Treatment of vesicoureteric reflux by endoscopic injection of Teflon.

Thirteen girls with grade III-V vesicoureteric reflux were treated by endoscopic injection of Teflon paste behind the intravesical ureter. Fourteen of the 18 treated ureters showed complete absence of reflux after one injection of Teflon. Three ureters required a second injection of Teflon for successful treatment of the reflux. One ureter with grade IV reflux was converted to grade II reflux. Properly carried out, this procedure corrects reflux. It takes less than 15 minutes, may be done as a day procedure, and avoids open surgery. There have been no complications.     

Management of vesicoureteral reflux

Four cases of vesicoureteral reflux are discussed by prominent pediatric urologists. The condition can range from minimal reflux into the distal ureter to massive reflux causing tortuosity of the ureter and hydronephrosis. Treatment options range from medical management to tapering of the ureter with reimplantation. The cross-trigonal technique is popular among pediatric urologists, and the Politano-Leadbetter technique is a very successful technique that has stood the test of time. The extravesical approach to ureteral reimplantation reduces morbidity, shortens hospital stays, reduces medical costs, and maintains the high success rates of the intravesical techniques. Subureteric injection of bulking agents to correct the reflux holds promise as an alternative to open surgery, but presents the challenge of identifying the ideal bulking agent.     

Computer assisted laparoscopic pneumovesical ureter reimplantation a.m. Cohen: initial experience in a pig model

To assess the feasibility of a new variant of laparoscopic Cohen cross-trigonal ureter reimplantation in vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) using telesurgical equipment. VUR was induced in 8 female pigs by transurethral unroofing of the ureteric orifices. Three months later the reflux was verified by a cystography. A cross-trigonal ureter reimplantation a.m. Cohen was performed by laparoscopic access to the bladder using the da Vinci telesurgical system. The 12 mm camera port was placed below the umbilicus, two 8 mm working ports for the robotic system were placed lateral to the rectus muscles and an additional port for assistance between camera and right working port. The outcome was assessed 3 months later by a new cystography. The operative time for a single reimplantation varied from 45 to 90 minutes. In all pigs the reflux disappeared after the procedure, which was complicated by a postoperative port hernia in two animals. Laparoscopic transvesical ureter reimplantation using telesurgical equipment is a feasible method in the few cases this procedure is indicated. The advantage of the robotic equipment is the better access to submucosal tunneling of the ureter and the intravesical suturing of the anastomosis indicated by shorter operative time and success rates similar to the open procedure.     

The clinical response of gnotobiotic calves, pigs and lambs to inoculation with human, calf, pig and foal rotavirus isolates

The infectivity, pathogenicity and immunogenicity of 5 human, 6 calf, 2 pig and 2 foal rotavirus isolates were studied in gnotobiotic calves, piglets and lambs. Three of the human isolated produced subclinical infection in newborn gnotobiotic piglets and the piglets developed neutralising antirotavirus antibody. When challenged with pig rotavirus 2 weeks later, the piglets did not develop diarrhoea, but rotavirus was detected in the faeces. In contrast, piglets inoculated with the other 2 human isolates failed to show evidence of infection and there was no specific antibody detected. These piglets developed diarrhoea when challenged 2 weeks later with pig rotavirus. The 4 human isolated failed to infect gnotobiotic calves an lambs.     

Relationship of Infantile Vesicoureteric Reflux to Renal Damage

A group of patients known to have had vesicoureteric reflux of varying severity in infancy were followed up over a period of five years. Gross vesicoureteric reflux was found to be accompanied by a high incidence of initial and progressive renal damage. Progressive renal damage was not found in infants showing moderate or slight reflux.     

Syncro-mate B induces estrus in ovariectomized cows and heifers

Eleven ovariectomized Hereford x Simmental cows and 10 ovariectomized crossbred heifers (primarily Angus and Hereford) were given the Syncro-Mate B (SMB) estrous synchronization treatment. The SMB treatment consisted of a 2 ml i.m. injection containing 5 mg of estradiol valerate and 3 mg of norgestomet plus a hydron ear implant containing 6 mg of norgestomet. The ear implant was removed 9 d later. Cows and heifers were considered in estrus only if they stood for mounting by a herdmate or a bull. Observations for estrus were made four or six times each day for 3 d after implant removal. The 21 animals were used in eight trials. Each trial involved 9 or 11 cows or 5 or 10 heifers. Four days to three weeks elapsed between implant removal and implant insertion for the next trial. No ovariectomized cow or heifer was observed in estrus for 21 d before treatment with SMB. In the eight trials, 3 of 9, 7 of 9 and 6 of 11 cows exhibited estrus, whereas 5 of 10, 1 of 5, 3 of 5, 3 of 5 and 5 of 5 heifers exhibited estrus after treatment. When data were pooled, 16 of 29 (55.2%) cows and 17 of 30 (56.7%) heifers exhibited estrus after treatment. Our data indicate that the SMB treatment can induce estrus in cows and heifers, independently of the ovaries.     

Presence of 22-kDa protein reacting with sera in piglets experimentally infected with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

In order to examine the effect of spectinomycin on outbreaks of swine dysentery, experimental infection of piglets with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was carried out. Feed with and without spectinomycin (SP) was given to each piglet ad libitum and the susceptibility of the piglets to infection with B. hyodysenteriae was compared between SP-treated and untreated piglets. The results showed that the SP-treated piglets did not display clinical signs of swine dysentery unlike the untreated piglets. The sera obtained from these piglets were examined by the microscopic agglutination test and antibodies to B. hyodysenteriae in both groups of experimentally infected piglets were detected and the reaction was serogroup-specific. The agglutination titers were very high in the untreated piglets with dysentery while the titers in the SP-treated piglets were lower than those in the untreated piglets. In addition, the immunoblotting technique was applied and the results demonstrated that 22- and 17-kDa proteins in strain ATCC 31212 (serogroup B) reacted strongly with the sera from the untreated piglets but not with the sera from the SP-treated piglets. The 22- and 17-kDa proteins also reacted with strain ATCC 27164 (serogroup A) which belongs to a different serogroup. The 22- and 17-kDa proteins were also confirmed in six other strains of B. hyodysenteriae which belong to six different serogroups. These proteins were sensitive to proteinase K. These results indicate that the 22- and 17-kDa proteins are common to eight strains of B. hyodysenteriae which differ serologically from each other.     

Neonatal outcome of fetuses with urinary tract abnormalities diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography.

Between 1979 and 1986 an abnormality of the urinary tract was diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound examination in 93 fetuses. Postnatal investigation at a large teaching hospital showed a definite abnormality in 85 infants, 66 of whom were boys. An obstructed urinary tract, usually requiring surgery, was present in 46 infants. Other abnormalities included a multicystic kidney (in 15 infants), vesicoureteric reflux (in 9), prune-belly syndrome (in 5) and polycystic kidneys (in 5). Early recognition and treatment of urinary tract disorders in infants should be accompanied by informed prenatal counselling to minimize parents'' anxiety.     

小型猪慢性胰腺炎模型的建立

目的建立小型猪慢性胰腺炎（CP）模型。方法西双版纳小型猪28头,随机分两组,6头为正常对照．22头经剖腹行胰管不全结扎。术后2～12周处死取出胰腺,同时取出正常组胰腺行组织学检查,进行病理分期,观察分期与喂养周数间关系。结果胰管结扎的22头小猪存活18头,15头胰腺体尾部形成CP,成功率68．2％。CP严重程度随胰管结扎后喂养周数增加而增加（r=0．39,P〈0．05）。结论小型猪胰管部分结扎能形成CP．其严重程度与胰管结扎后喂养周数间呈部分相关关系。     

Attempts to enhance production of porcine chimeras from embryonic germ cells and preimplantation embryos

Porcine embryonic germ (EG) cells share common features with porcine embryonic stem (ES) cells, including morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity and capacity for in vitro differentiation. Porcine EG cells are also capable of in vivo development by producing chimeras after blastocyst injection; however, the proportion of injected embryos that yield a chimera and the proportion of cells contributed by the cultured cells in each chimera are too low for practical use in genetic manipulation. Moreover, somatic, but not germ-line chimerism, has been reported from blastocyst injection using porcine ES or EG cells. To test whether efficiency of chimera production from blastocyst injection can be improved upon by changing the host embryo, we used as host embryos four groups according to developmental stage or length in culture: fresh 4-cell and 8-cell stage embryos subsequently cultured into blastocysts, fresh morulae, fresh blastocysts, and cultured blastocysts. Injection and embryo transfer of fresh and cultured blastocysts produced similar percentages of live piglets (17% versus 19%). Four piglets were judged to have a small degree of pigmentation chimerism, but microsatellite analysis failed to confirm chimerism in these or other piglets. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for detection of the porcine SRY gene in female piglets born from embryos injected with male EG cells identified six chimeras, at least one, but not more than two, from each treatment. Chimerism was confirmed in two putative pigmentation chimeras and in four piglets without overt signs of chimerism. The low percentage of injected embryos that yielded a chimera and the small contribution by EG cells to development of each confirmed chimera indicated that procedural changes in how EG cells were combined with host embryos were unsuccessful in increasing the likelihood that porcine EG cells will participate in embryonic development. Alternatively, our results suggested that improvements are needed in EG cell isolation and culture procedures to ensure in vitro maintenance of EG cell developmental capacity.     

Dysphonia Due to Unilateral Nerve Paralysis—Treatment by the Intracordial Injection of Synthetics—A Preliminary Report

The injection treatment of unilateral recurrent vocal cord nerve paralysis, successfully performed 40 years ago with paraffin, has recently been reintroduced with non-reactive synthetics. Improvement in the voice far and above that which can be achieved by voice therapy or any practicable surgical procedure has been demonstrated by several investigators. The technique is relatively simple, and there are no significant untoward reactions. Judging from experimental and clinical studies with these inert materials when introduced into other parts of the body, adverse long range effects are not likely to occur in the larynx.Eleven of 12 patients treated by injection of silicone or Teflon paste had substantial improvement in vocal quality and strength. Silicone was absorbed slowly from the injection site and the improvement was not enduring; when Teflon was used, it stayed at the site and the improvement was sustained.     

Orbital floor reconstruction using calcium phosphate cement paste: an animal study

Orbital floor defects were created in 10 New Zealand white rabbits and were reconstructed using an injectable calcium phosphate paste. These animals were euthanized at 2, 4, 8, and 12 months after implantation and were examined for biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Grossly, implants were found to be adherent to the floor and covered with fibrous tissues. There was no sign of infection, extrusion, or migration of implant within the orbit and maxilla. The orbital floor was completely restored. Histological examination showed active new bone formation that encroached within the implant and gradually increased in density with time. Maxillary mucosa and glands were likewise reconstituted. Thin fibrovascular tissues were seen on top of and within the surface of the implant, and few to slight inflammatory cells were seen. Microradiography showed direct apposition between the new bone and the implant. These findings compare favorably with previously published reports on the biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of calcium phosphate cement. The authors believe that, together with ease of use and structural integrity, calcium phosphate paste can be useful in orbital floor reconstruction.     

Vitamin D Supplementation Enhances the Fixation of Titanium Implants in Chronic Kidney Disease Mice

Vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency is a common condition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients that negatively affects bone regeneration and fracture healing. Previous study has shown that timely healing of titanium implants is impaired in CKD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Vit D supplementation on implant osseointegration in CKD mice. Uremia was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in C57BL mice. Eight weeks after the second renal surgery, animals were given 1,25(OH)₂D₃ three times a week intraperitoneally for four weeks. Experimental titanium implants were inserted into the distal end of femurs two weeks later. Serum measurements confirmed decreased 1,25(OH)₂D levels in CKD mice, which could be successfully corrected by Vit D injections. Moreover, the hyperparathyroidism observed in CKD mice was also corrected. X-ray examination and histological sections showed successful osseointegration in these mice. Histomorphometrical analysis revealed that the bone-implant contact (BIC) ratio and bone volume (BV/TV) around the implant were significantly increased in the Vit D-supplementation group. In addition, resistance of the implant, as measured by a push-in method, was significantly improved compared to that in the vehicle group. These results demonstrate that Vit D supplementation is an effective approach to improve the fixation of titanium implants in CKD.     

Capsule injection for the prevention of contracture

From 1990 through 1999, 164 patients with prior augmentation mammaplasty underwent implant removal by the author, and 128 of the patients had the implants replaced. Of that group, 86 were noted on preoperative examination to have capsule contracture of grade III or IV. Patients with preoperative capsule contracture were offered the option of a postoperative injection of triamcinolone intended to prevent recurrent contracture. Patients who elected to have replacement with gel-filled implants were excluded. A total of 48 patients underwent injection of triamcinolone 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. Of the remaining 38 patients, 12 were not offered injection because they selected gel-filled implants and 26 declined injection. Follow-up ranged from 8 months to 10 years (mean, 46 months), and no patient was followed up for less than 8 months. Of the 48 patients who received injections, two developed recurrent contracture, one at 3 years and one at 4.5 years. Of the 26 patients who declined injection, eight had recurrent contracture (three bilateral) within 12 months. These data suggest that in this high-risk group of patients, a postoperative injection of triamcinolone can reduce the risk of recurrent contracture.     

Pathological study of Streptococcus faecalis antigen-induced arthritis in New Zealand white rabbits

The pathological examination of the rabbit knee joint with antigen-induced arthritis produced by heat-killed Streptococcus faecalis (Str. faec.) as antigen was carried out. Macroscopically, there were findings of acute inflammation about five hours after the injection. Histopathologically, very remarkable acute exudative inflammation was seen 48 hours later. This supported the picture of Arthus reaction. The Arthus reaction disappeared with time, and this supported the view of delayed-type hypersensitivity three weeks later. After that, an obvious chronic inflammation was admitted in 10 weeks. This resembled the histopathological feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) when these findings are summarized. It was suggested that arthritis produced by Str. faec. progresses from an acute condition to a one with time. As mentioned above, it thought that Arthus reaction of both immediate hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity are necessary in the occurrence of this arthritis.     

Response of performance characteristics and fecal consistency to long-lasting dietary supplementation with the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var. toyoi to sows and piglets

As part of an interdisciplinary research project, we studied the performance response of sows and their litters to the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var. toyoi as well as feces consistency of piglets. Gestating sows (n=26) were randomly allotted into two groups. The probiotic B. cereus var. toyoi was administered by dietary supplementation to one group of sows and their respective litters (probiotic group) whereas the second group (control group) received no probiotic supplementation. The duration of the application was nearly 17 weeks for sows (day 90 ante partum until day 28 post partum) and six weeks for piglets (day 15-56). Piglets were weaned after 28 days. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly and fecal consistency of weaned piglets was studied daily. B. cereus var. toyoi was recovered from feces of sows and piglets as well as from digesta of piglets in the probiotic group, while being absent from all samples of control animals. In addition, the probiotic was detected in piglet feces and digesta before pre-starter feed was offered, indicating a second route of uptake besides diet. Sows of the probiotic group nursed numerically more piglets and supported a higher sum of total nursing days of all piglets within each litter than control sows (p = 0.04). In turn, body weight (BW) up to day 35 was greater for control piglets (p < 0.01), while average daily gain and gain to feed ratio (G:F) in weeks six and eight postweaning was higher in the probiotic group (p < 0.05). The overall G:F of the total postweaning period was 680 g/kg and 628 g/kg in the probiotic group and control group, respectively (p = 0.009). During the trial a high prevalence of liquid feces with its maximum in the second week after weaning was observed. Probiotic supplementation led to a reduction in the incidence of liquid feces and postweaning diarrhea by 38% and 59%, respectively (p < 0.001).     

益生菌Lactobacillus amylovorus S1对仔猪后肠菌群的影响

结合PCR/DGGE(Denaturinggradientgelelectrophoresis,变性梯度凝胶电泳)和16SrDNA序列分析技术,研究添加益生菌LactobacillusamylovorusS1后仔猪从7至35日龄(断奶后两周)后肠菌群的变化。6窝新生仔猪被随机分成两组:对照组和处理组,处理组仔猪于7、9和11日龄口服L.amylovorusS1菌液(活菌数5×109CFU/mL)。分别于7、14、21、24和35日龄,每窝随机屠宰一头仔猪,收集肠道样品。比较不同日龄仔猪后肠菌群DGGE图谱表明,断奶后图谱中多数高GC含量细菌条带消失,至断奶后两周又逐渐出现。序列分析显示,这些高GC含量细菌主要为乳酸杆菌。统计分析表明,仔猪口服益生菌S1对其盲肠和结肠菌群的多样性指数无显著影响。通过比较处理组和对照组图谱发现,处理组14日龄出现一特异条带,与其匹配的序列的最相似已知菌为Clostridiumdisporicum,相似性为95%;而35日龄对照组有一特异优势条带,该条带被鉴定为猪链球菌(Streptococcussuis),相似性为99%。     

Targeted disruption of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs

Galactose-alpha1,3-galactose (alpha1,3Gal) is the major xenoantigen causing hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Disruption of the gene encoding pig alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT) by homologous recombination is a means to completely remove the alpha1,3Gal epitopes from xenografts. Here we report the disruption of one allele of the pig alpha1,3GT gene in both male and female porcine primary fetal fibroblasts. Targeting was confirmed in 17 colonies by Southern blot analysis, and 7 of them were used for nuclear transfer. Using cells from one colony, we produced six cloned female piglets, of which five were of normal weight and apparently healthy. Southern blot analysis confirmed that these five piglets contain one disrupted pig alpha1,3GT allele.     

Effect of norgestomet on peripheral levels of progesterone and estradiol-17beta in beef cows

Peripheral levels of progesterone and estradiol 17beta were quantified in 27 cycling cows following administration of a single Hydron ear implant (G. D. Searle and Co.) containing 2, 4 or 6 mg norgestomet or controls which received no implant. Implants were inserted subcutaneously in the ear on day 15 of the estrous cycle (day of estrus = day 0) and removed 9 days later. The 4 mg (seven of seven cows) and 6 mg (six of six cows) implants suppressed estrus; however, three of eight cows in the 2 mg group exhibited estrus prior to implant removal. The 6 mg implant group had a significantly longer interval from implant removal to estrus than either the 2 or 4 mg group. Failure to detect differences in the rate at which progesterone declined indicated norgestomet treatment did not affect normal corpus luteum regression. Estradiol levels rose at a similar rate approaching estrus in all treatments. There was no indication of increased endogenous estradiol levels due to norgestomet treatment.     

Glomerular filtration rate in schoolgirls with covert bacteriuria.

Clearance of technetium-99m-labelled diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid was used to measure total and individual kidney glomerular filtration rates in 48 girls with covert bacteriuria. The mean (+/- SD) of the total rates of 18 girls with scarred kidneys (99 +/- 24 ml/min/1.73 m2) was significantly (0.005 greater than p greater than 0.002) lower than that in 30 girls with unscarred kidneys (119 +/- 18 ml/min/1.73 m2). This reduction in glomerular filtration was related to the loss of kidney substance associated with scarring rather than to vesicoureteric reflux. The glomerular filtration rate was unrelated to the duration of bacteriuria. These findings suggest that in girls aged 4 and over neither vesicoureteric reflux nor covert bacteriuria contributes to the progression of kidney damage.