哈拉哈河上游的鱼类区系和资源现状

哈拉哈河上游的鱼类采集到１４种和亚种,分水于４目６科,其中鲤科８种,占５７．１％。区系组成分归５个区系类群,其中属于全北区的北方山地,北方平原和北极淡水类群鱼类有１０种,占７１．４％,这与该河系具有适于冷水性鱼类栖存的生态条件密切相关。     

福建桐山溪鱼类资源调查初报

2011年对福建东北部入海河流桐山溪中的鱼类资源进行了调查.结果表明,桐山溪有淡水及河口鱼类47种,隶属10目16科39属.鱼类组成以鲤形目为主,有3科25属27种,占总种数的57.4％;鲈形目有5科7属7种,占总种数的14.9％;鲀形目有1科1属3种,占总种数的6.4％;鳗鲡目、鲇形目和鲽形目各有1科1属2种,分别占总种数的4.3％;合鳃目、鲑形目、脂鲤目和雀鳝目各有1科1属1种,分别占总种数的2.1％.47种鱼类中,25种为常见种,占总种数的53.2％;花鳗鲡Anguilla marmorata和条纹小鲃Puntius semifasciolatus为稀有种,占总数的4.3％;短盖巨脂鲤Colossoma brachypomus和眼斑雀鳝Lepisosteus oculatus为外来种,占总数的4.3％;其余18种为偶见种,占总数的38.2％.花鳗鲡是国家二级重点保护野生动物,台湾名古屋吻鰕虎鱼Rhinogobius nagoyae formosanus为中国大陆的新纪录种.     

广西十万大山地区的鱼类资源现状和保护对策

位于广西西南部的十万大山地区鱼类物种多样性丰富,分布于十万大山的野生鱼类以小型或中小型为主,缺乏经济价值高,产量大的种类,这是该地区野生鱼类资源的主要特点,目前资源量和鱼类物种丰富度都呈现出明显下降的趋势。这主要同有害的渔业生产方式和过密的捕捞强度,小水利设施及外来种的入侵有关。加强宣传力度和强化渔政管理,开发其它副业,拆除废弃的小水利工程,对人工养殖鱼种加强管理,以及开展入侵种对土著种影响的科学研究等是保护这一地区鱼类多样性的重要手段。     

岷江上游鱼类及保护问题

岷江上游的鱼类曾有过较多的报道,但有效种的认定及种类混淆的问题至今未澄清。经调查该江段有鱼类28种。对其中6个有争议的种进行了讨论,同时述及了鱼类资源状况、影响因素及保护对策等问题。     

中国古代鱼类资源的保护

中国古代鱼类资源的保护乐佩琦，梁秩燊（中国科学院水生生物研究所武汉４３００７２）（广州市环境保护科学研究所）关键词中国，古代，鱼类资源，保护中国是历史悠久的文明古国，祖祖辈辈生活在这块辽阔的土地上。在人类祖先与大自然斗争的整个历史时期中，渔业被作为狩...     

长江三峡库区鱼类资源现状的研究

1997－2000年在长江三峡库区的巴南和万州江段共监测1292船次,统计 渔获物4096．38kg,生物学测定2464尾,共采集鱼类30种,分属8科24属,目前库区渔获物组成和结构与20世纪70年代相比发生了较大变化,白甲鱼,中华倒刺靶,岩原鲤等在渔获物中比较已经很少,铜鱼资源也明显下降,Gua,Gan,鳊等在渔获物中已基本消失,而南方鲇,鲤,黄颡鱼等比较相对上升,渔获物中高龄鱼个体减少,低龄鱼及幼鱼个体比重增加,与70年代资料相比,三峡库区鱼区资源已呈衰退趋势。     

洪泽湖鱼类资源现状、历史变动和渔业管理策略

研究于2010年秋季和2011年夏季对南水北调东线工程最大调蓄湖泊洪泽湖的鱼类资源进行了调查,结合历史资料分析该湖鱼类资源变动情况,以期为渔业管理和生物多样性保护提供依据。自20世纪60年代以来,洪泽湖累计记录鱼类88种,本研究发现63种,其中新记录6种,分别为:点纹银 、彩副 、方氏鳑鲏、鲻、大眼鳜和波氏吻虾虎鱼;与历史记录比较,湖泊定居性鱼类所占比例由59%上升78%,而喜流水性鱼类和河海洄游性鱼类分别由22%和7%下降到3%和3%;未采集到的25种鱼类中,流水性鱼类计17种,占68%。网簖和丝网的渔获物分析表明,鲫、黄颡鱼、刀鲚和红鳍原鲌等小型鱼类具有较高的IRI值（相对重要性指数,Index of Relative Importance）,是鱼类群落的优势种,大型鱼类除鲤外,IRI值均不高,在群落中不占优势。20102011年洪泽湖渔业年产量为2200104 kg,以刀鲚和鲫为主的小型鱼类产量达1967104 kg,占89.4%;四大家鱼产量96104 kg,占4.4%;鳜、翘嘴鲌、乌鳢和鲇等大型食鱼性鱼类合计仅占0.89%。文章分析江湖阻隔、过度捕捞和生境破坏对洪泽湖鱼类资源的影响,提出相应的渔业管理策略,并初步预测南水北调东线工程对该湖鱼类和渔业的潜在影响。       

拉萨河鱼类调查及保护

拉萨河是雅鲁藏布江最大的支流, 其鱼类区系为隶属于裂腹鱼亚科、条鳅亚科和科的13 种鱼类以及裂腹鱼属的一个自然杂交种。最近十几年, 由于人类活动的影响, 导致了大量的外来鱼类进入拉萨河水体。文章介绍了2004 年至2006 年对拉萨河鱼类进行采样调查的情况。目前在拉萨河, 鱼类组成包括以往记录的14 种鱼类: 拉萨裂腹鱼Schizothorax waltoni (Regan)、异齿裂鱼 S. o’connori (Lloyd)、巨须裂腹鱼S.macropogon (Regan)、双须叶须鱼 Ptychobarbus dipogon (Regan)、尖裸鲤 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd)、拉萨裸裂尻鱼Schizopygopsisyounghusbandi younghusbandi Regan、异齿裂腹鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼的一个自然杂交种、异尾高原鳅Triplophysa stewartii (Hora)、细尾高原鳅T. stenura (Herzenstein)、西藏高原鳅T. tibetana(Regan)、东方高原鳅T. orientalis (Herzenstein)、斯氏高原鳅T. stoliczkae (Steindachner)、短尾高原鳅T.brevicauda (Herzenstein)、黑斑原Glyptosternum maculatum (Regan); 8 种外来鱼类: 鲫Carassius auratus(Linnaeus)、麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck et Schlegel)、泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor)、黄黝鱼Hypseleotris swinhonis (Gunther)、鲤Cyprinus (C.) caupio Linnaeus、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus(Cuvier et Valenciennes)、银鲫Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch)、鲇Silurus asotus Linnaeus; 2 个未定种。调查结果表明拉萨河鱼类资源面临的两个主要问题是过度捕捞导致鱼类资源的减少和小型化以及外来鱼类入侵。文章针对这些情况作了分析和探讨, 并对土著鱼类的保护与合理利用提出了一些建议: 合理捕捞、严格禁渔期、控制外来鱼类、保护栖息地等。       

四川省三个自然保护区的鱼类资源及保护

2002年7-9月,分别调查了四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区、米亚罗自然保护区和泗耳自然保护区的鱼类资源。在这三个保护区共采集鱼类16种。其中,大风顶保护区6种,米亚罗保护区8种,泗耳保护区7种。分析了各保护区鱼类的资源现状．并提出了相应的保护建议。     

滇池土著鱼类现状

于2000年4月－12月对滇池区域的土著鱼类进行调查发现,滇池土著鱼类由20世纪60年代的26种减少到目前的11种,这11种滇池土著鱼类中,仅有4种生活于滇池湖体,其余7种均生活于滇池湖周一些溪流的上游或溶洞中,通过对土著鱼类及其栖息地的实地调查并结合文献资料,分析了滇池土著鱼类多样性的历史变化,各种类在空间上的变化方式以及滇池土著鱼类多样性迅速降低的原因,并就保护滇池土著鱼类提出具体的解决方法和途径。     

Spatial and seasonal patterns of fish assemblages in mountain streams of the Ren River,southwest China

The spatial–temporal patterns of fish assemblages in lotic systems can provide useful information in developing effective conservation measures. This study aimed to explore the spatial and seasonal changes in fish assemblages and their association with environmental factors in mountain streams of the Ren River, southwest China. Field investigations were conducted at 18 sites during the rainy and dry seasons in 2017. A total of 1,330 individuals, belonging to three orders, eight families, 19 genera, and 21 species, were collected. Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed that the structure of fish assemblages varied significantly at the spatial scale, but not at the seasonal scale. In low‐order sites, fish assemblages were mainly dominated by cold‐water and rheophilic species (e.g., Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, Scaphesthes macrolepis, Metahomaloptera omeiensis, and Gnathopogon herzensteini), while those in high‐order sites were predominated by warm‐water and eurytopic or stagnophilic species (e.g., Squalidus argentatus, Hemiculter leucisculus, and Zacco platypus). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the fish assemblages were structured by a combination of large‐scale landscape factors (e.g., altitude and C‐link) and small‐scale habitat features (e.g., channel width, water temperature, and depth). Among these factors, landscape had the greatest influence on fish assemblages, while local habitat variables were less important or were only significant in certain seasons.     

Stochastic modelling of nutrient loading and lake ecosystem response in relation to submerged macrophytes and benthivorous fish

SUMMARY 1. The strong stabilising effect of increased submerged macrophytes (charophytes) and benthivorous fish reduction on the clear water state was shown for shallow Lake Veluwe and Lake Wolderwijd. 2. The first two links in the chain of relationships from external phosphorus (P) loading to in‐lake total‐P concentrations to chlorophyll a concentrations to water transparency, showed a significant correlation with the areal fraction of coverage with charophytes. Higher coverages lead to (i) lower ratios of the in‐lake total‐P concentration compared with the volume weighted average concentration in the inlet water, indicating a higher retention of P in the presence of charophytes (ii) lower chlorophyll a to total‐P ratios, indicating a positive effect of charophytes on top‐down control of algae, and (iii) higher water transparency because of lower algal turbidity. Transparency further improved as a result of benthivorous fish reduction and a significant positive correlation between non‐algal turbidity and benthivorous fish biomass. 3. A model was developed taking into account the inherent variability in precipitation and uncertainties in the empirical relationships determining phosphorus export from stream catchments and other sources and eutrophication variables in the receiving lakes. The model was used to compute (i) probability distributions for in‐lake total‐P, chlorophyll a and Secchi Disc transparency in relation to the coverage with charophytes and benthivorous fish biomass, and (ii) exceedence probabilities with respect to critical values for in‐lake total‐P and water transparency for several management scenarios. 4. The effects of an expected rise in external nutrient loading on the in‐lake total‐P and chlorophyll a concentrations and on water transparency can be compensated for by two proposed control measures: (i) extended treatment at a waste water treatment plant directly discharging into Lake Veluwe, and (ii) diverting the outlet of a stream draining a catchment with high fertilisation. The minimal internal charophyte coverage needed to sufficiently stabilise the clear water state and to meet with the objective of a summer mean water transparency of at least 1 m was estimated at well over 30% of the lake area, while the benthivorous fish stock should be maintained at the present level of c. 20 kg ha^?1.     

黄山陈村水库河源溪流鱼类群落的食性

基于2010年11月在黄山陈村水库河源溪流中所采集的鱼类标本,对其中9种优势鱼类的食性特征进行了研究。结果表明:宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus fasciatus)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)等9种鱼类都以有机碎屑、藻类和无脊椎动物为主要食物,属典型的杂食性或无脊椎动物食性鱼类;食物组成的相似性分析结果表明,不同物种间的食物组成差异显著但存在部分重叠(P<0.001)。不同物种间的食物多样性和食性宽度也存在显著性差异(P<0.05),其中底栖型鱼类具有相对较高的饵料来源,而鱼类的食物多样性可能与其小生境选择性有关。根据食物重叠指数,9种优势鱼类之间存在明显的食物重叠(D>0.3),尤其是宽鳍鱲、光唇鱼、麦穗鱼、高体鰟鮍(Rhodeus ocellatus)和稀有花鳅(Cobitis sinensis)间的食物重叠指数超过0.9。陈村水库河源溪流的鱼类群落所表现出的食物组成、食物多样性、食性宽度和种间食物重叠性等特征,可能与其生态系统所具有的营养外源性和物理栖息地周期动荡性等密切相关。     

Relationships between stream acidity and bacteria,macroinvertebrates, and fish: a comparison of north temperate and south temperate mountain streams,USA

A comparative study of relationships between stream acidity and bacteria, macroinvertebrates, and fish in the Adirondack Mountains of upper New York state and in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains of eastern Tennessee, USA, was conducted. Although the study sites in both regions spanned a pH range from approximately 4.5 to 6.4, considerably greater seasonal variability in pH and higher monomeric Al concentrations characterized the Adirondack sites. Relationships between several biological characteristics and stream water acidity were similar in both regions, including lower production of epilithic bacteria and bacteria on decomposing leaves, lower leaf decomposition rates, lower density and generic richness of scraper/grazer macroinvertebrates, particularly Ephemeroptera, and lower fish abundance and survival in more acidic streams. Densities of total macroinvertebrates and densities of macroinvertebrates and bacteria inhabiting or closely associated with stream sediments were generally not related to stream water acidity.Regional differences occur in some of the relationships between biological characteristics and stream water acidity. Negative correlations between bacterial production on rocks and pH, between bacterial production on decomposing leaves and pH, and between densities of Ephemeroptera and scrapers and pH were stronger in the Adirondacks than in the Southern Blue Ridge. Higher Al concentrations in the Adirondacks may be responsible for the stronger relationships with pH there. The steeper slopes of the relationships between Ephemeroptera density and all forms of Al in the Adirondacks compared with the Southern Blue Ridge suggests that there may be some adaptation among a few acid/aluminum-tolerant species in the seasonally more constant acidic Southern Blue Ridge streams. Fish bioassays indicated longer survival times in acidic streams in the Adirondacks compared with the Southern Blue Ridge, but these results may be an artifact associated with the use in the Southern Blue Ridge of rainbow trout as the test species which is known to be more acid sensitive compared with brook trout, the test species used in the Adirondacks.     

Stream degradation,fish abundance and the potential viability of ornamental fisheries in south-western Cameroon

Fifteen sites on nine second- and third-order streams in the Mount Cameroon area, with varying degrees of human disturbance, were sampled during wet and dry seasons over 21 months in 2003–2005 to estimate their potential for sustainable exploitation of ornamental fishes. In total, 35 species of fish representing 22 genera and 14 families were captured. By biotope, fish populations per 20 m averaged 528 ± 318.5 fish (8.0 ± 3.02 species) in runs, 86 ± 60.9 fish (2.4 ± 1.06 species) in riffles and 819 ± 480.0 fish (7.8 ± 3.15 species) in pools. Riffles contained significantly fewer individuals and species than either runs or pools. Shannon's index was similar for runs and pools, averaging 1.646 ± 0.429 and 1.548 ± 0.345, respectively, but differed significantly for riffles, averaging 0.652 ± 0.473. There were no significant differences in number of individual fish, number of species or Shannon's index among stream order or season, reflecting the stability of these ecosystems throughout the year. Regression of number of fish per 20 linear m of stream, number of species and Shannon's index against a subjective scale related to stream degradation was significant. In particular, the polluted Limbe River sites had significantly fewer individual fish, fewer species and a lower Shannon index across all biotopes than other sites. Fishing efficiency of local gears was estimated at 27% for easily captured species and 14% for the more difficult ones, and could be used to make relative estimates of fish abundance as a means of monitoring changes in fish abundance. Although species diversity in south-western Cameroon was high, typical of tropical streams globally, total abundance was low, and therefore it is unlikely that a profitable ornamental fish trade could be sustained on the basis of fish captured exclusively from the wild.     

黄山藓类植物区系

对黄山进行了多次实地调查、考察和标本采集,经分类鉴定,收集整理有关黄山藓类的研究资料,目前黄山藓类植物有46科、135属、401种（包括7亚种和22变种）,与20世纪50年代陈邦杰等以及后来对黄山的调查研究结果相比,藓类植物增加了4科、28属、184种;科内种数（≥15种）优势科有10个,属内种数（≥6种）的优势属有18个。黄山藓类植物地理成分类型复杂,东亚成分（包括中国特有）占37.82%,温带成分占35.13%,热带、亚热带成分占26.75%,表现出明显的由亚热带向温带过渡的特性。     

Land, lake, and fish: Investigation of fish remains from Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (paleo-Lake Hula)

The question of whether or not pre-modern hominins were responsible for the accumulation of fish remains is discussed through analyses of remains recovered from two lacustrine facies (I-4 and I-5) from Area A of the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov (GBY) in the Jordan Rift Valley, Israel. The fish remains provide the first glimpse into the naturally accumulated fish assemblage from the fluctuating shores of a lake that had been continually exploited by early hominins some 780,000 years ago. Preliminary analysis of the remains show that thirteen of the seventeen species native to Lake Hula were identified at GBY. These represent three of the five freshwater fish families native to the lake: Cyprinidae (carps), Cichlidae (tilapini, St. Peter's fish), and Clariidae (catfish). From a taphonomical perspective, a significant difference is found between the two lithofacies (Layers I-4 and I-5) in terms of species composition, richness, diversity, and skeleton completeness. It appears that the fish remains recovered from Layer I-4 (clay) are better preserved than those from Layer I-5 (coquina). In both lithofacies, Cyprinidae are highly abundant while Cichlidae and Clariidae are rare and under-represented, especially when compared to the Lake Hula fishery report from the 1950s. All of these identified species may have contributed significantly to the diet of GBY hominins.     

黄山陈村水库上游河源溪流的鱼类群落及其纵向梯度格局

确定鱼类群落的分布格局及其对人类活动的响应,是合理保护、恢复和管理鱼类多样性的基础。基于2011年5月和10月自黄山陈村水库上游3条河源溪流共39个样点的调查数据,比较研究了溪流间鱼类群落及其纵向梯度格局的异同,着重探讨了人类活动对溪流鱼类群落纵向梯度格局的影响。研究结果显示,同人为干扰较轻的舒溪相比,人为干扰严重的浦溪和麻溪中水宽、底质和植被覆盖率等局域栖息地条件显著变化,这造成了后者的鱼类多样性显著下降及物种组成的显著变化,主要表现为敏感性的地方物种(如宽鳍鱲、光唇鱼、原缨口鳅等)数量减少、耐受性的广布物种(如泥鳅、麦穗鱼、高体鰟鲏等)数量增多。舒溪的鱼类物种数及其组成均与海拔显著相关,但这种"海拔-鱼类群落"关系在麻溪和浦溪中削弱甚至消失。底质、植被覆盖率对舒溪鱼类群落具有重要影响,但对浦溪和麻溪鱼类群落却无显著影响。研究结果表明,在子流域空间尺度上,诸如城镇化发展、土地利用、河道治理等人类活动可通过对局域栖息地条件的影响,导致溪流鱼类多样性下降及其物种组成的变化,破坏鱼类群落的纵向梯度格局,并改变栖息地与鱼类群落之间的联系。     

Changes in the fish community and water quality during seven years of stocking piscivorous fish in a shallow lake

SUMMARY 1. Piscivores (annual stocking of 1000 individuals ha^?1 of 0+ pike and a single stocking of 30 kg ha^?1 of large 20–30 cm perch) were stocked in seven consecutive years in a shallow eutrophic lake in Denmark. The stocking programme aimed at changing food‐web structure by reducing zooplanktivorous and benthivorous fish, with resultant effects on lower trophic levels and ultimately water quality. 2. The fish community and water quality parameters (Secchi depth, concentrations of total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and suspended solids) were monitored between 1996 and 2000 and relationships were evaluated between predatory fish and potential prey and between zooplanktivorous or benthivorous fish and water quality parameters. In addition, potential consumption of piscivorous fishes was calculated. 3. The density of fish feeding on larger zooplankton or benthos (roach >15 cm, crucian carp >15 cm) declined distinctly during the study period. This effect was attributed to predation by large (>50 cm) pike. Based on scale readings, we cautiously suggest that the stocking of 0+ pike boosted the adult pike population to produce an unexpected impact in later years. Conversely, no direct impact of stocked 0+ pike was detected on 0+ roach. 4. A major decline in the recruitment strength of 0+ roach was observed in 2000. A combination of (i) the indirect effect of large pike preying on adult roach, with negative effect on roach reproduction and (ii) the direct predation effect of 0+ pike and/or 1+ and 2+ perch recruited in the lake, provides the most likely explanation of this phenomenon. 5. A marked increase in Secchi depth in 2000 and declining trends in suspended solids, chlorophyll‐a and total phosphorus concentrations were observed. These changes may also be attributable to changes in the fish community, although the relationships were not straightforward. 6. This 7‐year study indicates that piscivorous fish may be a significant structuring force in shallow eutrophic lakes, suggesting that stocking piscivores can increase predation pressure on cyprinids. However, the general lack of impact of 0+ pike points to the need of refining current stocking practices in several countries across Europe.     

Breeding strategy of Acrossocheilus fasciatus in the Puxi Stream of the Huangshan Mountain

Breeding strategies of Acrossocheilus fasciatus were studied from 592 specimens collected monthly during May 2007 and April 2008 in the Puxi Stream of the Huangshan Mountain.Sex ratio of the studied population was 0.90∶1(♀∶♂),not significantly different from 1∶1.Both sexes reached their first sexual maturity at age 2(the second calendar year of their birth).Fifty percent of females and males reached maturity at a total length of 69.75 mm and 69.36 mm respectively,and the minimum total length was 61.54 mm an...