pairwise differences between two given patterns. During a monitoring program of 3 years in four cattle farms (29), different O26:H11 cluster groups and one O26:H32 isolate were detected in three different farms. The genetic distance of the O26:H32 isolate was very high relative to the O26:H11 isolates. Therefore, the O26:H32 isolate was outgrouped. The O26:H11 isolates of each farm represented independent cluster groups. The single isolate from farm D fitted better to the isolates from farm C than to those from farm A. This finding is in accord with the geographical distance between the farms. The fact that the farms were located in neighboring villages may suggest that direct or indirect connections between the farms were possible (e.g., by person contacts or animal trade). However, the isolates from farm C and farm D belonged to different sequence types (ST 21 and ST 396), which may argue against a direct connection. Interestingly, O26:H11 isolates with and without stx2 genes were detected in the same clusters. This phenomenon was observed in both farm A and farm C. In farm A, the isolates with additional stx2 genes were found in animal 27 and were grouped in clusters 8 and 9 (day 218). An stx2 gene was repeatedly found (four isolates) in the same animal (animal 27). The isolates grouped in cluster 8 on a later day of sampling (day 478). All other O26:H11 isolates grouped in the same clusters and obtained from the same animals (27 and 29) on different sampling days lacked an stx2 gene. Also, the isolates obtained from animal 27 on previous sampling days, which grouped in clusters 3 and 5, exhibited no stx2 genes. In farm C, the three isolates with additional stx2 genes obtained from animal 7 grouped in clusters 11 and 12. An stx2 gene was absent from all other O26:H11 isolates grouped in the same cluster 12 on later sampling days, and no other isolates of cluster 11 were found later on. However, we detected members of many clusters over relatively long periods (clusters 5, 8, and 9 in farm A and cluster 12 in farm C), but members of other clusters were only found on single occasions. This patchy temporal pattern is apparently not a unique property of O26:H11, as we found similar results for cluster groups of other EHEC serotypes of bovine origin (28). The isolates grouped in the dominant cluster 8 were found on 5 of 9 sampling days over a period of 10 months. In contrast, we found the members of clusters 4, 5, 9, and 12 only on two nonconsecutive sampling days. The period during which isolates of these groups were not detected was particularly long for cluster 4 (231 days). We also observed the coexistence of different clusters over long periods in the same farm and in the same cattle (clusters 8 and 9), while one of the clusters dominated. Transmission of clusters between cattle was also observed. These results suggest that some of the EHEC O26:H11 strains had the potential for a longer persistence in the host population, while others had not. The reasons for this difference are not yet clear. Perhaps the incomplete efa1 gene found in isolates of clusters which were only detected once might explain why some strains disappeared rapidly. Efa1 has been discussed as a potential E. coli colonization factor for the bovine intestine used by non-O157 STEC, including O26 (54, 56). The O165:H25 cluster detected during a longer period in farm B may have disappeared after it had lost its efa1 gene (28). The precise biological activity of Efa1 in EHEC O26 is not yet known, but it has been demonstrated that the molecule is a non-Stx virulence determinant which can increase the virulence of EHEC O26 in humans (8).Open in a separate windowFIG. 1.Neighbor-joining tree of bovine E. coli O26:H11/H32 strains based on the restriction pattern obtained after digestion with XbaI, NotI, BlnI, and SpeI.We distinguished 12 different clusters, but complete genetic identity was only found in two isolates. The variations in the O26:H11 clusters may be due to increasing competition between the bacterial populations of the various subtypes in the bovine intestine or to potential interactions between EHEC O26:H11 and the host.The ephemeral occurrence of additional stx2 genes in different clusters and farms may be the result of recombination events due to horizontal gene transfer (16). The loss of stx genes may occur rapidly in the course of an infection, but the reincorporation by induction of an stx-carrying bacteriophage into the O26:H11 strains is possible at any time (9, 40). Nevertheless, an additional stx2 gene may increase the dangerousness of the respective EHEC O26:H11 strains. While all patients involved in an outbreak caused by an EHEC O26:H11 strain harboring the gene encoding Stx2 developed HUS (41), the persons affected by another outbreak caused by an EHEC O26:H11 strain that produced exclusively Stx1 had only uncomplicated diarrhea (60).In conclusion, our results showed that bovine O26:H11 isolates can carry virulence factors of EHEC that are strongly associated with EHEC-related disease in humans, particularly with severe clinical manifestations such as hemorrhagic colitis and HUS. Therefore, strains of bovine origin may represent a considerable risk for human infection. Moreover, some clusters of EHEC O26:H11 persisted in cattle and farms over longer periods, which may increase the risk of transmission to other animals and humans even further.  相似文献   

20.
Bacterial regeneration of ammonium and phosphate as affected by the carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus ratio of organic substrates   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8  
Yasuhiko Tezuka 《Microbial ecology》1990,19(3):227-238
The effect of carbonnitrogenphosphorus (CNP) ratio of organic substrates on the regeneration of ammonium and phosphate was investigated by growing natural assemblages of freshwater bacteria in mineral media supplemented with the simple organic C, N, and P sources (glucose, asparagine, and sodium glycerophosphate, respectively) to give 25 different substrate CNP ratios. Both ammonium and phosphate were regenerated when CN and NP atomic ratios of organic substrates were 101 and 161, respectively. Only ammonium was regenerated when CN and NP ratios were 101 and 10–201, respectively. On the other hand, neither ammonium nor phosphate was regenerated when CN and NP ratios were 151 and 51, respectively. In no case was phosphate alone regenerated. As bacteria were able to alter widely the CNP ratio of their biomass, the growth yield of bacteria appeared primarily dependent on the substrate carbon concentration, irrespective of a wide variation in the substrate CNP ratio.  相似文献   

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