菊苣根提取物的抑菌活性研究

采用离体的试验方法测定了菊苣根的石油醚、乙酸乙酯和乙醇提取物对7种植物病原真菌和3种细菌的抑制活性。采用盆栽试验方法测定了菊苣根提取物对小麦白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,乙醇和乙酸乙酯提取物均有一定的抑制植物病原真菌和细菌活性。且乙酸乙酯提取物效果更佳。在10 g.L-1浓度下,乙酸乙酯提取物能显著抑制小麦赤霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌和烟草赤星病菌3种病原真菌菌丝的生长,抑制率均在85%以上;对小麦根腐病菌、玉米大斑病菌和烟草赤星病菌的孢子萌发抑制率也均在80%以上;对枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径达21.01 mm和17.23 mm;对盆栽小麦白粉病的预防和治疗作用分别为50.93%和65.82%。     

内生真菌对草坪植物病原真菌抑制作用的比较

分别从野生牧草羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum (L.) Keng)、栽培种高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)(品种Millennium)、栽培种黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.) (品种Justus)中分离出内生真菌Neotyphodium sp.、N. coenophialum和N. lolli,通过体外培养法比较了这3种内生真菌对草坪植物病原真菌的抑制作用.结果表明,从羽茅中分离的内生真菌Neotyphodium sp.在两菌相交前对所有供试的病原真菌都有一定的抑制作用,其中对枝孢霉属(Cladosporium sp.)、弯孢霉属(Curvularia sp.)和拟茎点属(Phomopsis sp.)病原真菌的抑制效果尤为显著,对峙培养3d后的抑菌率分别达70.1%、52.3%和30.9%,营养竞争作用、重寄生作用是其主要的拮抗机制;从高羊茅中分离的内生真菌N. coenophialum对枝孢霉属病原真菌存在一定的抑制作用;而从黑麦草中分离的内生真菌N. lolli与病原真菌对峙培养时,病原真菌菌落慢慢侵占整个营养空间,内生真菌停止生长并逐渐褐变死亡.体外培养结果说明Neotyphodium sp.对供试病原真菌的拮抗效果优于N. coenophialum和N. lolli,由此推测Neotyphodium sp.与宿主植物羽茅的共生可能有利于宿主植物抵抗病原真菌的侵扰.     

核桃青皮乙醇提取物抑菌活性研究

以34种植物病原真菌和5种细菌为供试菌,采用离体试验方法对核桃青皮乙醇提取物及其萃取相进行抑菌效果研究.结果表明:核桃青皮乙醇提取物对供试病原真菌均有一定的抑制活性;在浓度为40 mg·mL~(-1)时,乙酸乙酯萃取相抑菌效果最好,对番茄灰霉、棉花立枯和小麦纹枯3种病原真菌的抑制率均为100%,对枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径达12.07 mm和12.54 mm;不同浓度乙酸乙酯萃取相对相同病原菌的抑制效果差异显著,对番茄灰霉、棉花立枯、苹果炭疽、小麦纹枯和小麦赤霉5种病原菌的EC_(50)分别为:7.263 4、6.219 1、9.069 5、5.591 2和10.310 2 mg·mL~(-1).     

碎米莎草茎总生物碱对植物和病原菌的生物活性

以水稻(Oryza sativa)等5种植物和水稻稻瘟病(Magnaporthe grisea)等6种植物病原真菌为试验对象,测定了碎米莎草(Cyperus iria)茎总生物碱对植物和病原菌的生物活性.结果表明,250～4000 μg mL-1的总生物碱对水稻种子的萌发无显著影响,对千金子(Leptochloa chinensis)幼苗的苗高有显著抑制作用.4000μmL-1的总生物碱对烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)、鳢肠(Eclipta prostrate)和车前草(Plantago asiatica)种子的萌发、烟草幼苗的苗高以及水稻、烟草和鳢肠幼苗的鲜重有显著抑制作用,相对较低浓度总生物碱对千金子种子萌发、千金子和车前草幼苗的鲜重以及5种植物幼苗的根长和苗高(烟草幼苗的苗高除外)有显著抑制作用.25～400 μg mL-1的碎米莎草茎总生物碱对小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium gramblearum)的生长无显著影响,而对苹果轮纹病菌(Physalospora piricola)的生长有显著抑制作用,100～400μg mL-1的总生物碱对稻瘟病菌、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiovum)和番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)的生长有显著抑制作用,200～400 μg mL-1的总生物碱对杨树溃疡病菌(Dothiorella gregaria)的生长有显著抑制作用,400μg mL-1的总生物碱对上述病原真菌的抑菌率分别为8.20%、74.87%、40.93%、60.91%、52.70%和16.28%.     

23株海洋真菌的分子鉴定及其抗植物病原真菌和细胞毒活性研究

从南海沉积物中分离得到23株海洋真菌,通过ITS测序进行鉴定。以新月弯孢霉(Curvularia lunata)、柱枝双胞霉(Cylindrocladium scoparium)、链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)为受试植物病原真菌,以神经胶质瘤细胞(SF-268)、乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)、大细胞肺癌细胞(NCI-H460)和肝癌细胞(HepG-2)为受试肿瘤细胞,分别采用生长速率法和SRB法对这些菌株的发酵液粗提物进行抗植物病原真菌和细胞毒活性测试,发现11个菌株的粗提物在浓度为50 mg/mL时,对至少1种受试植物病原真菌的抑制率在50%以上,有9个菌株的粗提物在浓度为100μg/mL时,对至少1种肿瘤细胞株的抑制率在80%以上,其中菌株Eupenicillium sp.FS100、Penicillium sp.FS105、Dichotomomyces cejpii FS110、Acaromyces ingoldii FS121对植物病原真菌和(或)肿瘤细胞具有明显的抑制活性。     

茶多酚对几种植物病原真菌的抑制作用及机理研究

用不同浓度的茶多酚液对玉米小斑病菌(Bipolaris maydis)、香蕉炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum musae)和莲腐败病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.)进行抑菌测定.结果表明:茶多酚对三种植物病原真菌生长和分生孢子萌发都具有极显著的抑制作用(P<0.01);不同浓度的茶多酚液对同种植物病原真菌的抑制作用不同,随着茶多酚浓度的增大,其抑制力增强,其中10和5 mg/mL抑制力最强;茶多酚对三种不同的植物病原真菌的抑制程度也不同,其中对玉米小斑病菌的抑制效果最好,10和5 mg/mL茶多酚稀释液的分生孢子萌发抑制率达100%,且原生质外溢,细胞畸变.其作用机理是破坏了菌体的细胞膜结构和抑制了CAT、POD酶活,使其丧失细胞膜的屏障和酶系的保护功能.     

球毛壳菌对植物病原真菌和根结线虫的生物防治潜力

球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)隶属于子囊菌门、核菌纲、粪壳菌目、毛壳菌科、毛壳菌属真菌,广泛分布于空气、土壤等多种自然环境中,也是植物最常见的内生真菌之一。球毛壳菌能产生种类繁多的次级代谢产物,且其次级代谢产物具有抗真菌和杀线虫等多种生物活性,因而被制作成杀菌剂和杀线虫剂等生物农药,对植物病原真菌和根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)有良好的生物防治潜力。本文从球毛壳菌及其次级代谢产物抗植物病原真原菌和杀根结线虫两个方面进行综述,并探讨球毛壳菌对植物病原真菌的生防机制,为植物病原真菌及根结线虫的综合治理和新型生物农药的开发提供参考。     

元江印楝植物内生真菌及其抗菌活性筛选的研究

通过抗菌活性初步筛选,从采自云南元江县的印楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss)植物茎和果实中已分离到的372株内生真菌中筛选出80株作为复筛菌株,经显微形态特征观察鉴定为5目、6科、29个属。选择16种病原微生物作为指示菌检测复筛菌株发酵产物的抗菌活性,结果表明,其中29株内生真菌对细菌、植物病原真菌和皮肤致病真菌中的一种或多种病原微生物有抑制生长作用,活性菌株比例占复筛菌株的36.25%,并显示种群多样性,其中7株内生真菌显示较强的广谱抗菌作用,活性较好的菌株主要分布在曲霉属和交链孢属。     

墨西哥仙人掌植物内生真菌的研究Ⅰ.内生真菌分离及其抗菌活性筛选

从一种墨西哥仙人掌[Opuntiamicrodasys(Lehm .)Pfeiff]的肉质茎中分离获得31株内生真菌,经形态观察分类鉴定为3个目、3个科、14个属。同时选择2 2种病原微生物作为指示菌进行抑菌试验,研究其抗菌活性。结果表明:3株仙人掌内生真菌分别对细菌、植物病原真菌和皮肤致病真菌多种病原微生物有较为明显的抑制生长作用。     

过氧化氢酶在病原性真菌中的相关研究进展

过氧化氢酶普遍存在于原核和真核生物,具有抗氧化作用。这种作用有其有利的方面,即保护细胞免受氧自由基等氧化物的损害,抑制细胞受氧化因素刺激诱导的凋亡。同样,有其不利的方面,即保护病原微生物(包括真菌)不受宿主氧化系统的破坏。抗氧化作用作为病原性真菌的一种可能致病机制,国外已经有不少相关的报道,但是目前国内对这方面的研究较少,本文就过氧化氢酶在病原性真菌中的相关研究进展做一综述。     

WtsE, an AvrE-family type III effector protein of Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, causes cell death in non-host plants

Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii ( Pnss ) causes Stewart's bacterial wilt of sweet corn and leaf blight of maize. The pathogenicity of Pnss depends on synthesis of extracellular polysaccharide and an Hrp type III secretion system. WtsE, a type III secreted effector protein, is essential for the virulence of Pnss on corn. It belongs to the AvrE family of effectors, which includes DspA/E from Erwinia amylovora and AvrE1 from Pseudomonas syringae . Previously, WtsE was shown to cause disease-associated cell death in its host plant, sweet corn. Here, we examine the biological activity of WtsE in several non-host plants. WtsE induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana , tobacco, beet and Arabidopsis thaliana when it was transiently produced in plant cells following agroinfiltration or translocated into plant cells from Pnss , Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola ( Pph ). WtsE-induced cell death in N. benthamiana , tobacco and beet resembled a hypersensitive response and in N. benthamiana it was delayed by cycloheximide. Interestingly, WtsE strongly promoted the growth of Pnss in N. benthamiana prior to the onset of cell death. Deletion derivatives of WtsE that failed to induce cell death in N. benthamiana and tobacco also did not complement wtsE mutants of Pnss for virulence in sweet corn, indicating a correlation between the two activities. WtsE also induced cell death in A. thaliana , where it suppressed basal defences induced by Pph . Thus, WtsE has growth-promoting, defence-suppressing and cell death-inducing activities in non-host plants. Expression of WtsE also prevented the growth of yeast, possibly due to an innate toxicity to eukaryotic cells.     

New pterocarpon flavonoids from Wisteria sinensis tumor

Three new pterocarpon flavonoids, wisterones B-D, together with nine isoflavone known compounds, were isolated from Wisteria sinensis Tumor. The structure of those compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including UV, IR, MS and NMR experiments. These new compounds were investigated for their activities against anti-crop pathogenic fungi.     

Potential lactoferrin activity against pathogenic viruses

Lactoferrin (LF) is an 80-kDa globular glycoprotein with high affinity for metal ions, particularly for iron. This protein possesses many biological functions, including the binding and release of iron and serves as one of the important components of the innate immune system, where it acts as a potent inhibitor of several pathogens. LF has efficacious antibacterial and antiviral activities against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against both naked and enveloped DNA and RNA viruses. In its antiviral pursuit, LF acts predominantly at the acute phase of the viral infection or even at the intracellular stage, as in hepatitis C virus infection. LF inhibits the entry of viral particles into host cells, either by direct attachment to the viral particles or by blocking their cellular receptors. This wide range of activities may be attributed to the capacity of LF to bind iron and its ability to interfere with the cellular receptors of both hosts and pathogenic microbes.     

A pathogenesis related protein, AhPR10 from peanut: an insight of its mode of antifungal activity

A pathogenesis related protein (AhPR10) is identified from a clone of 6-day old Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut) cDNA library. The clone expressed as a ∼20 kDa protein in E. coli. Nucleotide sequence derived amino acid sequence of the coding region shows its homology with PR10 proteins having Betv1 domain and P loop motif. Recombinant AhPR10 has ribonuclease activity, and antifungal activity against the peanut pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. Mutant protein AhPR10-K54N where lys54 is mutated to asn54 loses its ribonuclease and antifungal activities. FITC labeled AhPR10 and AhPR10-K54N are internalized by hyphae of F. oxysporum and R. solani but the later protein does not inhibit the fungal growth. This suggests that the ribonuclease function of AhPR10 is essential for its antifungal activity. Energy and temperature dependent internalization of AhPR10 into sensitive fungal hyphae indicate that internalization of the protein occurs through active uptake.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available to authorised users in the online version of this article at .The nucleotide sequence of AhPR10 reported in this paper is submitted to NCBI Nucleotide Sequence Database under the Accession number AY726607.     

水稻基腐细菌毒素的分离纯化、性质和生物学作用

[目的]水稻基腐细菌毒素迄今未见报道.毒素是病原微生物重要的致病因子之一,毒素的分离纯化是研究病菌毒素功能和作用的前提和基础.[方法]通过几种层析柱的多次层析分离及对水稻 ,幼苗的生物活性跟踪测定,分离纯化水稻基腐细菌毒素;采用化学及生物化学方法,研究毒素的性质及生物学作用.[结果]获得了水稻基腐细菌毒素的一个成分T<,3>,该成分为黄色固体,溶于甲醇、正丁醇、水和甲酸;不溶于三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯;微溶于丙酮,是非糖类和非蛋白质类物质,对紫外线敏感.毒素具有抑制水稻生根、使水稻秧苗萎蔫和对烟草细胞坏死的作用.高浓度毒素抑制水稻、玉米、番茄和烟草种子萌发,低浓度毒素则具有促进根、芽生长的作用.毒素对来自5个属的10种植物病原细菌具有抑菌活性,同时具有诱导水稻PAL和POD活性,且对抗病品种128的POD和PAL诱导活性均高于感病品种特籼13.[结论]首次建立了水稻基腐细菌毒素的分离纯化方法.该毒素具有抑制水稻幼根生长、导致秧苗萎蔫、引起烟草细胞坏死、抑制植物病原细菌和诱导水稻防卫酶活性等生物学作用.     

Synthesis,biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel 3,5-disubstituted 2,4-thiazolidinediones derivatives

A series of thirteen novel 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives were synthesized through three step reaction procedure. The title compounds were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation at the 5th position of the 2,4-thiazolidinedione ring. Various physicochemical and spectral studies were conducted to characterize the synthesized derivatives including- IR, Mass, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and elemental analysis. The derivatives were screened for in vivo anti diabetic, in vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro free radical scavenging activities by carrageenan induced rat paw edema method, alloxan induced diabetes in wistar rats method and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) method respectively. Some of the derivatives emerged out as potent antidiabetic, anti inflammatory and free radical scavenging agents. Molecular docking was carried out to investigate some possible structural insights into the potential binding patterns of the most potent anti-diabetic molecules NB7,NB12 and NB13 with the active sites of target PPARγ (PDB ID: 2PRG) using MOE software. Dichloro derivative compound NB-7 has shown great potential in the present study as it not only has maximum antidiabetic activity but also possess excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential.     

Diterpenoids and a Diarylheptanoid from Hedychium coronarium with Significant Anti‐Angiogenic and Cytotoxic Activities

Two new labdane diterpenoids, namely hedycoronals A and B ( 1 and 2 , resp.), were isolated from the rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium, together with eight known diterpenoids, 4 – 11 , and a known diarylheptanoid, 3 . The structures of 1 and 2 were established by detailed interpretation of their 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectra and HR‐ESI‐MS data. Inhibitory activities against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUMECs) proliferation and cytotoxic activities against four cancer cell lines were assessed for all the isolates. Most of these metabolites showed moderate or potent cytotoxic activities against four cancer cell lines. Moreover, compounds 3 and 8 exhibited promising inhibitory activities against HUMECs with the IC₅₀ values of 6.4 to 3.3 μM .     

Initial organic products of assimilation of [N]ammonium and [N]nitrate by tobacco cells cultured on different sources of nitrogen

Glutamine is the first major organic product of assimilation of ¹³NH₄⁺ by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi) cells cultured on nitrate, urea, or ammonium succinate as the sole source of nitrogen, and of ¹³NO₃⁻ by tobacco cells cultured on nitrate. The percentage of organic ¹³N in glutamate, and subsequently, alanine, increases with increasing periods of assimilation. ¹³NO₃⁻, used for the first time in a study of assimilation of nitrogen, was purified by new preparative techniques. During pulse-chase experiments, there is a decrease in the percentage of ¹³N in glutamine, and a concomitant increase in the percentage of ¹³N in glutamate and alanine. Methionine sulfoximine inhibits the incorporation of ¹³N from ¹³NH₄⁺ into glutamine more extensively than it inhibits the incorporation of ¹³N into glutamate, with cells grown on any of the three sources of nitrogen. Azaserine inhibits glutamate synthesis extensively when ¹³NH₄⁺ is fed to cells cultured on nitrate. These results indicate that the major route for assimilation of ¹³NH₄⁺ is the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway, and that glutamate dehydrogenase also plays a role, but a minor one. Methionine sulfoximine inhibits the incorporation of ¹³N from ¹³NO₃⁻ into glutamate more strongly than it inhibits the incorporation of ¹³N into glutamine, suggesting that the assimilation of ¹³NH₄⁺ derived from ¹³NO₃⁻ may be mediated solely by the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway.     

Altered lignin structure and resistance to pathogens in <Emphasis Type="Italic">spi 2</Emphasis>-expressing tobacco plants

The physiological role of the Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] spi 2 gene, encoding a defense-related cationic peroxidase was examined in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Expression of spi 2, under control of the 35S promoter, in tobacco plants resulted in higher total peroxidase activities. The phenotype of the spi 2-transformed lines was normal. The spi 2-transformed lines displayed lignin levels similar to levels in the control line, but with some alteration in lignin histochemistry and structure. These changes were associated with reduced flexibility of the tobacco stems. The defense against pathogenic microorganisms was altered in the transgenic tobacco plants compared with control plants. High peroxidase activities increased the susceptibility to the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, but increased the ability of the tobacco plants to suppress growth of the pathogenic bacterium Erwinia carotovora.