MSTN与骨骼肌生长发育

尽管肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)对骨骼肌生长的抑制作用已得到证实,但其抑制骨骼肌细胞生长分化的分子机理还不是十分清楚,这方面仍是目前研究MSTN功能的热点。本文综述了MSTN调控骨骼肌生长发育的各种途径,为进一步深入探讨MSTN调控骨骼肌生长发育的机理提供思路和依据。     

肌肉生长抑制素调控动物骨骼肌生长机制的研究进展

肌肉生成抑制素（myostatin, MSTN）在动物机体骨骼肌的增殖、分化和生长中起着重要的负调控作用。MSTN基因的过表达会阻碍骨骼肌增殖分化及生长发育,而缺失或表达降低则会导致肌肉肥大,形成双肌现象（double muscle phenomenon, DMP）。MSTN能作用于多个基因及结合多种细胞因子广泛参与生理生化、物质代谢、病理调控等过程,在动物机体生长发育过程中扮演着重要的角色。本文将从MSTN基因的历史渊源、基因定位、时空表达特性、部分相关作用机制等方面进行论述,旨在对MSTN调控动物骨骼肌生长部分机制作梳理,以期为后期研究提供理论依据。     

鲤鱼肌肉生长抑制素基因(MSTN)的克隆及其组织表达特征

肌肉生长抑制素(Myostatin,MSTN)是动物肌肉发育和生长过程中的负调控因子,对MSTN的研究将有助于促进动物生产。鲤鱼是我国的主要淡水养殖对象之一。因此,我们采用RT-PCR方法克隆了鲤鱼MSTN cDNA(No.EF551058)的部分序列,长度为921bp,编码306个氨基酸残基。鲤鱼MSTN具有MSTN的共同特征,有蛋白酶水解位点RIRR和9个保守的半胱氨酸残基。多重序列比较发现其与斑马鱼GDF8有极近的亲缘关系,96.7%的氨基酸序列同源。不同组织的RT-PCR分析发现鲤鱼MSTN主要在肌肉和脑部表达,而其他所检测组织未见表达。鲤鱼MSTN不仅在肌肉生长发育中发挥作用,可能在神经系统发育中也有其作用。     

肌肉生长抑制因子对肌细胞发育的调控研究

肌肉生长抑制因子（MSTN）是动物肌肉生长发育的一个重要的负调控主效基因。它的表达受其他肌肉发育的调控因子如MyoD,FoxO等的调控。MSTN原蛋白经蛋白酶修饰变成的活性蛋白存在于血液循环系统中,它可以结合到细胞膜表面受体,激活细胞内信号通路,与其他因子的协同作用对肌肉发育和脂肪生成产生不同生理效应。本文将对MSTN基因及其蛋白的结构特点,表达调控因子,细胞内信号传导,及其对组织发育的影响进行探讨。     

肌肉生长抑制素基因在哺乳动物中的最新研究进展

肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）,也称为生长分化因子8（GDF8）,是转化生长因子β（TGF-β）超家族成员,主要在骨骼肌中表达,在负向调控肌细胞的生长发育中起关键作用。本文对MSTN研究的最新进展进行了综述,讨论了MSTN信号通路与其他通路之间的相互关系,重点阐述了试验条件下MSTN对肌肉发育相关基因的作用,介绍了通过基因操作或使用抗体的方法抑制MSTN的表达对于提高动物产肉量、治疗肌肉萎缩等疾病以及延缓衰老的重要意义。     

MSTN对肥胖、糖尿病发生发展的影响和机制以及运动对MSTN的调控

肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin, MSTN)除负性调控骨骼肌质量外,还在肥胖、糖尿病的发生发展中起重要作用。肥胖和糖尿病患者的血清MSTN含量、骨骼肌MSTN水平显著增加,而降低MSTN表达水平或者抑制其活性可减少脂肪在体内的累积,延缓肥胖和糖尿病的发生发展。降低MSTN表达水平或活性延缓肥胖和糖尿病发生发展,除通过增加骨骼肌质量实现外,还可通过增加葡萄糖摄取,促进脂肪细胞发育、代谢和白色脂肪棕色化,提高瘦素敏感性,减轻炎症反应,以及提高线粒体功能等途径实现。运动也可显著降低肥胖和糖尿病患者的MSTN水平,这可能是运动减脂、改善胰岛素敏感性、预防糖尿病发生发展的重要机制之一。该文就MSTN对肥胖、糖尿病发生发展的影响和机制以及运动对其调控作一综述,这不仅为肥胖、糖尿病的预防和治疗提供了新靶点,也为运动改善肥胖和糖尿病发生发展的机制提供了新视角。     

黄河裸裂尻鱼肌肉生长抑制素基因克隆及表达分析

肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)属于转化生长因子β(TGF-β)超家族中的一个成员,是骨骼肌生长发育的负调控因子。该文以黄河裸裂尻鱼肌肉总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCT、5’-RACE和3’-RACE法获得MSTN基因全长cDNA序列为2180bp,包含长为1128bp的开放阅读框,编码375个氨基酸。以肌肉总DNA为模板,通过PCR法进一步获得了MSTN基因的2个内含子序列,分析表明,黄河裸裂尻鱼MSTN基因与其他脊椎动物具有相似的基因结构(包括3个外显子和2个内含子)。黄河裸裂尻鱼MSTN具有脊椎动物MSTN的共同序列特征,含有1个蛋白酶水解位点RXXR和8个位于TGF-β功能区域保守的半胱氨酸残基。氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,黄河裸裂尻鱼MSTN序列与其他鲤科鱼类MSTN具有较高的同源性;而与哺乳动物和禽类的MSTN同源性较低。系统发育分析表明,黄河裸裂尻鱼MSTN与其他鲤科鱼类聚于同一进化支。RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在黄河裸裂尻鱼9个被检组织中均有表达,但在心、肾、肠、精巢中表达量较高。Real-TimePCR分析显示,MSTN基因在胚胎中的相对表达量,随胚胎发育阶段的不同而有所差异,暗示MSTN的功能可能并不局限在对肌肉生长发育的负调控作用,可能还有其他功能。     

黄河裸裂尻鱼MSTN基因RNA干扰研究

目的利用反义寡合甘酸技术抑制肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)的表达,评估MSTN基因的沉默效果,并检测RNA干扰后对下游基因的影响。方法通过构建黄河裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis pylzovi)MSTN基因RNA干扰(RNAi)重组腺病毒载体1P3(DSP MSTN 273+250+1737)和1P2(DSP MSTN 195+1670),并将其注射黄河裸裂尻鱼肌肉组织,进行活体RNA干扰;利用real-time PCR和Western blotting评估MSTN基因的沉默效果,并检测MSTN基因RNA干扰后肌肉肌酸激酶(muscle-type creatine kinase,M-CK)基因转录水平的调控作用。结果real-time PCR分析结果表明,与HK组(病毒通用阴性对照组)和N组(空白对照组)相比,重组腺病毒载体1P3对黄河裸裂尻鱼肌肉MSTN基因的转录具有明显的干扰作用(P0.05),抑制率达53.5%;而重组腺病毒载体1P2对MSTN基因的转录无明显干扰作用(P0.05)。Western-blotting分析结果与real-time PCR结果相一致。同时,经1P3干扰后随着MSTN基因转录水平的下降,其肌肉肌酸激酶M-CK基因表达水平显著上升。结论通过RNAi技术能够有效的抑制MSTN基因的表达,并能够上调M-CK基因的表达量。因此,证明了在黄河裸裂尻鱼中MSTN能够抑制M-CK的转录。揭示高原土著鱼类MSTN基因的对肌肉的生长发育起到调控作用。     

牛肌肉生长抑制素基因突变的遗传效应与育种应用

肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因主要在骨骼肌中表达,参与调控骨骼肌的生长发育。MSTN基因在不同物种中具有极强的进化保守性,同时还具有较多的突变多态性。在牛的不同品种中,存在不同位点的有义突变,突变型牛均表现为骨骼肌发达,呈现双肌表型,生长速度与产肉率显著提高。同时,该基因突变也引起显著的生理性遗传效应。对国内外肉牛的MSTN基因突变类型、突变后遗传效应及在肉牛育种应用等方面作了重点阐述,以期为我国地方品种肉牛改良和选育研究提供参考。     

大口黑鲈肌肉生长抑制素多克隆抗体的制备及其对仔鱼生长影响

肌肉生长抑制素(Myostatin,MSTN)是抑制肌肉生长和发育的生长调控因子.将大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)MSTN成熟肽cDNA改造后克隆到pET32a(+)载体上,构建原核表达质粒,在大肠杆菌BL21中进行表达.SDS-PAGE检测表明重组表达的融合蛋白分子大小约28 kD,含量为菌体总蛋白的34%.用纯化后的表达蛋白免疫新西兰兔制备抗大口黑鲈MSTN多克隆抗体,Western blot和ELISA检测证实所获得的抗体可与抗原蛋白特异性结合,抗体的效价为1: 62 500.将获得的抗体显微注射到大口黑鲈的受精卵卵黄区,结果显示具有促进仔鱼生长的作用.     

Molecular Cloning,Identification, and Expression Patterns of Myostatin Gene in Water Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)

Myostatin (MSTN), also named growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), is a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family member with a key role in the negative regulation of skeletal muscle growth. However, its role in ovarian folliculogenesis remains unclear. To provide us with a basis for understanding this role, we cloned MSTN and examined its expression patterns in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The complete ORF of the water buffalo MSTN gene is 1,128 nucleotides, which encode a 375 amino acid protein and sharing 99% identity at the deducted amino acid level with that of Bos taurus. Protein sequence analysis showed that MSTN is a weakly acerbic extracellular protein, consisting of signal peptides at 18-19 sites, a TGF-β propeptide, and a TGF-β domain. RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that water buffalo MSTN was expressed in multiple tissues but not limited to muscle. Immunohistochemistry staining confirmed the presence of MSTN in oocytes and granulosal cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study to confirm the expression of MSTN in the water buffalo ovary, suggesting an additional role of MSTN in water buffalo folliculogenesis, along with its role in skeletal muscle growth regulation. Further study of the regulatory mechanism of MSTN in water buffalo reproduction is warranted.

Abbreviations: MSTN, myostatin; ORF, open reading frame.     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor-I and myostatin during development of Dicentrarchus labrax (Pisces: Osteichthyes)

The distribution of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and myostatin (MSTN) was investigated in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR indicated that IGF-I mRNA increased from the second day post-hatching and that this trend became significant from day 4. ISH confirmed a strong IGF-I mRNA expression from the first week post-hatching, with the most abundant expression being detected in the liver of larvae and adults. Real-time PCR also showed that the level of MSTN mRNA increased significantly from day 25. The expression of MSTN mRNA was higher in muscle and almost absent in other anatomical regions in both larvae and adults. Interestingly, the lateral muscle showed a quantitative differential expression of IGF-I and MSTN mRNAs in red and white muscle, depending on the developmental stage examined. IGF-I immunoreactivity was detected in developing intestine at hatching and in skeletal muscle, skin and yolk sac. MSTN immunostaining was evident in several tissues and organs in both larvae and adults. Both IGF-I and MSTN proteins were detected in the liver from day 4 post-hatching and, subsequently, in the kidney and heart muscle from day 10. Our results suggest, on the basis of a combined methodological approach, that IGF-I and MSTN are involved in the regulation of somatic growth in the sea bass. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This research was supported by grants from the Italian Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica (MIUR) and by the University of Padua (Progetto di Ateneo).