HIV的Rev蛋白——研究病毒基因表达调节的有力工具

ＨＩＶ的Ｒｅｖ蛋白——研究病毒基因表达调节的有力工具谭伟赵翠萍综述李德富审校（中国药品生物制品检定所，北京１０００５０）分类号Ｒ７５２前言Ｒｅｖ蛋白是人类免疫缺陷病毒（ｈｕｍａｎｉｍｍｕｎｏｄｅ－ｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｖｉｒｕｓ，ＨＩＶ）的重要调节蛋白之一...     

牛免疫缺陷病毒长末端重复序列(BIV一LTR)在大肠杆菌中的启动子功能

牛免疫缺陷病毒（ＢＩＶ）的长末端重复序列（ＬＴＲ）含有病毒的启动子,调控病毒在真核细胞中的表达。我们将ＢＩＶＬＴＲ与萤火虫荧光素酶基因连接构建成重组质粒ｐＢＩＶ一Ｌｕｃ,该质粒能在Ｅｃｏｌｉ中有效地表达出荧光素酶的活性,从而证明ＢＩＶＬＴＲ在大肠杆菌中也具有启动子功能。Ｍｕｎｇｂｅａｎ核酸酶作图分析发现,ＢＩＶＬＴＲ在Ｅｃｏｌｉ中的转录起始位点位于Ｕ_３区,而不是在真核细胞中的Ｕ＿３一Ｒ交界处。同时我们也证实了ＢＩＶＬＴＲ在Ｅ,ｃｏｌｉ中仍可被ＢＩＶｔａｔ蛋白特异性地反式激活,为研究ｔａｔ蛋白的作用机制提供了一条新的途径。     

牛泡沫病毒两类启动子活性的比较和机制探讨

牛泡沫病毒 (Ｂｏｖｉｎｅｆｏａｍｙｖｉｒｕｓ,ＢＦＶ)属反转录病毒科泡沫病毒属。其基因组两端为长末端重复序列 (Ｌｏｎｇｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌｒｅｐｅａｔ,ＬＴＲ) ,中间部分除ｇａｇ、ｐｏｌ、ｅｎｖ三个结构基因外 ,还有两个重叠的读码框ＯＲＦ 1、2 ,起始于ｅｎｖ基因 3′端 ,终止于 3′ＬＴＲ ,编码Ｂｏｒｆ 1、Ｂｏｒｆ 2等多种调节蛋白[1～ 3 ] 。其中Ｂｏｒｆ 1为ＢＦＶ的反式激活因子 ,可显著激活ＢＦＶＬＴＲ启动子起始的基因表达。近年来 ,在泡沫病毒家族成员人泡沫病毒 (Ｈｕｍａｎｆｏａｍｙｖｉｒｕｓ,ＨＦＶ)和猴泡沫病毒(…     

猴免疫缺陷病毒和艾滋病

猴免疫缺陷病毒和艾滋病王用楫（卫生部北京生物制品研究所,北京１０００２４）１前言猴免疫缺陷病毒（ｓｉｍｉａｎｉｍｍｕｎｏｄｅｆｉｃｉｅ－ｎｃｙｖｉｒｕｓ,ＳＩＶ）与艾滋病（ＡＩＤＳ）的病原体人免疫缺陷病毒（ｈｕｍａｎｉｍｍｕｎｏｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｖ...     

人I型免疫缺陷病毒gag—env嵌合基因在重组痘苗中的表达

Ｇａｇ和Ｅｎｖ蛋白是人Ｉ型免疫缺陷病毒（Ｈｕｍａｎ ｉｍｍｕｎｏｄｅｔｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ｖｉｒｕｓ ｔｙｐｅ １,ＨＩＶ－１）的结构蛋白,是ＨＩＶ－１诱导机体产生体液免疫和细胞免疫的主要抗原。本实验通过多交亚克隆,将ｅｎｖ基因以正确的三联密码读框插入ｇａｇ基因的下游制备了ＨＩＶ－１ ｇａｇ－ｅｎｖ嵌合基因,并将嵌合基因分别置于痘苗病毒ｐ７．５启动子和牛痘病毒Ａ型包涵体（ＡＴＩ）启动子的下游,经过同源     

人类免疫缺陷病毒细胞辅助受体的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒细胞辅助受体的研究进展谭伟赵翠萍综述李德富审校（中国药品生物制品检定所,北京１０００５０）分类号Ｒ５１１前言人类免疫缺陷病毒（Ｈｕｍａｎｉｍｍｕｎｏｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｖｉｒｕｓ,ＨＩＶ）可以在人类引起艾滋病（ＡＩＤＳ）。经过十几年的...     

牛泡沫病毒反式激活因子在内部启动子上应答元件的研究

泡沫病毒的基因转录依赖至少两个不同的启动子：ＬＴＲ调节病毒结构蛋白的表达,而内部启动子（ＩＰ）则起始调节蛋白ｍＲＮＡ的转录。牛泡沫病毒（ＢＦＶ）在ｅｎｖ与３’ＬＴＲ之间有两个重叠的开放阅读框架ｏｒｆ－１和ｏｒｆ－２,分别编码ＢＦＶ ＯＲＦ－１、ＯＲＦ－２等多种调节蛋白。这此蛋白中ＢＦＶ ＯＲＦ－１为转录激活因子,称为Ｔａｓｏ Ｔａｓ对ＬＴＲ及ＩＰ均有反式激活作用。ＢＦＶ中第二类启动子ＩＰ的存在反映     

Tat蛋白及其内化作用

人类免疫缺陷病毒 1型的复制受反式激活蛋白 (ｔｒａｎｓ ａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ,Ｔａｔ)的调节。Ｔａｔ蛋白是一个小型蛋白 ,其分子大小依ＨＩＶ 1病毒的品系不同而有所差异 ,从 86到1 30个氨基酸残基不等[1] ,它由两个外显子编码。就 1 0 1个氨基酸的Ｔａｔ蛋白而言[2 ] ,第一个外显子编码 1～ 72氨基酸 ,第二个外显子编码 73～ 1 0 1氨基酸。在细胞内 ,Ｔａｔ蛋白对病毒基因的转录有重要作用。ＨＩＶ 1病毒的ｍＲＮＡ 5′端有一段序列叫做反式激活反应区域 (ｔｒａｎｓ ａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｖｅｒｅｇｉ…     

牛免疫缺陷病毒长末端重复序列（BIV—LTR）在大肠杆菌中的启动子功能

牛免疫缺陷病毒的长末端重复序列含有病毒的启动子,调控病毒在真核细胞中的表达。我们将ＢＩＶ ＬＴＲ与萤火虫荧光素酶基因连接构建成重组质粒ｐＢＩＶ＝Ｌｕｃ,该质粒能在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中有效地表达出荧光素酶的活性,从而证明了ＢＩＶ ＬＴＲ在大肠杆菌中也具有启动子功能。     

不依赖甲硫氨酸的翻译起始

Ｓａｓａｋｉ等在ＰｒｏｃＮａｔｌＡｃａｄＳｃｉＵＳＡ 2 0 0 0年第 4期上报道了一种不依赖甲硫氨酸的翻译起始方式[1] 。ＰＳＩＶ (Ｐｌａｕｔｉａｓｔａｌｉｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎｅｖｉｒｕｓ)是一种昆虫ＲＮＡ病毒 ,属蟋蟀麻痹样病毒组 (Ｃｒｉｃｋｅｔｐａｒａｌｙｓｉｓ ｌｉｋｅｖｉｒｕｓｅｓ) ,为正链ＲＮＡ病毒。属于该组的还有ＤＣＶ、ＲｈＰＶ、ＨｉＰＶ等。该组病毒的理化性质与哺乳动物的小ＲＮＡ病毒 (ｐｉｃｏｒｎａｖｉｒｕｓ)相似 ,但基因图 1　 (Ａ)ＰＳＩＶ基因组结构 ;(Ｂ)预测的外壳蛋白编码区上游的茎环结构组织不同。…     

JDV与三种牛反转录病毒相互关系的初步研究

为研究JDV与其它三种牛反转录病毒BIV、BLV、BFV的相互作用关系,将以JDV、BIV、BLV、BFV的LTR为启动子,以Luc为报告基因的质粒和以上病毒反式激活因子的表达质粒共转染BLl2细胞系,通过瞬时表达分析试验证明了JDV和BIV的LTR和Tat之间亲缘关系很近,能够相互激活;JDV Tat可以反式激活BLVLTR,BLVTax不能激活JDVLTR;JDVLTR上存在BFVTas的应答元件;BLV、BFV和BIV的LTR和反式激活因子问不存在相互激活。     

Characterization of the Jembrana Disease Virus tat Gene and the cis- and trans-Regulatory Elements in Its Long Terminal Repeats

Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is a newly identified bovine lentivirus that is closely related to the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). JDV contains a tat gene, encoded by two exons, which has potent transactivation activity. Cotransfection of the JDV tat expression plasmid with the JDV promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) construct pJDV-U3R resulted in a substantial increase in the level of CAT mRNA transcribed from the JDV long terminal repeat (LTR) and a dramatic increase in the CAT protein level. Deletion analysis of the LTR sequences showed that sequences spanning nucleotides −68 to +53, including the TATA box and the predicted first stem-loop structure of the predicted Tat response element (TAR), were required for efficient transactivation. The results, derived from site-directed mutagenesis experiments, suggested that the base pairing in the stem of the first stem-loop structure in the TAR region was important for JDV Tat-mediated transactivation; in contrast, nucleotide substitutions in the loop region of JDV TAR had less effect. For the JDV LTR, upstream sequences, from nucleotide −196 and beyond, as well as the predicted secondary structures in the R region, may have a negative effect on basal JDV promoter activity. Deletion of these regions resulted in a four- to fivefold increase in basal expression. The JDV Tat is also a potent transactivator of other animal and primate lentivirus promoters. It transactivated BIV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) LTRs to levels similar to those with their homologous Tat proteins. In contrast, HIV-1 Tat has minimal effects on JDV LTR expression, whereas BIV Tat moderately transactivated the JDV LTR. Our study suggests that JDV may use a mechanism of transactivation similar but not identical to those of other animal and primate lentiviruses.     

A quantitative assay for measuring of bovine immunodeficiency virus using a luciferase-based indicator cell line

In order to quantitate the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection in vitro, a BIV indicator cell line (BIVL) was established by transfecting baby hamster kidney cells with reporter plasmids containing the firefly luciferase gene driven by a BIV long terminal repeat promoter. The BIV activates promoter activity of the LTR to express luciferase upon infection. BIV infection could therefore by quantified by detection of luciferase activity. Compared to standard assays used to detect BIV infection, the BIVL-based assay is 10 times more sensitive than the the CPE-based assay, and has similar sensitivity with the viral capsid protein Western blot assay. BIV indicator cell line could detect BIV infection specifically. Luciferase activity of BIV infected BIVL cells showed a time dependent manner, and 60 h post infection is the optimal time to detect BIV infection. Luciferase activity of BIVL cells correlates with the BIV capsid protein expression. Moreover, a linear relationship was found between MOI and the activated intensity of luciferase expression. In brief, the BIV indicator cell line is an easy, robust and quantitive method for monitoring BIV infection.     

Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat through induction of NF-kappa B activity.

The Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein (LMP) is an integral membrane protein that is expressed in cells latently infected with the virus. LMP is believed to play an important role in Epstein-Barr virus transformation and has been shown to induce expression of several cellular proteins. We performed a series of experiments that demonstrated that LMP is an efficient transactivator of expression from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat (HIV-1 LTR). Mutation or deletion of the NF-kappa B elements in the LTR abolished the transactivation, indicating that the LMP effect on HIV expression was due to induction of NF-kappa B activity. Experiments in which the HIV-1 Tat protein was coexpressed in cells together with LMP showed that Tat was able to potentiate the transactivation. Surprisingly, a synergistic effect of the two proteins was observed even in the absence of the recognized target region for Tat (TAR) in the HIV-1 LTR.     

A Quantitative Assay for Measuring of Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus Using a Luciferase-based Indicator Cell Line

In order to quantitate the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection in vitro, a BIV indicator cell line (BIVL) was established by transfecting baby hamster kidney cells with reporter plasmids containing the firefly luciferase gene driven by a BIV long terminal repeat promoter. The BIV activates promoter activity of the LTR to express luciferase upon infection. BIV infection could therefore by quantified by detection of luciferase activity. Compared to standard assays used to detect BIV infection, the B...     

人免疫缺陷病毒1型TAT突变蛋白及反义TAT RNA对TAT反式激活作用的抑制

Ｔａｔ是人免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ）基因组编码的反式激活因子,突变分析表明它含有几个重要的功能域。为寻找控制ＨＩＶ复制的途径,构建了以ＨＩＶ－１ＬＴＲ（－１５８－＋８０）为启动子的Ｔａｔ ｃＤＮＡ全长反义表达质粒ｐＡＳ－Ｔａｔ,并用已经构建的ＨＩＶ ＬＴＲ－１５８到＋８０为启动子,具有不同突变点的突变Ｔａｔ基因表达质粒,以荧光酶基因为报告基因,共转染Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞,结果发现无论是反义Ｔａｔ表达质粒还     

Identification and characterization of the bovine immunodeficiency-like virus tat gene.

A cDNA clone of the bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) trans-activator gene (tat) was identified and characterized. The tat cDNA clone was generated by splicing, and on the basis of sequence analysis, the Tat protein was found to be encoded entirely by the first exon. It is 103 amino acids in size and shares sequence homology with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Tat. The BIV tat clone can trans activate the BIV promoter effectively, as measured by the expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, when transfected into bovine cells. Besides activating the BIV promoter, the BIV Tat can also trans activate the HIV promoter effectively. It is possible that BIV Tat and HIV Tat employ similar mechanisms in trans activation of the viral long terminal repeat-directed gene expression.     

人免疫缺陷病毒1型TAT蛋白点突变对其反式激活作用的影响

不同免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ－１,ＨＩＶ－２和ＳＩＶ）的Ｔａｔ均有３个高度保守的结构域：Ｃｙｓ富集域、核心域和碱性氨基酸富集域,用ＰＣＲ定点突变法在ＨＩＶ－１Ｔａｔ蛋白的这些区域引入单氨基酸或多氨基酸突变;构建了以ＨＩＶ－１ＬＴＲ－１５８到＋８Ｏ区域为启动子,含有不同突变点的突变Ｔａｔ基因表达质粒;以荧光酶基因为报告基因,瞬时共转染Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞：分析不同氨基酸突变对Ｔａｔ的反式激活作用的影响。结果发现,突变后的Ｔａｔ蛋白的活性均极大地降低或丧失,表明这些序列内的氨基酸的确定性对Ｔａｔ的活性至关重要。     

Multiple functional domains of Tat, the trans-activator of HIV-1, defined by mutational analysis.

The tat gene of HIV-1 is a potent trans-activator of gene expression from the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR). To define the functionally important regions of the product of the tat gene (Tat) of HIV-1, deletion, linker insertion and single amino acid substitution mutants within the Tat coding region of strain SF2 were constructed. The effect of these mutations on trans-activation was assessed by measuring the expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene linked to the HIV-LTR. These studies have revealed that four different domains of the protein that map within the N-terminal 56 amino acid region are essential for Tat function. In addition to the essential domains, an auxiliary domain that enhances the activity of the essential region has also been mapped between amino acid residues 58 and 66. One of the essential domains maps in the N-terminal 20 amino acid region. The other three essential domains are highly conserved among the various strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2 as well as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Of the conserved domains, one contains seven Cys residues and single amino acid substitutions for several Cys residues indicate that they are essential for Tat function. The second conserved domain contains a Lys X Leu Gly Ile X Tyr motif in which the Lys residue is essential for trans-activation and the other residues are partially essential. The third conserved domain is strongly basic and appears to play a dual role. Mutants lacking this domain are deficient in trans-activation and in efficient targeting of Tat to the nucleus and nucleolus. The combination of the four essential domains and the auxiliary domain contribute to the near full activity observed with the 101 amino acid Tat protein.