甜菜（Beta vulearis L．）叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因Bt crylAc和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt／bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB／rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar基因为筛选标记基因．基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株．对转基因植株进行外源基因Bt crylAc和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明：外源基因Bt crylAc和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中．转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明：转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质．研究结果还表明：bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因．建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系．     

甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)叶绿体转化体系建立及抗虫和抗除草剂植株的获得

为建立外源基因甜菜叶绿体转化体系,利用分子生物学方法构建了包含有编码苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体蛋白基因Bt cry1Ac和编码膦丝菌素乙酰转移酶基因bar的甜菜叶绿体转化载体pSKARBt/bar,以甜菜叶绿体基因组中atpB/rbcL做同源片段,以甜菜叶绿体16S启动子和终止子为调控基因,以bar基因为筛选标记基因．基因枪法转化甜菜叶柄,经筛选获得抗性转基因植株．对转基因植株进行外源基因Bt cry1Ac和bar的PCR检测、DNA印迹分析,结果表明：外源基因Bt cry1Ac和bar确已导入到甜菜叶绿体基因组中．转基因植株除草剂抗性鉴定及其离体叶片虫试鉴定结果表明：转基因植株具有较强的杀虫活性和抗除草剂特性,表达了相应的蛋白质．研究结果还表明：bar基因在植物叶绿体转化中,既可以用作抗性基因,又可用作转化体筛选的标记基因．建立了甜菜叶绿体转化体系．     

定点整合抗虫基因到油菜叶绿体基因组并获得转基因植株

以基因枪法进行了油菜叶绿体基因组的定点转化,载体pNRAB携带抗壮观霉素的筛选标记基因aadA和抗虫基因cry1Aα10,基因的两侧被添加了可用于同源重组的叶绿体DNA序列,基因枪轰击过的油菜子叶柄经植株再生和壮观霉素筛选,获得了36株抗性植株,PCR检测和Southern杂交显示,其中4株的叶绿体基因组已被转化,外源基因已被定点整合进叶绿体基因组的rps7和ndhB基因之间。用转基因植株的叶片饲喂二龄小菜蛾,1周后幼虫死亡率达33%-47%,存活幼虫的生长明显减慢,转基因油菜的叶片受害较轻。     

油菜转抗草甘膦、抗虫基因获得双抗植株

以草甘膦为筛选剂,用农杆菌介导法将编码5-烯醇式丙酮酸莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶（EPSPS）的aroA—M12基因和编码苏云金杆菌毒蛋白的Btslm基因导入到甘蓝型油菜优良品种湘油15号中。在用草甘膦对转化体进行筛选的基础上．对转基因再生植株进行了PCR检测、Southern blot和Western blot分析．结果证明外源基因确已导入到该油菜品种中,而且表达了相应的蛋白。对转基因植株进行抗草甘膦、抗虫性鉴定的结果表明．转基因植株具有抗草甘膦、抗虫的双重特性。研究结果还表明抗草甘膦的aroA—M12基因在植物基因转化中,既可以用作抗除草剂基因,又可以代替常用的抗生素标记,用作植物筛选标记基因。     

同源重组置换衣藻叶绿体chlL基因及其同质化鉴定

设计以 aad A基因置换衣藻 chl L基因并作为转基因衣藻筛选标记 ,将 chl L基因两侧的基因片段 clp P- trn L- pet B- chl L5′- 3′作为同源片段 ,构建衣藻叶绿体同源重组质粒 p64D.通过改进的基因枪法转化程序 ,将此质粒轰击入衣藻叶绿体 .经抗性筛选、暗培养及 PCR、Southern- blotting等鉴定 ,证实衣藻叶绿体基因组中大部分 chl L结构基因已被外源基因 aad A所置换     

农杆菌介导籼稻优良恢复系bar基因的遗传转化研究

应用农杆菌介导转化体系,成功地将含有CaMv35s启动子启动的bar基因导入籼稻幼胚来源的愈伤组织,获得籼稻优良恢复系T461、R402和752三个品种（系）共47个抗除草剂Basta的转基因株系,Southem分析结果表明,转基因植株基因组中检测到bar基因的整合,转基因植株自交后代Basta除草剂抗性鉴定表现出分离,且大多数为1-2个整合位点的孟德尔方式遗传。结果表明,根癌农杆菌介导法可以有效且可靠地转化籼稻。     

用基因枪法将抗除草剂基因导入小麦栽培品种的研究

利用基因枪法将抗除草剂bar基因导入西南地区的 3个小麦栽培品种 ,共获得 7个转基因植株 ,转化频率在 0 .45 %～ 1 .2 %之间 ,转化周期缩短至 3个月左右。对抗性植株进行PCR和PCR_Southern杂交检测 ,初步确定bar基因已导入小麦基因组。做转基因植株叶片对除草剂PPT的抗性试验 ,有 4株呈抗性 ,3株呈部分抗性 ,表明bar基因已在小麦植株中得到表达。     

hpt与bar基因作为水稻转基因筛选标记的比较研究

标记基因的选择是影响植物遗传转化和转基因后代筛选成败的关键因素。hpt与bar作为两种常用的水稻转化筛选标记被广泛应用于水稻的转化。为比较两者在实际应用中的效果, 文章首先对比了在潮霉素和除草剂(Bialaphos)两种筛选剂下水稻遗传转化的情况。研究表明, hpt基因的转化筛选体系相对于bar基因在转化效率上提高近两倍, 转化周期提前至少10 d, 且插入基因拷贝数更低。随后, 文章分析了利用潮霉素浸种法在田间筛选转基因水稻的可行性, 研究显示当潮霉素浓度大于167 mg/L时, 可以对以水稻品种kitaake为亲本的转基因材料进行有效筛选, 达到常规除草剂的筛选效果。但与除草剂相比较, 潮霉素的田间筛选成本却处于劣势。文章研究和讨论了hpt和bar基因在遗传转化和后代田间筛选中的优缺点, 并提供了一种利用潮霉素浸种法筛选转基因后代阳性植株的手段, 为将来在水稻转基因研究工作中根据实际需求选择合适的遗传转化、筛选体系提供参考。     

抗菌肽B基因导入水稻及转基因植株的鉴定

构建了一个适合在水稻中表达的含有抗菌肽B基因的转化载体(pCB1),应用基因枪转化法将其导入水稻未成熟胚,获得了一些转基因水和植株.Basta抗性鉴定,抗菌肽B基因PCR扩增分析,点渍印迹和Southern印迹分析结果表明,选择标记基因(bar)和抗菌肽B基因都已整合入转化水稻基因组中,Northern印迹分析证实了抗菌肽B基因在RNA水平上的表达.转基因水稻植株增强了对水稻白叶枯病和细条病的抗性.     

高等植物叶绿体基因组的转化

介绍了高等植物叶绿体基因组转化技术的原理和优点,外源基因导入叶绿体基因组的方法,外源基因与叶绿体基因组的整合及其表达,常用的叶绿体基因组转化的筛选标记基因及其去除的研究进展.     

Biotechnology Applications for Sugar Beet

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important industrial crop, being one of only two plant sources from which sucrose (i.e., sugar) can be economically produced. Despite its relatively short period of cultivation (ca. 200 years), its yield and quality parameters have been significantly improved by conventional breeding methods. However, during the last two decades or so, advanced in vitro culture and genetic transformation technologies have been incorporated with classical breeding programs, the main aim being the production of herbicide-and salt-tolerant, disease- and pest-resistant cultivars. Among the many applications of in vitro culture techniques, sugar beet has benefited the most from haploid plant production, protoplast culture, and somaclonal variation and in vitro cell selection. Several genetic transformation technologies have been developed, such as Agrobacterium-meditated, PEG-mediated, particle bombardment, electroporation, sonication and somatic hybridization, the first two being the most successful. Development of herbicide- and salt-tolerant, virus-, pest/nematode-, fungus/Cercospora- and insect-resistant sugar beet has been demonstrated. However, only herbicide-tolerant varieties have been approved for commercialization but not yet available in the marketplace; rhizomania-resistant varieties are being evaluated in field trials. Transgenic plants that convert sucrose into fructan, a polymer of fructose, were also developed. Initial attempts to increase sucrose yields produced promising results, but it still requires additional work. Despite marked progress in improving regeneration and transformation of sugar beet, genotype dependence and low regeneration and transformation frequencies are still serious restrictions for routine application of in vitro culture and, more importantly, transformation technologies. Selected food safety and environmental impact, as well as regulatory and public acceptance issues relating to transgenic sugar beet are also discussed.     

Production of Regenerants in Sugar Beet

The experimental results are presented on production of plants-regenerants of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) via callus formation or direct organogenesis from the leaf tissues. The method of aseptic treatment was developed for the seeds with strong bacterial and fungal invasion. The regenerant plants were obtained in the presence of various concentrations of synthetic hormones, such as cytokinin (6-benzaminopurine) and auxin (naphthylacetic acid), and inhibitor of auxin transport in plants (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid). This combination of growth regulators made it possible to avoid callus formation. The genotype of initial plants affected the capacity for callus formation and regeneration. The temperature influenced rhizogenesis in regenerants.     

Sugar Beet Pectin–Protein Complexes

The physical structure of pectin extracted from fresh sugar beet has been examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The images obtained reveal that these extracts contain a mixture of pectin polysaccharides and protein–pectin complexes. The AFM data demonstrate, for the first time, that these protein–pectin complexes consist of pectin molecules with protein attached to one end of the pectin chain.     

Observations on Fertilization in Sugar Beet

The whole process of double fertilization in sugar beet has been observed, the main results are as follows: About 2 hours after pollination, the pollen grains germinate, the sperms in the pollen tube are long-oval. 15 hours after pollination, the pollen tube destroys a synergid and releases two sperms on one side or at the chalazal end of the egg cell. The sperms are spherical each having a cytoplasmic sheath. 17 hours after pollination, one sperm enters the egg cell, and the sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus rapidly. 21 hours after pollination, the zygote is formed. In the meantime, the primary endosperm nucleus has divided into two free endosperm nuclei. 25 hours after pollination, the zygote begins to divide, forming a two-celled proembryo. The dormancy stage of the zygote is about 4 hours. In the meantime the endosperm is at the stage of four free nuclei. 17 hours after pollination, the sperm nucleus comes into contact and fuses with the secondary nucleus. The sperm nucleus fuses with the secondary nucleus, faster than the sperm with the egg. he first division of the primary endosperm nucleus is earlier than that of the zygote, it takes place about 20 hours after pollination, the dormancy stage of the primary endosperm is about 2 hours. The endosperm is free nuclear. The fertilization of sugar beet belongs to premitotic type of syngamy. From the stage of zygote to the two-celled proembryo, it can be seen that addition- al sperms enter the embryo sac, but polyspermy has not been observed yet.     

Bacterial Microflora on Disinfected Sugar Beet Seeds

Sugar beet seeds disinfected with the carbofuran-containing insecticide adifur and the fungicide tachygaren by seed-producing firms were found to be abundantly populated with bacterial microflora. The bacteria isolated from the seed surface were identified to a species level. The selection of bacteria with respect to pesticide resistance may lead to the obtaining of agronomically useful bacterial strains.     

宁夏甜菜丛根病的研究

发生在宁夏甜菜上的一种病毒病的病株叶丛主要表现为黄化、焦桔和叶脉黄化坏死。从其分离的病毒粒子呈杆状,宽约20nm,长度为65—110nm、270—300nm和390—420nm,能侵染甜菜、菠菜、昆诺阿藜、苋色藜、番杏,与甜菜坏死黄脉病毒(BNYVV)抗血清呈阳性反应。综上所述,认为该病害是由BNYVV引起的。