高F值寡肽研究进展

高F值寡肽是一个由2-9个氨基酸残基所组成的混合小肽(或称寡肽)体系,在该混合物中,支链氨基酸(BCAA:Val,Ile,Leu)与芳香族氨基酸(AAA:Trp,Tyr,Phe)含量的摩尔数比值称为F值,因其具有独特的氨基酸组成和生理功能而受到食品和医药界的高度关注.该文综述了高F值寡肽的生理功能及最新的制备技术,着重介绍了利用猪血制备高F值寡肽的前景.     

魔芋飞粉高F值寡肽的开发利用

阐述了高F值寡肽的生理功能及其研究动向,并根据魔芋飞粉氨基酸组成的特殊性,对其进行了高F值寡肽的研究开发。     

樟芝菌丝体的氨基酸成分分析

测定了樟芝发酵菌丝体中游离氨基酸和结合氨基酸的含量。结果表明,樟芝菌丝体中含有丰富的8种人体必需氨基酸、支链氨基酸和谷氨酸,其中8种必需氨基酸含量是FAO(联合国粮农组织)标准的5.55倍,而芳香族氨基酸的含量却很低。在测定过程中,由于采用了酸水解,菌丝体中的色氨酸被破坏,而其余17种氨基酸均被测出,含量极其丰富。尤其是支链氨基酸的含量远大于α-酪蛋白、卵蛋白和大豆球蛋白。     

大杯香菇辐射新株系各类氨基酸的遗传主成分分析

对大杯香菇辐射选育新株系的各类氨基酸总量进行了遗传主成分分析。结果表明,变异系数最大的为硫氨基酸总量,达到13．39％;其次为儿童氨基酸总量,变异系数为7．00％;其它变异系数较小分别为甜味氨基酸总量、芳香族氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、支链氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量为5．69％、5．64％、5．19％、5．24％和5．06％;在相关性上,鲜味氨基酸总量与甜味氨基酸总量、支链氨基酸总量、芳香族氨基酸总量、儿童氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸总量是呈极显著和显著的正相关,甜味氨基酸总量与支链氨基酸总量、儿童氨基酸总量和芳香族氨基酸总量呈极显著和显著的正相关,硫氨基酸总量与儿童氨基酸总量呈极显著负相关,与必需氨基酸总量是呈极显著正相关;支链氨基酸总量与芳香族氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量是呈极显著,与儿童氨基酸总量呈显著正相关;芳香族氨基酸总量与儿童氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸总量是呈极显著和显著的正相关;主成分分析结果表明,前4个特征根在7个特征根中累计贡献率达97．14％,也就是前4个主成分对变异的贡献率达96．07％。在各类氨基酸总量指标选择上,首先对变异大的各类氨基酸总量进行选择是及其重要的。在辐射选育新株系选择时,应注意选择大杯香菇中硫氨基酸总量高的新株系。     

日立835型氨基酸分析仪高分辨率分析人血浆氨基酸谱26例报告

报告26例人血浆以日立835——10型高速氨基酸分析仪高分辨率分析法(2.6×250mm规格离子交换柱)测定氨基酸值结果发现:1.BCAA/AAA(支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸)比值明显低于标准分析法(2.6×150mm规格离子交换柱);2.酪氨酸检测值明显高于标准分析法。对其原因将作进一步的探讨。     

pH-区带精制逆流色谱分离高F值寡肽新技术研究

高F值寡肽是一种由2～8个氨基酸组成的生理活性肽.本研究采用胃蛋白酶和α-胰凝乳蛋白酶对草鱼蛋白进行了两步酶解,高效液相色谱对酶解液进行了肽谱分析,以制备改善肝性脑病的高F值寡肽.结果表明,草鱼蛋白酶解液中含有高支低芳氨基酸的寡肽组分,开发一种pH-区带精制逆流色谱分离新技术,所用体系为甲基叔丁基醚:正丁醇:乙腈:水(2:2:1:5,、V/V/V/V),上相中加入20 mM三乙胺和20%磷酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHPA)作为固定相,下相分两部分,分别加入10 mM HCl和20 mM HCl作为流动相,进行梯度洗脱.成功地对酶解液中的混合组分进行了分离,得到了5个高F值(F>20)的分离组分,估测其F值(F=OD214nm/DD280nm)高达24.7～36.4.该结果为利用低值鱼蛋白酶解制备功能性活性肽提供了新的制备方法.     

四个杏鲍菇品种的氨基酸分析与比较

测定了4个杏鲍菇新品种子实体的氨基酸含量,结果表明,4个新品种的子实体中含有丰富的8种人体必需氨基酸、支链氨基酸和带有胍基的精氨酸,而芳香族氨基酸的含量却很低。在测定过程中,由于采用了酸水解,子实体中的色氨酸被破坏,而其余17种氨基酸均被测出,含量极其丰富。尤其是精氨酸、谷氨酸的含量接近于α-酪蛋白、卵蛋白和大豆球蛋白。     

不同年龄段养殖宽体沙鳅肌肉营养成分分析与评价

采用国家标准方法对1、2、3龄宽体沙鳅养殖群体的肌肉营养成分及品质进行了分析比较。结果显示: (1)各年龄组宽体沙鳅肌肉粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量较高且随着年龄的增长呈增长趋势。其中, 粗蛋白在2龄和3龄组增长不显著(P>0.05), 粗脂肪增长显著(P<0.05)。(2)各年龄组肌肉氨基酸组成相同, 均以鲜味特征氨基酸谷氨酸含量最高, 其次为天门冬氨酸; 第一限制性氨基酸均为缬氨酸; 支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值(F值)分别为2.22、2.08和2.12。(3)各年龄组宽体沙鳅脂肪酸在组成和含量上略有差异, 表现为不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱和脂肪酸含量(P<0.05); 不饱和脂肪酸中单不饱和脂肪酸含量较高(P<0.05); 多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)在2龄组最高(P<0.05)且EPA+DHA含量随年龄的增长递增(P<0.05)。综上, 各年龄段宽体沙鳅肌肉营养丰富, 味道鲜美, 以2龄鱼体营养质量最优。     

酶解魔芋飞粉制备高F值寡肽最佳工艺条件的研究

目的:为了得到高F值寡肽,需要对蛋白质进行水解。方法:采用酶法水解魔芋飞粉制备高F值寡肽。通过对蛋白质水解度的测定,确定了碱性蛋白酶和链霉蛋白酶的最佳酶解条件:碱性蛋白酶加酶量0.1%,底物浓度3.75%,pH9.0,水解温度45℃,时间5h;链霉蛋白酶加酶量0.03%,pH8.0,水解温度50℃,时间7h。酶解液再经过凝胶层析分离纯化后可用于制备高F值寡肽。     

真菌菌丝体和发酵液的氨基酸分析比较

<正> 对云芝等7种真菌的菌丝体和发酵液分别测定17种氨基酸的含量,测定结果表明这些菌丝体中含有丰富的人体8种必需氨基酸,支链氨基酸及精氨酸,而芳香族氨基酸和含硫氨基酸却很低。7种真菌的菌丝体和它们的子实体,和三种食用蛋白(α-酪蛋白,卵白蛋白,大豆球蛋白)及4种粮食产品     

Changes with aging in the levels of amino acids in rat CNS structural elements I. Glutamate and related amino acids

Glutamate and related amino acids were determined in 53 discrete brain areas of 3-and 29-month-old male Fischer 344 rats microdissected with the punch technique. The levels of amino acids showed high regional variation-the ratio of the highest to lowest level was 9 for aspartate, 5 for glutamate, 6 for glutamine, and 21 for GABA. Several areas were found to have all four amino acids at very high or at very low level, but also some areas had some amino acids at high, others at low level. With age, in more than half of the areas, significant changes could be observed, decrease occurred 5 times more frequently than increase. Changes occurred more often in levels of aspartate and GABA than in those of glutamate or glutamine. The regional levels of glutamate and its related amino acids show severalfold variations, with the levels tending to decrease in the aged brain.     

Preparation of peptide mixture with high Fischer ratio from protein hydrolysate by adsorption on activated carbon.

A peptide mixture with a high Fischer ratio (a molar ratio of Val + Leu + Ile to Phe + Tyr) was prepared by the adsorptive separation of a casein hydrolysate by activated carbon. The effects of the pH and ethanol content of the hydrolysate on the Fischer ratio and on the yield of the resulting peptide mixture were examined. A peptide mixture with the Fischer ratio of 31.6 was obtained at pH 2.5 without the addition of ethanol. The Fischer ratio was close to the ratio of the infusion solution of free amino acids that is now used for patients with liver diseases.     

Artificial peptides with unnatural components designed for materializing protein function

In order to design functional peptides, we employed two strategies. The first one is to incorporate rigid unnatural amino acids into peptides to make the peptide backbone rigid. Functions were expected to appear through the conformational control by the strategy. A series of cyclic peptides constituted of alternating natural amino acids and 3-aminobenzoic acid, used as an unnatural amino acid, were synthesized. These cyclic peptides were found to function as strong binders for phosphomonoester, catalysts for ester hydrolysis, and/or ion channels. The second strategy is to conjugate peptides with unnatural and inherently functional molecules. Following this strategy, oligo(L-leucine)- or oligo(L-phenylalanine)-modified ruthenium tris(bipyridine) complexes were synthesized. Distance dependence of the photoinduced electron transfer from the ruthenium complexes and the function as sensors for phosphate anion (H(2)PO(-)(4)) are discussed.     

Complementary DNA cloning establishes microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP) to be a discrete component of the elastin-associated microfibrils

Affinity-purified antibodies to microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MAGP) were used to screen a random-primed, bovine nuchal ligament cDNA library in lambda gt11. A 303-base pair clone, cM5, was isolated which encoded an amino acid sequence homologous with that determined directly from a Lys-C peptide of MAGP. A 936-base pair cDNA clone, cM32, was identified in an oligo(dT)-primed cDNA library using plaque hybridization with clone cM5. Clone cM32 encoded amino acid sequences corresponding to sequences obtained from three Lys-C peptides of MAGP, indicating that the clone was an authentic cDNA for the glycoprotein. The cDNA coded for the entire MAGP polypeptide (21 kDa) of 183 amino acids including a putative signal peptide of 17-19 amino acids. This was confirmed by in vitro translation of synthetic mRNAs transcribed from cM32. The amino acid composition of the encoded protein was virtually identical to that previously published for MAGP. DNA sequence analysis of cM32 indicated that MAGP contains two structurally dissimilar regions, an amino-terminal domain containing high levels of glutamine, proline, and acidic amino acids and a carboxyl-terminal domain containing all 13 of the cysteine residues and most of the basic amino acids. Northern blot hybridization of poly(A+) RNA from fetal nuchal ligament with clone cM32 identified a single mRNA species for MAGP of approximately 1.1 kilobases. The evidence indicates that MAGP is a distinct component of 12-nm microfibrils and that it is not derived from a larger microfibrillar glycopolypeptide.     

Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Activated Carbon Adsorption for Producing High Fischer Ratio Peptides from Soy Protein

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics - High Fischer ratio peptides have been used in many kinds of foods due to their special amino acid composition and health-promotion...     

The relationship between plasma cholesterol,amino acids and acute phase proteins in sepsis

Summary. The purpose of the study was to correlate degree of hypocholesterolemia to changes in plasma levels of amino acids and other metabolic variables in severely injured septic patients. Measurements included plasma cholesterol, full amino-acidograms, acute phase proteins, complementary variables and blood cell counts. The Fischer plasma molar amino acid ratio (leucine+isoleucine+valine)/(phenylalanine+tyrosine) was calculated. Plasma cholesterol for all measurements (n=145) was 3.1±1.1mmol/L and, upon entry in the study, it was correlated inversely with sepsis severity score (p<0.05). Along the clinical course, changes in cholesterol were clearly paralleled by opposite changes in C-reactive protein, which was the best correlate of cholesterol (r²=0.70, p<0.0001). Furthermore cholesterol was inversely related to phenylalanine, fibrinogen, lactate and white blood cell count, and directly to the Fischer molar amino acid ratio, cystathionine, methionine, glycine and transferrin (r² between 0.36 and 0.15, p<0.0001 for all). Within this pattern of correlations, cholesterol was also directly related to alkaline phosphatase, which accounted for the effect of cholestasis, when present. For any given value of the other variables, cholesterol increased significantly with increase in alkaline phosphatase (p<0.0001). C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/dl) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKPH, U/L) together in the same regression explained 79% of the variability of cholesterol (CHOL, mmol/L): CHOL=5.90–0.74[Log_eCRP]+0.004[ALKPH]; multiple r²=0.79, p<0.0001. Inclusion in this regression of other variables did not increase the r². By using only amino acid variables, the best fit was provided by a regression including the Fischer ratio and cystathionine, which explained 55% of the variability of cholesterol (multiple r²=0.55 p<0.0001), and this result was not improved by the inclusion of other amino acids. These data show that severity of hypocholesterolemia in sepsis is quantifiably related to changes in plasma amino acids, and to severity of acute phase response and metabolic decompensation. More study is needed to understand whether hypocholesterolemia in sepsis has only diagnostic or prognostic implications, or that it may also contribute actively to worsening of the disease.     

A method for isolation of oligo(uridylic acid)-containing messenger ribonucleic acid from HeLa cells

When cytoplasmic polyadenylated ribonucleic acid [poly(A+)RNA] from HeLa cells was treated with ribonuclease H (RNase H) and oligodeoxythymidylate [oligo(dT)] to remove its 3'-poly(A) tail, an increased binding to poly(A)-agarose was observed. The bound material, which comprised 4-6% of the initial RNA, contained 65-80% of the oligo(uridylic acid) [oligo(U)] sequences generated by RNase T1 digestion. Oligo(U) isolated from the bound fraction was shown to be 83% U and to have a U/G ratio of 33. In contrast, oligo(U) from the unbound material was 77% U and had a U/G ratio of 13, suggesting that it is shorter and less U rich than the oligo(U) in the bound fraction. On sucrose gradients, oligo(U+)RNA consistently sedimented with a larger s value than oligo(U-) RNA. The oligo(U) content of oligo(U+) RNA suggests one oligo(U) tract of 33 nucleotides per RNA molecule of 2000-3000 residues.     

Biochemical changes in a 100 km run: free amino acids, urea, and creatinine.

Free amino acids, urea, and creatinine were analyzed in venous blood and urine of 11 trained (28--81 years old) male subjects before, immediately after, and 1 day after a 100 km running competition. The urinary excretion per minute of all amino acids was lowered after the contest. The renal clearance of creatinine was reduced from 116 to 60 ml/min and the clearance of most amino acids was reduced to a similar extent. However, for the amino acids with a resting clearance under 1 ml/min (x), a high relative clearance ratio (y in % of x) was seen post-exercise: y = -92.3 (log10 x) +23.1, r = -0.83, showing that their high reabsorption capacity had been impaired. Serum concentrations of most free amino acids, including the branched-chain amino acids and alanine, were reduced to 35--85% of the pre-race values. The sulfur amino acids were elevated either at the end of (cystine, to 180%) or 24 h after (methionine, to 155%) the race. Urea production increased by 44% while creatinine production tended to decrease. The production of 3-methylhistidine remained unchanged. These findings are compatible with a stimulation of gluconegenesis at the expense of the amino acid pool without induction of muscle protein catabolism.