天津市特色农产品沙窝萝卜根际细菌多样性及促生菌研究

为发挥微生物资源在地理标志特色农产品品牌维护中的作用,采用高通量测序技术分析天津市西青区沙窝萝卜根际细菌多样性和群落结构,通过纯培养根际土壤细菌对樱桃萝卜果实质量与黄酮、多酚、维生素C、可溶性糖含量的影响评估根际微生物与沙窝萝卜品质的关系。结果表明沙窝萝卜根际土壤样本中的细菌主要来自5门9属,其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、糖单胞分泌菌属(Saccharimonadales)为核心细菌群落。通过纯培养共获得39株可培养细菌菌株。经过筛选,获得7株具有固氮、解磷或分泌生长素综合水平较高且具有促生功能的菌株,包括菌株J3、J5、H11、X3、X6、X10、X13。根据16S rRNA基因序列鉴定这些菌株为奇异变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis)、嗜虫假单胞菌(Pseudomonas entomophila)、巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、蜡状芽胞杆菌(B.cereus)、惠州芽胞杆菌(B.huizhouensis)、地形变形杆菌(P.terrae)和粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)。盆栽试验...     

陇东旱作果园生草对土壤细菌群落组成的影响

以陇东旱塬13年生秦冠苹果园为对象,采用高通量测序技术分析鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)生草模式下0~10 cm土壤细菌群落及特异菌属组成特征,明晰生草覆盖后土壤细菌群落多样性变化规律,为陇东旱作果园建立最优生草管理方式提供依据。结果表明:3种生草模式下,土壤细菌群落中相对丰度前3位的菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(48%~52%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(14%~19%)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)(10%~17%);与对照相比,鸭茅、白三叶和紫花苜蓿处理土壤细菌β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)相对丰度分别增加19%~38%,黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)相对丰度分别增加31%~65%,土壤溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)相对丰度分别增加37%~93%,苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)相对丰度分别增加45%~52%;不同生草模式下土壤均发现特异菌属,梭菌属(Clostridium)出现在鸭茅模式中,该菌属促进土壤氮素积累;侏囊菌属(Nannocystis)存在于白三叶模式中,该菌属分布在有机质丰富环境中;芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)主要出现在种植白三叶和紫花苜蓿的土壤中,该菌属与植物固氮有较强关联性;果园生草后土壤细菌多样性有增加趋势,可以促进土壤有益特异菌属产生,从而起到调节土壤微环境的作用。     

东南极格罗夫山土壤可培养细菌的分离鉴定及其产胞外酶和抗菌活性北大核心CSCD

【目的】获得东南极格罗夫山地区土壤中可培养细菌组成信息,分析菌株胞外水解酶产生及抗菌活性情况。【方法】稀释直接涂布平板法获得可培养细菌菌株并根据其16S rRNA基因序列对其进行系统发育分析。平板法初步鉴定菌株的胞外酶产生情况,琼脂块法分析菌株对5种供试菌的抗性。【结果】所有土壤样品共分离出39株可培养细菌,分属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,19株,48.7%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,分属于α-、β-、γ-变形菌纲,共计10株,25.6%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,8株,20.5%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,1株,2.6%)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus,1株,2.6%)等5门20个菌属,优势菌属为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)。不同冻存温度的土壤样品分离菌株有所不同。33株细菌具有至少一种的胞外酶活力,其中产淀粉酶的菌株最多(25株,64.1%)。6株细菌可抑制至少一种供试菌的生长。【结论】格罗夫山土壤可培养细菌组成在大分类上与南极其他地区一致,但在属的水平上有所不同。分离出的具有胞外酶活性和抗菌活性的适冷菌株为进一步开发利用南极低温酶和抗菌活性物质提供了良好的菌种资源。     

植物乳杆菌PUM1785抑菌作用及耐胆盐和耐盐性能

目的通过分析植物乳杆菌PUM1785体外抑菌活性和部分耐受能力,为进一步研发乳杆菌微生态制剂提供理论和数据支持。方法以模式菌株WCSF1为对照株,采用双层琼脂点种法进行体外抑菌试验,并开展高胆盐、高盐环境耐受试验。结果植物乳杆菌PUM1785体外抑菌活性与模式菌株相近,对6种常见致病菌均有较强的抑制作用,对革兰阴性菌的抑菌效果优于革兰阳性菌。在不同浓度胆盐溶液中培养24 h后,2株乳杆菌生长均受抑制,当胆盐浓度从0 g/100 mL持续增至0.5 g/100 mL后,2株乳杆菌活菌数量呈下降趋势,但始终维持在10~5 CFU/mL数量级以上,并且PUM1785与WCSF1活菌数量比呈上升趋势;在不同浓度的NaCl溶液中培养24 h后,2株乳杆菌均生长良好,当NaCl浓度从0 g/100 mL升高到8 g/100 mL时,2株乳杆菌活菌数始终维持在10~8 CFU/mL数量级以上,并且PUM1785与WCSF1活菌数量比呈明显上升趋势。结论植物乳杆菌PUM1785具有与模式菌株相近的抑菌活性,对胆盐和高盐环境耐受力均强于模式菌株,表明PUM1785具有良好的生物学特性,可以作为微生态制剂研发的候选菌株。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌标记重组菌株的构建与杀虫基因水平转移

利用SOE法将构建的绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp和苏云金芽胞杆菌的杀虫晶体蛋白基因cry1Ac10的嵌合基因克隆到穿梭载体pAD4412上获得重组质粒pBMBZGC10,再通过电转化法导入苏云金芽胞杆菌无质粒突变株CryB中获得重组菌株CryB(pBMBZGC10).将重组菌株CryB(pBMBZGC10)的发酵液按30、60和90 ml共3个浓度梯度,菌数约为10.7～10.8·ml^-1,分次喷洒供试植株小白菜、蕹菜和番茄,结果表明,cry1Ac10基因没有向供试土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌转移,也未在供试植物根、茎和叶中检测到该基因.     

香石竹设施栽培根际土壤微生物区系的16S rRNA系统遗传多样性

【目的】针对香石竹设施栽培土传病害的生物防治技术研究,探讨其根际土壤微生物与枯萎病害的关联性。【方法】采集香石竹健康植株与枯萎病植株根际土壤,采用不同培养基进行分离、纯化,并对分离菌株提取基因组DNA,用其16S rRNA序列的通用引物进行PCR扩增,进行blast同源分析。【结果】从采集样品中分离出的菌株分布于细菌域(Bacteria)中的4个门(Phyla)共15个属(Genera),其中从健康植株组土壤中培养出65株菌,分布于9个属,并以芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、链霉菌(Streptomyces)及孢霉菌(Mortierella)为优势菌群;而枯萎病株组土样共培养出33株菌,分布于12个属,并且寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas)、鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、金黄杆菌(Chryseobacterium)、拟无枝菌酸菌(Amycolatopsis)及尖镰孢病原菌(Fusarium oxysporum)属的分离菌株仅从病株组土壤中分离到;分离菌株同源性在90%-98%的潜在新种(potential novel species)有13株。【结论】研究结果表明,根际土壤中真菌数与总菌数的百分比或Bacillus类群多样性的丰度,可作为评价区域香石竹种植土壤健康状况、栽培土壤演变及病害防治预测预报的参考指标。     

抗生素类作为防腐剂对苏云金杆菌芽孢及伴胞晶体的影响*

报道了 1 4种抗生素作为防腐剂对苏云金杆菌CH菌株芽孢萌发的抑制作用和对伴胞晶体的影响。结果表明 ,红霉素、盐酸环丙沙星对CH菌株芽孢萌发有较强的抑制作用 ,在 0 5μg/mL低剂量下可抑制芽孢的萌发 ;氧氟沙星和麦迪霉素抑制作用稍差 ,在 5μg/mL的剂量下抑制作用随时间延长而减弱 ,96h后基本丧失抑制作用。其它几种抗生素对苏云金杆菌芽孢萌发的抑制终浓度均在 30 μg/mL以上 ;SDS -PAGE分析和生物测定表明 ,红霉素、盐酸环丙沙、氧氟沙星和麦迪霉素对伴胞晶体均无明显损伤作用 ,其中氧     

多株功能菌种混合培养条件的响应面优化及其生长关系

对3种具有土壤中多种重金属污染修复和病虫害防治功能的光合细菌（Photosynthetic bacteria,PSB,包括Rhodobacter sphaeroides H菌株、Rhodopseudomonas palustris N菌株和Rhodospirillium rubrum M菌株）、枯草芽胞杆菌（Bacillus subtilis, BS）和植物乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum, LP）进行混合培养,利用单因素和响应面试验优化培养基配方以及培养条件。确定功能菌混合培养的最佳条件：以光合细菌培养基为基础培养基,外加碳源为10 g/L蔗糖、氮源为1.25 g/L硫酸铵、培养温度为31.5 ℃、初始pH值为7.1、接种量为接种后的初始培养活菌数1.90×10⁹cfu/mL、培养时间为28.0 h。通过功能菌的加性模型法、生长动力学以及混合培养的生长关系分析表明,光合细菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和植物乳酸杆菌的生长均存在互惠互利关系。     

一件出土饱水木漆器文物中可培养细菌的鉴定及对木材的腐蚀作用

【背景】饱水木质文物易受到微生物侵害,目前国外围绕饱水木质文物微生物病害已开展多方面研究,并取得阶段性进展,而国内在饱水木质文物微生物学技术方面的报道比较少。【目的】研究保藏水环境中出土饱水木漆器F446及水中细菌的种类,以及对木材的腐蚀作用。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因序列分析方法及生理生化试验,对饱水木漆器F446及水环境中细菌进行鉴定,并选取典型菌按5×10~8个/瓶菌量接种马尾松心材(悬于无菌自来水中),37°C培养120 d,测试木材的损失率。【结果】从F446文物和水样中分离的53株细菌中,21株被鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),为优势菌属,其中蜡样芽孢杆菌(B.cereus)19株,病研所芽孢杆菌(B.idriensis)和苏云金芽孢杆菌(B.thuringiensis)各1株;11株菌被鉴定为短杆菌属(Brevibacterium),此外还有4株短波单孢菌属(Brevundimonas),5株粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis),5株Altererythrobacter,2株水氏黄杆菌(Flavobacterium mizutaii);另外,还有解糖假苍白杆菌(Pseudochrobactrum saccharolyticum)、梭型芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis)、Leucobacter aridicollis、Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)菌株各1株。菌株A5、A6分别为类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus)和Altererythrobacter属中的疑似新种。从典型菌中选取15株菌回接木材进行腐蚀试验,结果显示,9株细菌与对照组比较存在极显著差异,说明这些菌对马尾松木材有一定的腐蚀作用,但是腐蚀率非常低,最高仅1.38%,表明这些细菌对试验木材马尾松腐蚀并不严重。【结论】F446木漆器文物样品中优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),水样中优势菌属依次为短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、短波单孢菌属(Brevundimonas)和Altererythrobacter。从F446木漆器文物和水样中分离出的细菌对木材的降解非常缓慢,短期内腐蚀作用有限。     

小龙虾肠道产木聚糖酶细菌的分离与鉴定

【背景】小龙虾肠道微生物是小龙虾降解纤维素和半纤维素的主要驱动力。【目的】研究肠道内细菌的相对丰度,为揭示肠道微生物在小龙虾纤维素降解过程中的作用提供理论支撑。【方法】采用纯培养法从小龙虾肠道筛选产木聚糖酶细菌,并且对小龙虾肠道细菌进行16S高通量测序。【结果】形态学和16SrRNA基因分子鉴定表明,筛选到的4株产木聚糖酶细菌均属于芽孢杆菌科芽孢杆菌属;结合进一步的生理生化特征鉴定,结果为:菌株Z-3为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),菌株Z-4为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),菌株Z-29为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),菌株Z-30为高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis);16S rRNA基因高通量测序结果表明:在属水平上,小龙虾肠道细菌主要是Candidatus Bacilloplasma、拟杆菌属、弧菌属、不动杆菌属、Dysgonomonas、Tyzzerella3、气单胞菌属和希瓦氏菌属细菌。【结论】小龙虾肠道内细菌资源丰富,且芽孢杆菌属细菌在木质纤维素降解过程中发挥一定功能。     

The Ecology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> on the Phylloplane: Colonization from Soil,Plasmid Transfer,and Interaction with Larvae of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pieris brassicae</Emphasis>

Seedlings of clover (Triflorium hybridum) were colonized by Bacillus thuringiensis when spores and seeds were co-inoculated into soil. Both a strain isolated in the vegetative form from the phylloplane of clover, 2810-S-4, and a laboratory strain, HD-1, were able to colonize clover to a density of about 1000 CFU/g leaf when seeds were sown in sterile soil and to a density of about 300 CFU/g leaf in nonsterile soil. A strain lacking the characteristic insecticidal crystal proteins produced a similar level of colonization over a 5-week period as the wild type strain, indicating that crystal production was not a mitigating factor during colonization. A small plasmid, pBC16, was transferred between strains of B. thuringiensis when donor and recipient strains were sprayed in vegetative form onto leaves of clover and pak choi (Brassica campestris var. chinensis). The rate of transfer was about 0.1 transconjugants/recipient and was dependent on the plant species. The levels of B. thuringiensis that naturally colonized leaves of pak choi produced negligible levels of mortality in third instar larvae of Pieris brassicae feeding on the plants. Considerable multiplication occurred in the excreted frass but not in the guts of living insects. Spores in the frass could be a source of recolonization from the soil and be transferred to other plants. These findings illustrate a possible cycle, not dependent on insect pathology, by which B. thuringiensis diversifies and maintains itself in nature.     

渭北旱塬苹果园地产量和深层土壤水分效应模拟

为了研究实时气象条件下渭北旱塬不同生长年限苹果园地产量变化趋势和深层土壤水分变化规律,在模型适用性与模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了1962—2001年期间洛川旱塬苹果园地产量演变动态和深层土壤水分效应。结果表明：(1) 在模拟研究期间,洛川旱塬4—40年生苹果园产量整体上呈波动性下降趋势,初期产量逐渐增加,11—23年生达到最大值(平均为28.8 t/hm2),之后随降水量年际波动呈现出明显的波动性降低趋势。(2) 40年间苹果园地遭受的干旱胁迫日数呈波动性上升趋势,与年降水量波动趋势相反。(3) 1—15年生期间苹果园地平均年耗水量高于同期年降水量,导致苹果园地0—10 m土层土壤强烈干燥化,逐月土壤有效含水量波动性降低,1—10年生、11—20年生和21—40年生期间发生土壤干燥化并且程度逐渐加剧,但干燥化速率逐渐减缓,土壤干燥化速率分别为95.4 mm/a、12 mm/a和1.5 mm/a。(4) 随生长年限的延长,苹果园地0—10 m土层土壤湿度逐渐降低、土壤干层分布深度逐渐加大,在14年生时超过了10 m,20年生以后2—10 m 土层形成稳定的土壤干层。因此,基于土壤水分利用的苹果生长与果园利用的合理年限为20 a,最长不宜超过23 a。     

Low Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis Serovar israelensis Spores in Four Mosquito Biotopes of a Salt Marsh in Southern France

We studied the persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (Bti) in a typical breeding site of the mosquito Ochlerotatus caspius in a particularly sensitive salt marsh ecosystem following two Bti-based larvicidal applications (Vectobac 12AS, 1.95 L/ha). The treated area was composed of four larval biotopes that differed in terms of the most representative plant species (Sarcocornia fruticosa, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Phragmites australis, and Juncus maritimus) and the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. We sampled water, soil, and plants at various times before and after the applications (from spring to autumn, 2001) and quantified the spores of B. thuringiensis (Bt) and Bacillus species. The B. cereus group accounted for between 0% and 20% of all Bacillus spp. before application depending on the larval biotope. No Bti were found before application. The variation in the quantity of bacilli during the mosquito breeding season depended more on the larval biotope than on the season or the larvicidal application. More bacilli were found in soil (10(4)-10(6) spores/g) than on plant samples (10(2)-10(4) spores/g). The abundance in water (10(5) to 10(7) spores/L) appeared to be correlated to the water level of the breeding site. The number of Bti spores increased just after application, after declining; no spores were detected in soil or water 3 months after application. However, low numbers of Bti spores were present on foliage from three of the four studied plant strata. In conclusion, the larvicidal application has very little impact on Bacillus spp. flora after one breeding season (two applications).     

Streptomycin Application Has No Detectable Effect on Bacterial Community Structure in Apple Orchard Soil

Streptomycin is commonly used to control fire blight disease on apple trees. Although the practice has incited controversy, little is known about its nontarget effects in the environment. We investigated the impact of aerial application of streptomycin on nontarget bacterial communities in soil beneath streptomycin-treated and untreated trees in a commercial apple orchard. Soil samples were collected in two consecutive years at 4 or 10 days before spraying streptomycin and 8 or 9 days after the final spray. Three sources of microbial DNA were profiled using tag-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes: uncultured bacteria from the soil (culture independent) and bacteria cultured on unamended or streptomycin-amended (15 μg/ml) media. Multivariate tests for differences in community structure, Shannon diversity, and Pielou''s evenness test results showed no evidence of community response to streptomycin. The results indicate that use of streptomycin for disease management has minimal, if any, immediate effect on apple orchard soil bacterial communities. This study contributes to the profile of an agroecosystem in which antibiotic use for disease prevention appears to have minimal consequences for nontarget bacteria.     

黄土塬区不同土地利用方式土壤水分消耗与补给变化特征

对黄土塬区不同土地利用方式下2012年3—10月7龄果园(挂果初期)、17龄果园(盛果期)、小麦地、玉米地土壤水文状况进行分析,结果显示,0—600 cm试验土层7龄果园土壤贮水量最高,其次为玉米地、小麦地,17龄果园最低,且不同土地利用方式下贮水量随着降水量的变化而上下波动,但其变化滞后于降水。不同土地利用方式均表现为随土壤深度增加土壤含水量变异程度减弱的特征,且其土壤剖面的水分含量变化存在季节变异。农田和7龄果园中不存在土壤干燥化现象,而17龄果园土壤剖面存在较厚的干燥化土层,其分布深度为320—600 cm。不同的土地利用方式的土壤水分的消耗和补充深度有较大差异,17龄果园消耗深度为500 cm,补充深度为200 cm;7龄果园、玉米地和小麦地消耗深度分别为200、300 cm和300 cm,且补充深度均超过了测定的土壤深度,大于600 cm。     

紫外线使苏云金芽孢杆菌伴孢晶体失活机理的研究

用电镜、电泳、生物鉴定等方法,研究了紫外线对苏云金芽孢杆菌库斯塔克变种的伴孢晶体的影响。结果表明,紫外线能破坏伴孢晶体的表面结构和形态,降低伴孢晶体在碱性液和蚕胃液中的溶解度,5小时以上的长时间照射,能导致伴孢晶体完全不溶,因而不能降解为具有杀虫活性的毒素蛋白而失活。     

Site-specific restriction endonuclease BtcI from Bacillus thuringiensis var. canadensis

Efficiency of bacteriophage Tp4 plating on Bacillus thuringiensis var. canadensis H5 (Can) is decreased 10(7)-fold as compared with the efficiency of plating on Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae H5 (Gal). Bacteriophage Tp4 having propagated for one cycle in Can cells might be further grown in this strain without restriction. The sitespecific restriction endonuclease BtcI isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis var. canadensis recognises the same nucleotide sequence GATC in DNA as recognised by restriction endonuclease Sau3A.     

Plasmid transfer between the Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and tenebrionis in laboratory culture and soil and in lepidopteran and coleopteran larvae

Plasmid transfer between Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD1 and B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis donor strains and a streptomycin-resistant B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki recipient was studied under environmentally relevant laboratory conditions in vitro, in soil, and in insects. Plasmid transfer was detected in vitro at temperatures of 5 to 37 degrees C, at pH 5.9 to 9.0, and at water activities of 0.965 to 0.995, and the highest transfer ratios (up to 10(-1) transconjugant/donor) were detected within 4 h. In contrast, no plasmid transfer was detected in nonsterile soil, and rapid formation of spores by the introduced strains probably contributed most to the lack of plasmid transfer observed. When a B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain was used as the donor strain, plasmid transfer was detected in killed susceptible lepidopteran insect (Lacanobia oleracea) larvae but not in the nonsusceptible coleopteran insect Phaedon chocleriae. When a B. thuringiensis subsp. tenerbrionis strain was used as the donor strain, no plasmid transfer was detected in either of these insects even when they were killed. These results show that in larger susceptible lepidopteran insects there is a greater opportunity for growth of B. thuringiensis strains, and this finding, combined with decreased competition due to a low initial background bacterial population, can provide suitable conditions for efficient plasmid transfer in the environment.     

Transformation of Bacillus thuringiensis by electroporation

Abstract A simple and reliable method of transforming Bacillus thuringiensis is described. This protocol, based on high-voltage electro-transformation (electroporation) in the presence of polyethylene glycol, allows introduction of plasmid DNA in most of the Bacillus thuringiensis strains tested. Efficiencies vary between 10² and 10⁵ transformants per μg DNA, depending on the strain or the replicon used.     

Solid state fermentation of broiler litter for production of biocontrol agents

Several varieties of heat-sterilized broiler litter with 60% (wet basis, wb) moisture content were substrate in solid-state fermentations to produce biocontrol agents. Litter varieties included litter produced by one flock of broilers from medicated and non-medicated controlled rations, and litter produced by two flocks and four flocks on a single application of bedding material from medicated commercial sources. Litter preparations were inoculated with monocultures of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis strain Buibui, a pathogen of Japanese beetle larvae (Popillia japonica), or Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79. B. thuringiensis did not grow in unextracted 1-flock litter nor in water extracted litter, but grew in methanol extracted litter to 5 x 10(10) cell forming units (CFU)/g litter (dry weight, dw) and a spore count of 1 x 10(10) CFU/g litter (dw). B. thuringiensis also grew in unprocessed 2-flock and 4-flock litter, achieving cell counts of 3 x 10(9) and 1 x 10(9) CFU/g litter (dw), respectively, and spore counts of 1 x 10(9) CFU/g litter (dw). P. fluorescens grew in medicated 1-flock litter with no extraction to a cell density greater than 4 x 10(11) CFU/g litter (dw). Bioassays in soil containing over 0.5% (db) litter fermented with B. thuringiensis resulted in over 90% mortality in 21 days for first instars of Japanese beetle when compared to a control treatment using compost without fermented litter. The investigations demonstrate that bacterial biocontrol agents produced via solid substrate fermentations using broiler poultry litter have potential in biocontrol applications in the soil environment.