三种重金属在克氏原螯虾体内的富集特征

2005年5月在合肥市、肥东县、肥西县的池塘河沟采集雌雄组克氏原螯虾共30只,分离出几丁质外骨骼、肝脏和腹部肌肉组织样品84份,用原子吸收法测定其中Cd、Pb、Cr的残留量。结果表明：克氏原螯虾体内Cr、Cd和Pb的平均检出率分别为100％,91．7％和94．1％;平均含量分别为4．03、0．38和7．14μg·g^-1。Cr的富集量在3种组织之间的差异不显著,cd和Pb在3种组织中差异极其显著。外骨骼中Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为4．03、0．12和12．31μg·g^-1,合肥市、肥西、肥东三地之间除Cr的富集量差异极显著外,其他2种重金属的富集量差异都不显著;肝脏中Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为3．88、1．04和9．12μg·g^-1,3个地区重金属的富集量的差异都极其显著;肌肉中Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为4．16、0．09和0．72μg·g^-1,3个地区除重金属Cr的富集量差异极显著外,Cd和Pb的差异都不显著。3种重金属污染物的富集量与体质量没有明显的相关性。3种重金属在雌雄个体之间的富集差异不显著。     

大旗瓣凤仙花的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称 大旗瓣风仙花（Impatiens macrovexilla Y．L．Chen）。 2材料类别 茎上侧芽。 3培养条件 增殖培养基：（1）MS＋6-BA1．5mg·L^-1（单位下同）;继代和生根培养基：（2）MS＋6-BA1．0。以上培养基中均加入30g·L^-1蔗糖和5．5g·L^-1琼脂,pH5．8。培养温度（25±3）℃,光照时间12h·d^-1,光照强度40～50gmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

刺参养殖池塘水体中浮游病毒的丰度

运用荧光显微技术,于2007年3～11月,对大连市附近4个地区的刺参养殖池塘及相应的海域进行了浮游病毒丰度的监测和分析,对刺参养殖池塘生态系统的浮游病毒丰度在时间、空间分布上的变化进行了探讨。荧光显微观察结果显示,刺参养殖池塘浮游病毒在时间和空间分布上均存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）,8月中旬平均丰度达到峰值,为2.54×10^10个/L,7月下旬浮游病毒的平均丰度最低,为1.43×10^9个/L。复州湾海域的浮游病毒丰度显著高于其他地区,该地区浮游病毒丰度平均达到1.17×10^10个/L,夏家河子地区浮游病毒丰度最低,平均为3.89×10^9个/L。同一刺参养殖池塘中部区域的浮游病毒丰度高于进水和排水口。刺参养殖池塘水体中浮游病毒丰度与养殖池塘所处的海区位置、养殖池塘的密度密切相关。     

2006年冬季南海北部浮游植物生物量和初级生产力及其环境调控

通过2006年2月在南海北部现场调查所获得的数据分析研究了海域的浮游植物现存量和生产力,结果表明冬季浮游植物的分布特征与东北季风引起的环流场的变化关系密切。调查海域水柱平均Chla浓度的变化范围为0.03～1.21mg·m-3（平均（0.33±0.33）mg·m^-3）,高值区出现在广东沿岸及海南岛东部附近海域;初级生产力的分布范围为41.3～1040.0mgC·m^-2d^-1。由于东北季风引起近岸水体混合剧烈,不利于浮游植物生长,因此虽然沿岸带Chla浓度（（0.53±0.50）mg·m^-3）较高,但初级生产力却是最低的,只有41.3mgC·m^-2d^-1,同时冬季反气旋涡强度下降和底层富营养水的涌升,营养盐充足,因此开阔海的Chla浓度（（0.31±0.30）mg·m^-3）和初级生产力（（631.3±578.0）mgC·m^-·2d^-1）均高。浮游植物粒度级份测定表明,Pico级份对冬季南海北部浮游植物现存量和生产力的贡献很大,特别是在开阔海区,分别占47%和66%。     

蚊子花的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称蚊子花（Lopezia cordata Hornem．）。 2材料类别茎段和顶芽。 3培养条件基本培养基为MS。（1）芽诱导培养基：1／2MS（MS大量元素用量减半）;（2）增殖培养基：MS＋6-BA0．2mg·L^-1（单位下同）＋NAA0．2;（3）生根培养基：I／2MS＋NAA0．5。以上培养基中均加入6g·L^-1琼脂和30g·L^-1蔗糖,pH5．9—6．0。培养室中温度为（24＋1）℃,光照时间为16h·d^-1,光照强度约为60μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

玉米生长季土壤呼吸的时间变异性及其影响因素

基于东北地区玉米生态系统土壤呼吸连续2个生长季的观测,阐明了土壤呼吸日、季节变化特征,综合分析了水热因子、土壤性质、生物量及叶面积指数（LAI）对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：玉米地土壤呼吸日变化为不对称的单峰型曲线,最小值和最大值分别出现在6：00-7：00和13：00左右。2005年玉米生长季土壤呼吸速率均值为3．16μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1,最大值为4．77μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1,出现在7月28日;最小值为1．31μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1,出现在5月4日。统计分析表明：土壤温度是玉米生态系统土壤呼吸日变化的驱动因素;土壤温度和土壤水分是影响土壤呼吸季节变化的关键因素,二者可以解释玉米生长季土壤呼吸时间变异的87％;LAI和根系生物量与土壤呼吸速率呈正相关,说明生物因子对土壤呼吸季节变化也有影响;土壤有机质、全氮和碳氮比等土壤理化特性与土壤呼吸速率的关系较弱;玉米生长季追施氮肥明显促进土壤呼吸速率。     

施氮肥对水曲柳人工林细根生产和周转的影响

细根周转与土壤养分密切相关,但由于根系研究方法的差异以及研究对象的不同,土壤养分对细根周转影响的研究存在不一致的结论。本文以水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）人工林为对象,应用3种方法研究施氮肥对细根生产和周转的影响。结果表明：施肥降低了活细根现存生物量,但施氮肥样地细根年生产量平均值（93．105g·m^-2·a^-1）与对照样地（93．505g·m^-2·a^-1）没有差异,不同方法得出施氮肥样地细根平均周转率（0．917次·a^-1）大于对照样地（0．710次·a^-1）;不同土层内细根的生产量显著不同,表层生产量最大,土层越深细根生产量越低,但细根周转率一般随土壤加深而加快;不同的研究方法得出细根的年生产量和周转率差异较大,分室模型法最高,其次是内生长土芯法,极差法和积分法最低。     

欧洲小叶椴的胚培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称欧洲小叶椴（Tilia cordata Mill．）。 2材料类别成熟胚。 3培养条件（1）／3动培养基：MS＋6-BA2．0mg·L^-1（单位下同）＋NAA0．1;（2）增殖培养基：MS＋6．BA1．0＋NAA0．1;（3）壮苗生根培养基：1／2MS＋IBA1．0＋NAA0．3。以上培养基均加入0．55％琼脂和20g·L^-1。蔗精,pH5．8-6．0。培养温度为（25±2）℃;光照培养时间12h·d^-1,光照强度40．50μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

蝴蝶兰原生质体提取方法的优化

以蝴蝶兰自交品种NOⅡ的无菌苗叶片为试材,采用单因素试验和正交试验,比较不同酶的种类、酶液浓度、材料和酶液的比例、渗透压、酶解时间及纯化条件对原生质体产量和活性的影响,并用荧光显微镜观察去壁情况。结果表明：在同一种条件下1g蝴蝶兰叶片加入10mL酶解液中,酶解液含1．0％纤维素酶R-10,1．0％果胶酶,0．5mol·L^-1甘露醇,酶解3h,有活力的原生质体产量最高,其产量为1．3×10^5个·g^-1,活性迭81．90％。     

林床清理对落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林土壤呼吸和物理性质的影响

林下可再生生物质资源的利用是当今森林资源利用的热点,通过林床清理可以获得廉价可再生生物质资源,但其对林分土壤碳收支的影响尚不清楚。运用红外气体分析法（IRGA法）连续两年观测了林床清理对落叶松（Larix gmelinii）人工林土壤呼吸及物理性质的影响,并估算了林床清理生物质资源利用对落叶松人工林碳收支的影响。结果表明：林床清理能够降低落叶松人工林的土壤呼吸,2a的平均值由2．20μmol·m^-2s^-1降低到1．18μmol·m^-2s^-1,平均降低幅度1．02μmol·m^-2s^-1,年呼吸总量由41．2μmol·m^-2a^-1降至22．4μmol·m^-2a^-1,而且,使土壤呼吸Q10值从2．33降低到2．22,R0值从0．61μmol·m^-2s^-1降至0．36μmol·m^-2s^-1;林床清理能够使林床土壤温度冬季低于对照,而夏季则有相反趋势,清理使得林床土壤湿度变化幅度加大,而且秋季和春季较对照低,而夏季偏高;林床清理使得表层土壤容重要比对照未清理样地高53％（P〈0．05）,土壤非毛管孔隙度比未处理样地低49．5％（P〈0．001）,毛管孔隙度较对照未清理降低约15％（P〈0．001）。林床清理导致林下生物质资源所储藏的碳非呼吸性释放约175．0mol·m^-2,当考虑到林床清理导致的土壤呼吸的降低作用时,所测定的2a内土壤净碳支出由175．0mol·m^-2降低至137．4mol·m^-2。林床清理措施增加生物质资源利用和其所导致的土壤呼吸释放减少,能够减少非冉生资源利用导致的碳释放压力。但仍然需要注意到林床清理使得土壤物理结构发生改变,可能不利于落叶松的生长和落叶松林生态系统的稳定。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Comparison of the Effects of Flexion and Extension of the Thumb and Fingers on the Position and Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve

Objective

To assess the separate effects of thumb and finger extension/flexion on median nerve position and cross-sectional area.

Methods

Ultrasonography was used to assess median nerve transverse position and cross-sectional area within the carpal tunnel at rest and its movement during volitional flexion of the individual digits of the hand. Both wrists of 165 normal subjects (11 men, 4 women, mean age, 28.6, range, 22 to 38) were studied.

Results

Thumb flexion resulted in transverse movement of the median nerve in radial direction (1.2±0.6 mm), whereas flexion of the fingers produced transverse movement in ulnar direction, which was most pronounced during flexion of the index and middle fingers (3.2±0.9 and 3.1±1.0 mm, respectively). Lesser but still statistically significant movements were noted with flexion of the ring finger (2.0±0.8 mm) and little finger (1.2±0.5 mm). Flexion of the thumb or individual fingers did not change median nerve cross-sectional area (8.5±1.1 mm²).

Conclusions

Volitional flexion of the thumb and individual fingers, particularly the index and middle fingers, produced significant transverse movement of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel but did not alter the cross-sectional area of the nerve. The importance of these findings on the understanding of the pathogenesis of the carpal tunnel syndrome and its treatment remains to be investigated.     

On the Microanatomy of the Brain and the Innervation and Homologues of the Cephalic Appendages of Hesionidae and Syllidae (Polychaeta)

Abstract Earlier papers dealing with the anatomy of the hesionids and syllids were studied. Thereby it was found that information about the structure of the central nervous system was meagre. As a result, the anterior end appendages, especially the large, laterloventral ones of the Syllidae, have been differently interpreted. This prompted a re-investigation. The circum-oesophageal connectives, the brain commissures and the innervation of the alimentary canal and the cephalic appendages of a number of hesionid and syllid species were studied. The results, summarized in schematic diagrams, were compared with corresponding observations in other polychaete families. Among other things, it was concluded that not only the latero-ventral cephalic appendages of the hesionids but also those of the syllids are homologous with the palps of the nereids and of many other “errant” and “sedentary” families.