八种常见国产蛇毒对白血病细胞杀伤作用研究

用体外细胞培养的方法,观察了我国常见的八种蛇毒（眼镜蛇毒、蝮蛇毒、眼镜王蛇毒、竹叶青蛇毒、蝰蛇毒、烙铁头蛇毒、银环蛇毒及金环蛇毒）对人白血病Ｔ淋巴细胞系ＣＥＭ细胞、人单核细胞白血病Ｕ９３７细胞及人早幼粒细胞白血病ＨＬ６Ｏ细胞的生长曲线、存活率及分裂指数的影响。结果发现八种常见蛇毒中眼镜蛇毒对白血病细胞的杀伤作用最强,蝮蛇毒次之（与空白对照组相比,Ｐ值均小于０．０１）,其余六种蛇毒的作用则很弱。但无论是眼镜蛇毒还是蝮蛇毒,其杀伤淋巴细胞白血病、单核细胞白血病及早幼粒细胞白血病细胞的作用之间无显著差异。     

蛇毒对肿瘤细胞的体外抑制实验

目的 探讨蝮蛇毒及蝮蛇与眼镜蛇混合毒对肿瘤细胞的抗癌活性,方法 应用蝮蛇毒及蝮蛇与眼镜蛇混合毒人源肿瘤细胞进行体外细胞毒试验。结果 蝮蛇毒及蝮蛇与眼镜蛇混合毒对传代细胞株（Ｎｏｖｉｋｏｆｆ及Ｈｅｐ－２）的抑制作用随蛇毒剂理的增加而增强,剂量为５μｇ／ｍｌ时,蝮蛇毒对传代细胞Ｎｏｖｉｋｏｆｆ及Ｈｅｐ－２的抑制率分别为５０．３％和４７．５％,蝮蛇与眼镜蛇混合毒对Ｎｏｖｋｏｆｆ及Ｈｅｐ－２的抑制率分别为     

鸡血清与卵黄中抗中华眼镜蛇毒IgY动态变化研究

目的探索特异性IgY的产生和变化规律。方法用眼镜蛇毒原毒免疫产蛋母鸡,ELISA定期检测卵黄中的抗体效价变化,小鼠体外中和实验检测其生物活性。第1次免疫40周后,眼镜蛇毒攻击已免疫母鸡,检测攻击前后鸡血清中抗体效价变化情况,未经眼镜蛇毒免疫的母鸡作阴性对照。结果经免疫后第7天蛋黄中即可检测到抗体,经多次加强免疫,40周时蛋黄中还能保持高效价的抗体,通过分离纯化,此抗体可保护实验小鼠免受4 LD50眼镜蛇毒的攻击;同时,鸡血清中也保留着较高效价的抗体,可中和4 LD50以上的眼镜蛇毒。结论用眼镜蛇毒免疫鸡,经多次加强免疫,卵黄和鸡血清中可持久保持高效价的特异性抗体,初步检测此抗体可中和4 LD50的蛇毒。     

乙醇对中华眼镜蛇毒毒性的影响

目的为了探索乙醇对眼镜蛇毒毒性的影响。方法将眼镜蛇毒不同浓度致死量经不同浓度乙醇体外处理后,分别于小白鼠皮下注射、口服,将致死量蛇毒皮下注射后的小白鼠立即于局部注射乙醇,观察蛇毒毒性情况。结果小白鼠经皮下注射致死量眼镜蛇毒后,在局部注射50％（或异蛇米酒）、75％乙醇0．1～0．2ml有一定的保护作用;口服100倍皮下注射致死量眼镜蛇毒未发现有毒性表现,口服经50％乙醇处理后的眼镜蛇毒（100倍皮下注射致死量）未增加小鼠死亡率。结论眼镜蛇毒体外经过乙醇处理后毒性有所下降。口服少量的眼镜蛇毒是安全的。眼镜蛇毒与乙醇混合后口服未见蛇毒毒性增加。     

多次眼镜蛇毒注射对家兔蛇伤中毒的保护作用

目的探究多次注射中华眼镜蛇毒后,家兔体内产生抗体的情况,观察多次蛇毒免疫对家兔在致死量蛇毒攻击下的保护作用。方法将36只家兔随机分为6组,其中蛇毒组和细胞毒素组分别用眼镜蛇毒及其分离出的细胞毒素于皮下注射家兔后腿,蛇毒+佐剂组和细胞毒素+佐剂组分别用经弗氏佐剂乳化的眼镜蛇毒和细胞毒素以背部多点皮下注射方式免疫家兔,蛇毒空白组和细胞毒素空白组经家兔后腿皮下注射生理盐水。各组均按0、14、28、35天免疫4次,利用双向免疫扩散和间接ELISA法检测各组家兔体内抗体水平;用致死量眼镜蛇毒、细胞毒素皮下注射对应组家兔,观察呼吸、瞳孔、精神状态等生命体征及其局部组织损伤程度、死亡时间。结果蛇毒组双向扩散为1∶4,间接ELISA为1∶64000;蛇毒+佐剂组双向扩散为1∶16,间接ELISA为1∶256000;细胞毒素组双向扩散未见明显沉淀线,间接ELISA1∶1000;细胞毒素+佐剂组双向扩散为1∶8,间接ELISA为1∶128000。致死量蛇毒、毒素攻击后,蛇毒组家兔出现呼吸困难、四肢无力、瞳孔散大、精神萎靡,注射部位有紫色瘀斑,8 h内全部死亡,与蛇毒空白组相比,家兔死亡时间相对延长;细胞毒素组和细胞毒素空白组家兔出现口鼻大量白色泡沫样黏液,呼吸困难,但注射部位瘀紫不明显,均在5 h内全部死亡;弗氏佐剂免疫组家兔无死亡,注射部位出现皮肤损伤坏死。结论在没有佐剂的情况下多次以同种蛇毒、毒素免疫的家兔产生抗体量少,对致死量蛇毒、毒素攻击无明显保护作用,虽有一定量的抗体也无法阻止毒液中细胞毒对皮肤组织的损伤。     

眼镜蛇毒对大鼠延髓nNOS表达的影响

目的 探讨眼镜蛇毒对大鼠延髓nNOS表达的影响.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法,观察并比较nNOS阳性神经元在眼镜蛇毒组、生理盐水组、正常对照组大鼠延髓的表达.结果 眼镜蛇毒组大鼠延髓外侧网状核nNOS阳性神经元明显多于生理盐水组和正常对照组(P＜0.01),细胞平均灰度值明显降低(P＜0.01).结论 眼镜蛇毒对大鼠延髓nNOS表达有上调作用.     

抗中华眼镜蛇毒鸡卵黄抗体的制备及其效价测定

目的探索免疫鸡制备高效价抗眼镜蛇毒抗体的新方法。方法用中华眼镜蛇原毒作抗原免疫22周龄的莱航母鸡,水溶法粗提抗体,DEAE Sepharos FF柱纯化,切向流超滤膜脱盐及浓缩,免疫电泳及双向免疫扩散法进行鉴定及效价测定,采用BCATMProte in Assay K it测定蛋白含量。结果鸡卵黄经水溶法的粗提物与中华眼镜蛇毒即有较明显沉淀反应,其效价随着纯度的提高而增强。将马源性抗血清的蛋白质含量调至与浓缩的IgY相同(2mg/m l),经双向免疫扩散及免疫电泳鉴定,该抗体不但对中华眼镜蛇毒有特异性结合,与孟加拉眼镜蛇毒亦有较强的交叉免疫活性,其效价较马抗眼镜蛇毒血清高4倍以上。结论用中华眼镜蛇原毒制备的IgY抗体,其效价较马抗血清有显著提高,并与孟加拉眼镜蛇毒有高度交叉免疫。本实验为抗眼镜蛇IgY的应用及其它抗蛇毒IgY的制备奠定了基础。     

几种蛇毒与鲎试剂产生凝胶反应的实验研究

目的探讨蛇毒能否与鲎试剂产生凝胶反应．建立中药及有效成分抗蛇毒作用的试验途径。方法采用鲎试剂试管凝胶反应法。结果不同的蛇毒能使鲎试剂产生凝胶反应的浓度不同,眼镜蛇毒与竹叶青蛇毒为5μg／ml．五步蛇毒0．32μg／ml．蝮蛇毒37．5μg／ml,蝰蛇毒2．5pg／ml。结论蛇毒能与鲎试剂产生凝胶反应。     

蛇毒抗菌的比较性研究

目的 研究蛇毒粗毒的抗菌作用,并比较不同蛇毒对不同细菌的抑制效果.方法 采用抑菌环法测定蛇岛蝮、江浙蝮和短尾蝮蛇毒粗毒对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌以及白色念珠菌的抗菌作用,比较不同蛇毒粗毒的抗菌效果;加入过氧化氢酶(catalase),考察蛇毒抗菌作用的变化.结果 (1)3种蛇毒粗毒对5种细菌均呈现不同程度的抑制作用.(2)3种蛇毒粗毒对5种细菌的抑制作用大小依次为:金黄色葡萄球菌＞白色念珠菌＞大肠埃希菌或铜绿假单胞菌＞枯草芽孢杆菌.(3)加入catalase后,蛇毒的抗菌作用明显减弱.结论 (1)3种蛇毒粗毒均具有一定的抗菌作用,并具有明显抑菌选择性.(2)3种蛇毒的抗菌效果不同,蛇岛蝮蛇抗菌作用最强.(3) catalase能显著降低蛇毒的抗菌活性,表明L-氨基酸氧化酶是蛇毒起抗菌作用的主要成分.     

眼镜蛇毒对大鼠脊髓c-fos表达的影响

目的探讨眼镜蛇毒对大鼠脊髓c-fos表达的影响。方法采用免疫组织化学方法,观察并比较c-fos阳性细胞在眼镜蛇毒组、生理盐水组、正常对照组大鼠脊髓中的表达。结果眼镜蛇毒组大鼠脊髓内c-fos阳性细胞明显多于生理盐水组和正常对照组。结论眼镜蛇毒对大鼠脊髓c-fos表达有上调作用。     

蛇毒酶制剂出血毒试验方法比较

使用不同稀释度的蛇毒毒素,等体积注射于大鼠背部皮下、皮内和小鼠背部皮下,１８～２４小时剥皮观察比较动物皮下出血程度,经统计学处理,小鼠背部皮下注射对检查出血毒最敏感。选用小鼠背部皮下注射０．２ｕ蛇毒酶成品、半成品,１８～２４小时剥皮观察皮下瘀血或瘀斑,发现４２批成品中８８．１％未见皮下瘀血,２４批半成品７５％未见皮下瘀血。说明选用小鼠背部皮下注射０．２ｕ蛇毒酶来限量检查出血毒的方法是可取的。     

后毒牙类毒蛇

长期以来,人们仅把具有沟牙和管牙的蛇视为毒蛇,然而,近年来发现游蛇科中的虎斑颈槽蛇、红脖颈槽蛇、颈棱蛇、赤链蛇等既无管牙,也无沟牙,却频频发生这类蛇咬伤人后引起中毒的事例,甚至出现被咬伤致严重出血休克死亡的事件。经深入研究后发现,这些蛇虽没有沟牙和管牙,但却具有产生毒性分泌物的毒腺—杜氏腺(Duvernoy′s gland)及皮下腺,且不同的毒腺具有不同的毒性作用,可表现为出血不止、溶血、呼吸困难、肾损害等。这类蛇与毒腺的导管有联系的上颌牙明显粗大,上颌牙与上颌骨、横骨连接牢固,毒腺里的毒液可顺着粗大的上颌牙流入伤口,因此,应视为"后毒牙类毒蛇"。     

尖吻蝮（Deinagkistrodon acutus）生长过程不同时期排毒量及蛇毒组分的变化

对人工培育的4个年龄段尖吻蝮蛇毒和野生成体尖吻蝮蛇毒进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析。结果显示：3龄以前尖吻蝮蛇毒蛋白电泳图谱,无论是在分带、泳动率及相应组分的量等方面,均呈现一定的差异,但随着尖吻蝮蛇龄的增长,蛇毒蛋白电泳图谱与野生成蛇蛇毒蛋白电泳图谱越来越接近。3龄尖吻蝮生长发育达到性成熟,其蛇毒蛋白电泳图谱与野生成蛇趋于一致。蛇毒组分的变化,提示了尖吻蝮的生长发育进程。     

Quantitative proteomic analysis of venom from Southern India common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and identification of poorly immunogenic toxins by immune-profiling against commercial antivenom

Objectives: To study the venom proteome composition of Southern India (SI) Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and immunological cross-reactivity between venom against commercial antivenom.

Methods: Proteomic analysis was done by nano LC-MS/MS and toxins were quantitated by label-free analysis. The immunological cross-reactivity of venom towards polyvalent antivenom (PAV) was assessed by ELISA, Immunoblotting, and immuno-chromatographic methods.

Results: A total of 57 enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins belonging to 12 snake venom protein families were identified. The three finger toxins (3FTx) (48.3%) and phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) (37.6%) represented the most abundant non-enzymatic and enzymatic proteins, respectively. β-bungarotoxin (12.9%), a presynaptic neurotoxin, was also identified. The venom proteome composition is well correlated with its enzymatic activities, reported pharmacological properties, and clinical manifestations of krait envenomation. Immuno-cross-reactivity studies demonstrated better recognition of high molecular weight proteins (>45 kDa) of this venom by PAVs compared to low molecular weight (<15 kDa) toxins such as PLA₂ and 3FTxs.

Conclusion: The poor recognition of <15 kDa mass SI B. caeruleus venom proteins is of grave concern for the successful treatment of krait envenomation. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the immunization protocols and/or supplement of antibodies raised specifically against the <15 kDa toxins of this venom.     

Proteomics analysis to compare the venom composition between Naja naja and Naja kaouthia from the same geographical location of eastern India: Correlation with pathophysiology of envenomation and immunological cross-reactivity towards commercial polyantivenom

ABSTRACT

Background : Cobra bite is frequently reported across the Indian subcontinent and is associated with a high rate of death and morbidity. In eastern India (EI) Naja naja and Naja kaouthia are reported to be the two most abundant species of cobra.

Research design and methods : The venom proteome composition of N. naja (NnV) and N. kaouthia (NkV) from Burdwan districts of EI were compared by separation of venom proteins by 1D-SDS-PAGE followed by LC-MS/MS analysis of protein bands. The potency of commercial polyantivenom (PAV) was assessed by neutralization, ELISA, immuno-blot and venom-PAV immunoaffinity chromatography studies.

Results : Proteomic analysis identified 52 and 55 proteins for NnV and NkV, respectively, when searched against the Elapidae database. A small quantitative difference in venom composition between these two species of cobra was observed. PAVs exhibited poor cross-reactivity against low molecular mass toxins (<20 kDa) of both cobra venoms, which was substantiated by a meager neutralization of their phospholipase A₂ activity. Phospholipase A₂ and 3FTx, the two major classes of nonenzymatic and enzymatic proteins, respectively, were partially recognized by PAVs.

Conclusions : Efforts must be made to improve immunization protocols and supplement existing antivenoms with antibodies raised against the major toxins of these venoms.     

浙江产蝮蛇毒(Agkistrodon halys pallas venom)凝血酶样酶的性质及其对血凝和血脂的影响

从浙江产蝮蛇毒中分离出一种凝血酶样酶,该酶能明显地延长全血凝固时间,白陶土部分凝血活酶时间(KPTT),并降低了血浆中的纤维蛋白原水平,同时全血的比粘度和血浆的比粘度及血清中的胆固醇和β脂蛋白均有所下降.该酶不激活凝血因子ⅩⅢ.     

The venom and venom apparatus of the sea snake Lapemis hardwicki Gray

The venom apparatus of Lapemis hardwicki , consisting of two functional fangs, their venom glands, and associated musculature, are described. The yield of venom per snake ranged from 2.4-5.2 mg. The LD₅₀ of the crude venom varied from 0.7-1.4 mg/kg intravenously in mice. The toxicological, chemical and immunological properties of the venom are discussed.     

Proteome analysis of snake venom toxins: pharmacological insights

Snake venoms are an extremely rich source of pharmacologically active proteins with a considerable clinical and medical potential. To date, this potential has not been fully explored, mainly because of our incomplete knowledge of the venom proteome and the pharmacological properties of its components, in particular those devoid of enzymatic activity. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the determination of snake venom proteome, based primarily on the development of new strategies and techniques. Detailed knowledge of the venom toxin composition and biological properties of the protein constituents should provide the scaffold for the design of new more effective drugs for the treatment of the hemostatic system and heart disorders, inflammation, cancer and consequences of snake bites, as well as new tools for clinical diagnostic and assays of hemostatic parameters.