血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽的研究进展

血管紧张素转化酶 (angiotensin I convertingenzyme ,ACE)在血压调节方面起着重要的作用 ,当其受到抑制时血压就会降低。许多合成的ACE抑制剂被广泛地应用于临床 ,但会造成多种副作用。近年来 ,对天然ACE抑制肽的研究表明 ,一些来源于蛋白酶解产生的活性肽可以对ACE起到有效的抑制作用。综述了血管紧张素转化酶的抑制肽的降压原理 ,种类和来源以及结构特点等的研究进展 ,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

肾素-血管紧张素系统的新调节分子:ACE2

血管紧张素转化酶（angiotensin—converting enzyme,ACE）为含锌的金属蛋白酶,是肾素-血管紧张素系统（renin—angiotensin system,RAS）重要的调节分子。血管紧张素转化酶2（angiotensin—con—verting enzyme2,ACE2）是迄今发现的唯一的ACE同系物（homologue）,它主要分布于睾丸、肾脏和心脏。ACE2可水解血管紧张素Ⅰ（angiotensinⅠ,AngⅠ）和血管紧张素Ⅱ（angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ）羧基端的1个氨基酸残基,分别形成Ang1-9和有血管舒张作用的Ang1-7。ACE2的生理病理作用还不甚明了,传统的ACE抑制剂不能抑制ACE2的活性。ACE2在心血管、肾脏系统的作用可能与ACE相反．与ACE共同调节心脏、肾脏等脏器的正常功能。     

类ACE抑制肽的合成及其活性分析

血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)通过作用于维持血压正常的肾素-血管紧张系统(rennin-angiotensin system, RAS)和激肽释放酶 激肽系统(kallikrein-kinin system, KKS),使其失衡导致血压升高．而ACE活性抑制肽可以竞争性地与ACE的活性中心结合,从而抑制ACE的活性,使血压降低．天然来源的ACE抑制肽与传统的降压药物相比效果较好,无毒副作用,对正常血压没有影响,对于高血压的治疗和人类健康具有重要意义. 本文以酪蛋白中提取的ACE活性抑制肽KVLPVP为先导肽,根据ACE抑制肽的结构特点,设计合成一系列的类ACE肽(similar ACE-like peptides). 利用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)直接测定其体外ACE抑制活性. 结果表明,当芳香性的氨基酸残基Phe、Tyr、His和疏水性Val残基位于C-端时会提高多肽的ACE抑制活性,尤其是His位于C 端时,ACE抑制活性更强. 通过对比先导肽与所合成的类ACE肽的ACE活性抑制率,可以发现,类ACE肽的ACE活性抑制率均高于先导肽．基于不同氨基酸残基位于C-端时对多肽的ACE抑制活性的研究,可以为降血压药物分子设计和筛选提供基础.     

ACE2及其特殊功能

血管紧张素转换酶2（angiotensin—converting enzyme 2,ACE2）是新发现的与血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）相关的羧肽酶,在肾素-血管紧张素系统（rennin-angiotensin system,RAS）中ACE2可以使AngⅡ转换为Ang1-7,从而产生与血管紧张素Ⅱ相反的效应,同时ACE2还可使Ang I转换为Ang1-9。研究发现：ACE2与高血压、SARS以及肾脏、生殖等系统的疾病有着密切的关系。     

螺旋藻源血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽的纯化和鉴定

血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂通过影响肾素-血管紧张素系统,对减缓和抑制高血压具有重要的作用.该研究通过超滤、凝胶过滤色谱、反相高效液相色谱等方法,从钝顶螺旋藻的木瓜蛋白酶水解液中分离、纯化得到一种血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制肽,并利用基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)和氨基酸测序对纯化肽进行鉴定.此外,对其抑制类型和体外模拟消化环境稳定性也进行了研究.结果表明,分子质量范围为0～3000ku的酶解液ACE抑制活性最高,IC50值为(1.03±0.04)g/L.该部分酶解液通过纯化获得ACE抑制肽,IC50值为(0.0094±0.0002)g/L,相当于(27.36±0.14)μmol/L,序列经鉴定为Val-Glu-Pro.Lineweaver-Burk图和Dixon图表明该ACE抑制肽为非竞争性抑制剂,Ki值为(23.59±0.54)μmol/L.体外稳定性实验显示,该抑制肽在胃蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶等胃肠蛋白酶的消化下能够保持良好的抑制活性,表明螺旋藻源ACE抑制肽可以用于降血压功能食品和药剂方面,具有很好的发展前景.     

血管紧张素转换酶2调节肺肾素血管紧张素系统减轻肢体缺血再灌注诱导的急性肺损伤

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin converting enzyme 2,ACE2)对小鼠肢体缺血再灌注诱导的急性肺损伤的保护作用和机制。方法雄性野生型和ACE2转基因(过表达ACE2基因) ICR小鼠随机分为6组(n=18):野生对照组、野生模型组、ACE2对照组、ACE2模型组、ACE2模型+A779干预组和ACE2模型+MLN-4760干预组。采用橡皮筋结扎双侧后肢根部的方法建立急性肺损伤模型(缺血2 h,再灌注4 h)。HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化;肺组织脏器系数、湿/干重比、支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)细胞计数和蛋白浓度检测肺组织含水量和肺泡毛细血管通透性;酶联免疫吸附法检测BALF中白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α),以及肺组织血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensin Ⅱ,Ang Ⅱ)/Ang-(1-7)的浓度。qRT-PCR法分析肺组织ACE/ACE2的mRNA表达。Western Blot法检测肺组织ACE/ACE2和AT1/Mas受体的蛋白表达。结果与野生模型组相比,过表达ACE2基因可减轻肺组织病变,降低肺泡毛细血管通透性,降低BALF炎性细胞因子表达,逆转肺组织肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin angiotensin system,RAS)稳态失衡。而且ACE2的这些保护作用被特异性ACE2抑制剂MLN-4760和Mas受体阻断剂A779所消除。结论 ACE2可通过ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas轴改善肺组织局部RAS稳态失衡减轻急性肺损伤。     

大白口蘑生物学特性的观察

<正>大白口蘑Tricholoma giganteum Massee,是一种大型簇生的食、药用真菌(Chang & Mao,1995)。从大白口蘑菌丝发酵液中分离出的多糖蛋白复合物(PSPC)具有抗癌活性并能提高免疫反应(Liu et al．, 2000)。其子实体中含有angiotensin I-converting enzyme血管紧张素Ⅰ转变酶(ACE)抑制肽,该抑制肽作为一种主要抑制物能竞争性抑制ACE的活性,因此具有抗高血压的药效(Lee et al．,2004)。子实体中     

食品蛋白质中血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽的研究

血管紧张素转化酶Ⅰ (angiotensinIconvertingenzyme ,简称ACE)在人体血压调节过程中起重要的生理作用。源于食品蛋白质中的血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽 (angiotensinIconvertingenzymeinhibitorypeptides ,简称ACEIP)有明显的降血压作用 ,这些肽是通过抑制ACE的活性起降血压作用。文章中综述了来源于各种食品蛋白质的ACEIP的最新研究进展以及两种主要制备方法和评价方法 ,并对食品蛋白质中ACEIP的应用前景进行了展望     

血管紧张素转换酶2对心脏作用的研究进展

血管紧张素转换酶2作为肾素—血管紧张素系统的新成员,对心脏功能及心脏节律发挥着重要的调节作用。缺乏ACE2会造成心功能的下降,原因可能是心肌慢性缺氧、血管紧张素Ⅱ水平的提高、血管紧张素(1-7)对心脏保护作用的缺失以及其他肽类底物的增加。但同时ACE2的过度表达又会引起心脏传导紊乱和致死性的心律失常。因此,ACE2精确的生理作用有待进一步明确,但调节ACE2的活性可能为心血管疾病的治疗提出了新的思路。本文主要介绍了ACE2的分布与特性,及其对心功能及心脏节律的影响。     

作为肾素-血管紧张素系统调节器和SARS病毒受体的人血管紧张素转换酶2

人血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)是目前已知的惟一的人血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)的同源物,是一种新型的金属羧肽酶,很多特性与ACE截然不同.ACE2在肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)中具有独特的作用,调节心脏功能和机体血压.最近ACE2被鉴定为SARS病毒的功能受体.ACE2已经成为目前药物研发的新靶点.对ACE2的认识才刚刚开始,有待进-步深入研究.     

Selective inhibition of the C-domain of angiotensin I converting enzyme by bradykinin potentiating peptides

Somatic angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) contains two functional active sites. Up to now, most of the studies aimed at characterizing the selectivity of inhibitors toward the two ACE active sites relied on the use of ACE mutants containing a single functional active site. By developing new fluorogenic synthetic substrates of ACE, we demonstrated that inhibitor selectivity can be assessed directly by using somatic ACE. This useful screening approach led us to discover that some bradykinin potentiating peptides turned out to be selective inhibitors of the C-domain of ACE. The peptide pGlu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Pro-Arg-Pro-Lys-Ile-Pro-Pro, with K(i)(app) values of 30 nM and 8 microM, respectively, for the C- and N-domain of ACE, is to our knowledge the most highly selective C-domain inhibitor of ACE so far reported. Inhibitors able to block selectively either the N- or C-domain of ACE will represent unique tools to probe the function of each domain in the regulation of blood pressure or other physiopathological events involving ACE activity.     

Angiotensin converting enzyme (kininase II). Molecular and physiological aspects]

The angiotensin I-converting enzyme (kininase II, ECA) is a membrane bound enzyme anchored to the cell membrane through a single transmembrane domain located near its carboxyterminal extremity. Secretion of ACE by the cell occurs most likely as a result of a posttranslational cleavage of the membrane anchor and intracellular region. The ACE molecule is organized into two large highly homologous domains, each bearing consensus sequences for zinc binding in metallopeptidases. Site directed mutagenesis allowed to establish that both domains bear in fact a functional active site, able to convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II and to hydrolyze bradykinin or substance P. The two active sites of ACE, however, do not display the same sensitivity to anion activation (the C terminal active site being more chloride activatable) and also differs in kinetic parameters for peptide hydrolysis. The C terminal active site can hydrolyze faster angiotensin I and substance P and the N terminal active site is able to perform a peculiar endoproteolytic cleavage of an in vitro substrate of ACE, the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Both active sites bind with a high affinity, competitive inhibitors but the Kd of the reaction can vary up to 10 between the two active sites. All together, these observations suggest that ACE contains two active sites, whose structure is not exactly identical. They may have a different substrate specificity, however this remains speculative at the present time. Concerning the regulation of ACE gene expression in man, population studies indicated that the large interindividual variability in plasma ACE levels is genetically determined. An insertion/deletion polymorphism located in an intron of ACE gene is associated with differences in the level of ACE in plasma and cells. The physiological and clinical implications of these observations is discussed.     

Characterization of the first angiotensin-converting like enzyme in bacteria: Ancestor ACE is already active

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a metallopeptidase that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. ACE is crucial in the control of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis and fertility in mammals. In vertebrates, both transmembrane and soluble ACE, containing one or two active sites, have been characterized. So far, only soluble, single domain ACEs from invertebrates have been cloned, and these have been implicated in reproduction in insects. Furthermore, an ACE-related carboxypeptidase was recently characterized in Leishmania, a unicellular eukaryote, suggesting the existence of ACE in more distant organisms. Interestingly, in silico databank analysis revealed that bacterial DNA sequences could encode putative ACE-like proteins, strikingly similar to vertebrates' enzymes. To gain more insight into the bacterial enzymes, we cloned the putative ACE from the phytopathogenic bacterium, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, named XcACE. The 2 kb open reading frame encodes a 672-amino-acid soluble protein containing a single active site. In vitro expression and biochemical characterization revealed that XcACE is a functional 72 kDa dipeptidyl-carboxypeptidase. As in mammals, this metalloprotease hydrolyses angiotensin I into angiotensin II. XcACE is sensitive to ACE inhibitors and chloride ions concentration. Variations in the active site residues, highlighted by structural modelling, can account for the different substrate selectivity and inhibition profile compared to human ACE. XcACE characterization demonstrates that ACE is an ancestral enzyme, provoking questions about its appearance and structure/activity specialisation during the course of evolution.     

Structure and physiological importance of angiotensin converting enzyme domains

Somatic angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) consists of two homologous catalytic domains (N- and C-domain), exhibiting different biochemical properties. The catalytically active ACE isoforms consisted of just one domain have been also detected in mammals. Substantial progress in ACE domain research was achieved during the last years, when their crystal structures were determined. The crystal structures of domains in complex with diverse potent ACE inhibitors provided new insights into structure-based differences of the domain active sites. Physiological functions of ACE are not limited by regulation of the cardiovascular system. Recent evidence suggests that the ACE domains may be also involved into control of different physiological functions. The C-terminal catalytic domain plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure: it catalyzes angiotensin I cleavage in vivo. The N-domain contributes to the processing of other bioactive peptides for which it exhibits high affinity. The role of the N-domain is not ultimately associated with functioning of the rennin-angiotensin system and it contributes processing of other bioactive peptides for which it exhibits high affinity (goralatide, luliberin, enkephalin heptapeptide, beta-amyloid peptide). Domain-selective inhibitors selectively blocking either the N- or C-domain of ACE have been developed.     

Functional conservation of the active sites of human and Drosophila angiotensin I-converting enzyme

Human somatic angiotensin I-converting enzyme (sACE) has two active sites present in two homologous protein domains, resulting from a tandem gene duplication. It has been proposed that the N- and C-terminal active sites can have specific in vivo roles. In Drosophila melanogaster, Ance and Acercode for two ACE-like single-domain proteins, also predicted to have distinct physiological roles. We have investigated the relationship of Ance and Acer to the N- and C-domains of human sACE by genomic sequence analysis and by using domain-selective inhibitors, including RXP 407, a selective inhibitor of the human N-domain. These phosphinic peptides were potent inhibitors of Acer, but not of Ance. We conclude that the active sites of the N-domain and of Acer share structural features that permit the binding of the unusual RXP407 inhibitor and the hydrolysis of a broader range of peptide structures. In comparison, Ance, like the human C-domain of ACE, displays greater inhibitor selectivity. From the analysis of the published sequence of the Adh region of Drosophila chromosome 2, which carries Ance, Acer, and four additional ACE-like genes, we also suggest that this functional conservation is reflected in an ancestral gene structure identifiable in both protostome and deuterostome lineages and that the duplication seen in vertebrate genomes predates the divergence of these lineages. The conservation of ACE enzymes with distinct active sites in the evolution of both vertebrate and invertebrate species provides further evidence that these two kinds of active sites have different physiological functions.     

The two homologous domains of human angiotensin I-converting enzyme are both catalytically active.

Molecular cloning of human endothelial angiotensin I-converting enzyme (kininase II; EC 3.4.15.1) (ACE) has recently shown that the enzyme contains two large homologous domains (called here the N and C domains), each bearing a putative active site, identified by sequence comparisons with the active sites of other zinc metallopeptidases. However, the previous experiments with zinc or competitive ACE inhibitors suggested a single active site in ACE. To establish whether both domains of ACE are enzymatically active, a series of ACE mutants, each containing only one intact domain, were constructed by deletion or point mutations of putative critical residues of the other domain, and expressed in heterologous Chinese hamster ovary cells. Both domains are enzymatically active and cleave the C-terminal dipeptide of hippuryl-His-Leu or angiotensin I. Moreover, both domains have an absolute zinc requirement for activity, are activated by chloride and are sensitive to competitive ACE inhibitors, and appear to function independently. However, the two domains display different catalytic constants and different patterns of chloride activation. At high chloride concentrations, the C domain hydrolyzes the two substrates tested faster than does the N domain. His-361,365 and His-959,963 are established as essential residues in the N and C domains, respectively, most likely involved in zinc binding, and Glu-362 in the N domain and Glu-960 in the C domain are essential catalytic residues. These observations provide strong evidence that ACE possesses two independent catalytic domains and suggest that they may have different functions.     

Inhibitor analysis of angiotensin I-converting and kinin-degrading activities of bovine lung and testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Inhibition of bovine lung and testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by some well-known ACE inhibitors (lisinopril, captopril, enalapril), new substances (Nalpha-carboxyalkyl dipeptides PP-09, PP-35, and PP-36), and phosphoramidon was investigated using Cbz-Phe-His-Leu and FA-Phe-Phe-Arg (C-terminal analogs of angiotensin I and bradykinin, respectively) as the substrates. The somatic (two domains) and testicular (single domain) isoenzymes demonstrated different kinetic parameters for hydrolysis of these substrates. All of the inhibitors were competitive inhibitors of both ACE isoforms, and the Ki values were substrate-independent. The relative potencies of the inhibitors for both enzymes were: lisinopril > captopril > PP-09 > enalapril > PP-36 > PP-35 > phosphoramidon. The inhibition efficiency of PP-09 was comparable with those of the well-known ACE inhibitors. Captopril was more effectively bound to the somatic ACE (Ki = 0.5 nM) than to the testicular isoform (Ki = 6.5 nM).     

A calorimetric study of the binding of lisinopril, enalaprilat and captopril to angiotensin-converting enzyme

The angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE; EC.3.4.15.1) is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that plays a central role in blood pressure regulation. The somatic form of the enzyme is composed of two highly similar domains, usually referred to as N and C domains, each containing one active site. Nevertheless, a 1:1 stoichiometry for the binding of lisinopril, captopril or enalaprilat to somatic pig lung ACE is shown by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and enzymatic assays. The binding of the three inhibitors at neutral pH is very tight and the enthalpy changes are positive, indicating that the binding is entropically driven. The origin of this thermodynamic signature is discussed under the new structural information available.     

The structure of testis angiotensin-converting enzyme in complex with the C domain-specific inhibitor RXPA380

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is central to the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system and is a key therapeutic target for combating hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. Currently available drugs bind both active sites of its two homologous domains, although it is now understood that these domains function differently in vivo. The recently solved crystal structures of both domains (N and C) open the door to new domain-specific inhibitor design, taking advantage of the differences between these two large active sites. Here we present the first crystal structure at a resolution of 2.25 A of testis ACE (identical to the C domain of somatic ACE) with the highly C-domain-specific phosphinic inhibitor, RXPA380. Testis ACE retains the same conformation as seen in previously determined inhibitor complexes, but the RXPA380 central backbone conformation is more similar to that seen for the inhibitor captopril than enalaprilat. The RXPA380 molecule occupies more subsites of the testis ACE active site than the previously determined inhibitors and possesses bulky moieties that extend into the S2' and S2 subsites. Thus the high affinity of RXPA380 for the testis ACE/somatic ACE C domain is explained by the interaction of these bulky moieties with residues unique to these domains, specifically Phe 391, Val 379, and Val 380, that are not found in the N domain. The characterization of the extended active site and the binding of a potent C-domain-selective inhibitor provide the first structural data for the design of truly domain-specific pharmacophores.