Considering threats to population viability of the endangered Korean long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) using VORTEX

Population viability analysis (PVA) has frequently been used in conservation biology to predict extinction rates for threatened or endangered species. In this study, we used VORTEX to model Korean long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) using previously collected ecological data. We focused on modelling population extinction, mean population size and heterozygosity. The minimum viable population size was found to be at least 50 gorals for 100 years, regardless of carrying capacity. However, populations with fewer than 50 gorals could not remain successful in the model. Inbreeding depression, catastrophes and supplementation also affected patterns of population extinction, mean population size and heterozygosity. Supplementation with new individuals had the strongest effect on extinction, mean population size and heterozygosity, followed by initial population size, inbreeding, catastrophes and carrying capacity. These results suggest that a supplementation by extra goral individuals from goral proliferation facilities would be the most helpful means for the restoration programme. More Korean goral-specific information regarding demographic and habitat parameters is needed for further PVA of the species.     

典型资源型城市生态承载力评价——以唐山市为例

资源型城市生态承载力评价研究的开展对促进资源型城市自然-经济-社会复合生态系统健康可持续发展具有指导意义。以唐山市作为案例城市,基于资源型城市独特的生态系统特点,从生态弹性力、承载媒体的支撑力、承载对象的压力三方面提出对生态承载力进行量化的研究方法,构建了较完整的生态承载力综合评价指标体系,利用主客观相结合的赋权方法,对唐山市生态承载力状况进行评价,探讨了2001—2010年10年间唐山市生态承载力变化趋势。结果表明:唐山市在研究时段内,生态弹性力指数波动强烈,表明生态系统的稳定性较差;承载媒体的支撑力指数逐渐增大,指数由0.111上升至0.898,显示系统的承载指数越来越高;承载对象的压力变化较为复杂,呈现先降后升,近几年又略有下降的趋势;系统的生态承载力整体上呈现波动性上升趋势,综合指数由0.345上升至0.720,说明唐山市生态系统的承载能力不断提高,但资源依赖型发展模式带来的资源短缺、环境污染和生态破坏等问题仍是制约生态承载力进一步提高的主要因素。研究成果客观地反映了唐山市生态承载力状况,对于唐山市未来的发展提出了合理的对策和建议,可为其他地区生态承载力研究提供一定借鉴。     

Population viability analysis of a Japanese black bear population

A population viability analysis (PVA) was conducted for a Japanese black bear population in Shimokita Peninsula, northern Japan, using an individual-based simulation model. Demographic stochasticity was incorporated in the model as well as the environmental stochasticity from the fluctuation of annual mast production. The extinction risk of the population was estimated with an emphasis on the effect of carrying capacity reduction and hunting pressure. The results suggest that the population has a high risk of extinction. Even if there is no further reduction of the carrying capacity and no hunting at all, the present size of the population cannot pass the test of the minimum viable population size (MVP) concept. Considering possible carrying capacity reduction in the future and actual hunting pressure, the population will fail to survive for 100 years at a very high probability. Because of deterioration of habitat and loss of the corridor between habitat areas, the population has become very sensitive to demographic impacts, including hunting pressure. Received: March 31, 1999 / Accepted: February 10, 2000     

The Geographic Spread of “El mal de las caderas” in Capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris)

The aim of this work is to describe an epidemiological model for a capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) population. The model considers a tabanid (“mutuca”) population (Diptera: tabanidae), as a vector for the disease called “mal de las caderas” in Estero del Ibera, Corrientes, Argentina. The study of this problem has ecological and economical importance since the meat and the hide of the capybara can be an exploitation resource. At first, a threshold value is determined as a function of the model parameters, obtaining a critical carrying capacity which determines the disease propagation or eradication. Then as the carrying capacity condition for the disease existence is satisfied, the existence of traveling wave solution is studied. Independent speeds are considered for the susceptible capybaras, the noninfected insect, and the disease. The speed of propagation for this model is obtained as function of model parameters followed by a discussion of strategies for controlling the spread of the disease. N.A. Maidana is a fellowship Fapesp and partially supported by Grant Fapesp (temático).     

高寒牧区村域生态足迹——以甘南州合作市为例

高寒牧区是一类特殊的地域,其生态环境本底和压力明显区别于其它地域类型。从自然本底上讲,"高寒"特征造成生态系统结构单一、节律缓慢、功能稳定性差,因此,脆弱性强,而修复难度大;从压力上讲,"高寒"又一定程度上屏蔽了外界要素的过分介入,导致人口分布的高度离散性和稀疏性,人地矛盾转化为更直观的草畜矛盾。论文结合高寒牧区的特质,对生态足迹模型和生态承载力模型进行了修正,强调了高寒牧区生态承载力的主控因素———牲畜特征、人口特征、生境特征和地域特征,以甘南州合作市为案例,具体测算和分析了41个行政单元的生态足迹和生态承载力。结果表明:(1)人口生态足迹和牲畜生态足迹分布格局大致呈反向态势,说明在高寒牧区,人口与牲畜对环境造成的压力存在着显著的空间差异。(2)从人口生态足迹和牲畜生态足迹对总生态足迹的贡献度上看,总生态足迹的高低主要取决于牲畜生态足迹,说明牲畜是主控因素。(3)从地均生态承载力分布态势看,低承载区主要分布于北部海拔较高的广大牧区,这里生态结构非常单一,主要以高寒草甸草原和沼泽草原生态类型为主,寒冻风化作用异常强烈,生物有效生长期非常短。而高承载区分布在市区周围和南部洮河谷地沿岸,生态系统除草地生态系统外,还有森林生态系统。从而说明人为条件的改善、自然生态系统结构的复杂程度和自然环境的严酷程度是决定高寒牧区承载力高低的主要因素。(4)从生态盈余与赤字的空间分布态势看,赤字区域主要集中分布在广大的纯牧区,超载过牧是生态状况的关键性致因。因此提高生态承载力、减少生态赤字的关键集结于草畜关系上。有鉴于此,需要采取以下措施:一是根据天然草场的承载能力,建立适宜的草畜平衡关系,将超载的牲畜转移出去;二是科学合理的提高草场的生产能力和承载能力,这就需要加强草原生态保护建设;三是调整经济结构,减少社会经济发展对天然放牧业的高度依赖性,推进传统草地畜牧业向现代畜牧业转型。     

合肥市生态足迹时空特征与脱钩效应变化及灰色预测分析

生态足迹与脱钩效应分析是衡量地区可持续发展状态的一种有效工具。以快速城镇化的科教名城合肥市为例,利用生态足迹法和脱钩效应分析对2000—2014年合肥市生态足迹与脱钩状态进行定量研究与动态分析,建立GM(1,1)模型对2015—2020年合肥市生态状况进行预测。结果显示:2000—2014年间,合肥市人均生态足迹与人均生态承载力波动上升且幅度较大,生态赤字波动较小,整体略有上升。从结构上看,化石燃料的生态足迹近年来比重较大。从空间上看,生态足迹与承载力均表现出中心区低,郊区高的特征。在环境压力与经济增长的脱钩关系中,强脱钩与弱脱钩出现的频率分别为:42.9%,28.6%。灰色预测结果表明,2015—2020年合肥市人均生态足迹呈上升趋势,生态足迹与GDP增长呈持续弱脱钩的状态,脱钩指数较小且趋于稳定。研究对优化合肥市产业结构、实行有差别的土地利用方式与国土优化格局,适度控制人口增长具有重要的参考意义。     

基于生态系统服务价值的生态足迹模型均衡因子及产量因子测算

均衡因子和产量因子是生态足迹模型中的关键参数,现有的测算方法多根据物质生产和消费实现,忽略生态系统提供服务的能力。本研究提出基于生态系统服务价值的均衡因子和产量因子测算方法,并以1990、2005和2015年北京市门头沟区为例,研究生态涵养发展区生态承载力,并与通用因子计算结果对比。结果表明:(1)基于生态系统服务价值获取的均衡因子:水域>林地>耕地。水域均衡因子最高,平均值达到8.37。耕地均衡因子最低,平均值仅为0.24。林地均衡因子高于耕地,均衡因子平均值为0.71。说明该方法较好的表现了不同生态系统提供生态服务能力的差异;(2)基于该研究方法获取的不同生态系统的产量因子接近:耕地>林地>水域,均值分别为0.90,0.87和0.86,且呈逐年递减趋势;(3) 1990年到2015年,门头沟区生态承载力先降低后提高,生态足迹先提高,再降低,2005年出现生态赤字,其森林、耕地和区域生态承载力与生态足迹小于通用因子生态足迹模型结果,水域生态承载力和生态足迹高于通用因子生态足迹模型结果。与通用因子相比,基于生态系统服务价值的均衡因子和产量因子更好的体现了研究区内...     

海岸带城市生态承载力综合评价——以连云港市为例

海岸带是人类聚居和海洋资源开发利用的重点区域。海岸带城市综合生态承载力体现了海岸带生态系统对人类社会经济活动的承受能力,是判断海岸带城市生态系统健康程度和制定海岸带环境管理政策的重要依据。基于"压力(P)-状态(S)-响应(R)"概念模型,以连云港市为例,构建海岸带综合生态承载力评价指标体系,并对2005—2014年间连云港市的综合生态承载力进行评价。结果显示:连云港市海岸带综合生态承载力呈现逻辑斯蒂式波动上升趋势,2005—2007年处于超载状态,2008—2011年基本处于平衡状态,2012年后处于可载状态。对影响承载力的主要因素进行贡献度分析的结果表明:负向指标中,海岸带环境压力大于人口压力;正向指标中,海岸带经济发展水平及科技支撑条件的贡献呈上升趋势,海岸带可利用资源波动下降。结合相关分析和因子分析,得出海岸带环境压力、科技支撑条件及经济发展水平是制约综合承载力的关键因素。研究结果对海岸带地区环境管理及可持续发展政策制定具有重要意义。     

武陵源风景区生态承载力预警

随着人类面临的严重环境挑战,可持续发展模式作为全人类共同的选择变得越来越重要。生态承载力作为可持续发展的衡量指标,通过生态承载力水平与生态荷载状况表现出来。可持续承载力预警是以可持续发展为目标进行生态承载力调控。利用主成分分析法、层次分析法构建了武陵源风景区的生态承载力评价指标体系,作为模型的输入层预警指标,并利用状态空间法求算的生态承载指数进行警度区间的划分,通过样本训练、建立BP神经网络模型,进行生态承载预警。从风景区的资源承载、环境承载、生态弹性和生态承压等方面来考虑,析出17个资源类、环境类、社会经济类指标作为评价指标体系。对于武陵源风景区的承载状态,从时间上看,2000年曾出现超载状态,主要是风景区的核心区范围内出现城市化现象所致;从空间上看,协和乡出现超载状态,其主要原因在于资源的开发利用上。基于BP网络模型实现的生态承载力预警,用于预测预报未来的可持续发展的发展状态,可以及时反映可持续状态的调控效果,为区域系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

基于生态足迹方法的南京可持续发展研究

20世纪90年代末以来,随着南京城市化进程的加快和城市建成区面积的扩展,城市生态安全问题日益突出。在运用生态足迹方法分析南京市1999—2009年人均生态足迹及生态承载力变化的基础上,采用Mann-kendall法对南京市人均生态足迹突变点进行分析,应用灰色关联模型从经济、社会和生态子系统方面分析不同阶段人均生态足迹变化的原因。研究表明:1999—2009年间南京市人均生态足迹呈增长趋势,人均生态承载力呈减小趋势,单位万元GDP生态足迹和生态多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,生态经济系统发展能力较好,但生态压力较大。南京市人均生态足迹变化分为1999—2002年的低位增长阶段和2003—2009年高位波动阶段。通过影响南京市生态足迹变化因素分析发现,2003—2009年与1999—2002年相比,经济子系统依然处于主要地位,但影响因素由农业向以三产为主转变,同时生态子系统和社会子系统各因素的影响力提升。据此,提出优化产业结构,控制人口数量,加强基础设施建设,改善居民居住环境,加大城市绿化建设,提高城市污物处理能力,减少污染物排放的南京可持续发展对策。     

Constraints on population growth: The case of the Polynesian Outlier Atolls in the precontact period

A model of the subsistence economy of an insular population is proposed in which the various factors that might influence the potential carrying capacity of the environment are made explicit as a set of ecological and cultural constraints on subsistence production. The application of the model to the Polynesian Outlier Atolls is discussed, and a formula is suggested whereby the population potential of any stable and bounded ecosystem can be calculated, using data on agricultural area, productivity, and diets. The actual size of precontact populations of the Outliers and other atolls appears to have been 70–80% of the predicted carrying capacity, which accords well with ethnographic evidence for population homeostasis.     

多类型保护地生态承载力核算模型及应用

生态承载力核算是进行保护地科学保护和有效利用的重要基础。多类型保护地是多种类型的保护地分布集中、相邻相连、交叉重叠的地理空间。研究将多类型保护地功能空间与生态系统服务相对应,划分为生态空间、生产空间、生活空间和游憩空间,在此基础上将多类型保护地生态承载力定义为生态系统在这四类空间中维持其重要生态系统服务功能的能力,并将其划分为自然基础承载力、社会经济活动承载力以及游憩承载力,构建了适用于多类型保护地的生态承载力核算框架模型。以三江源国家公园黄河源园区为案例区,进行了生态承载力核算。研究能够为多类型保护地经济建设规模、结构与布局优化调控研究提供科学依据。     

三江源区生态承载力与生态安全评价及限制因素分析

三江源区作为国家生态安全“两屏三带”战略格局的重要组成,其生态安全状况对全国乃至东南亚地区都有重要影响。本文以遥感参数反演和模型计算数据,结合实地调查和社会经济统计等数据,采用层次分析法和指标体系法,对三江源区生态承载力和生态安全状况进行了评价,并根据短板效应分析了限制三江源区生态承载力和生态安全的因素。结果表明：（1）三江源区生态承载力处于中等水平,空间上呈现出由东南向西北逐渐减少的格局;（2）限制三江源区生态承载力的因素主要是水源涵养量、初级生产力、地表水水质、植被覆盖度以及受威胁动物数量等;（3）三江源区生态安全状况基本处于濒危到较安全之间;（4）三江源区西部欠发达地区生态承载力水平较低,相对落后的经济水平限制了环境保护的力度和水平;而东部较发达地区,人口增长快但文化素质不足,难以满足社会经济快 速发展与生态安全保护的双重需求。     

基于水环境承载力评价的产业选择——以扬州市北部沿湖地区为例

区域的产业发展与该区域的自然和社会经济因素密切相关,对于水网稠密地区,水环境承载力是影响产业结构和布局优化的重要自然因子之一。选择江苏省境内跨长江与淮河两大流域的典型水网密集区——扬州市北部沿湖(邵伯湖)地区为研究区,选取水网构成指数、水利设施调控指数和水质达标差距指数3个指标,评价研究区水环境承载能力,并探讨水环境承载力与不同产业结构的联系,为该地区产业结构布局和优化提供建议。结果表明研究区水环境承载力"高"、"较高"、"中等"、"较低"和"低"5个等级分别占研究区总面积的0.38%、21.74%、29.67%、13.65%和34.56%。根据研究区水环境承载力空间差异和水环境承载力与不同产业的联系,以选择生态涵养型产业为基本导向,以兼具开发适宜性和环境保护重要性为基本原则,提出应根据研究区水环境承载力水平不均衡的特点实施差别化的产业结构与布局方案,邵伯湖湖区及入湖河道下游等水环境承载力高和较高地区适宜发展特色水产与特色水禽的生态养殖业;沿湖、沿河及南部槐泗等水环境承载力中等地区适宜发展现代生态种植业及湖泊生态旅游业;河流中上游等水环境承载力低和较低地区适宜发展大宗农作物的种植。     

Minimum requirements for modelling bivalve carrying capacity

The concept of carrying capacity of an ecosystem fornatural populations is derived from the logisticgrowth curve in population ecology, and defined as themaximum standing stock that can be supported by agiven ecosystem for a given time. This definitionneeds to be modified for the exploitation ofecosystems. Carrying capacity for exploitation isdefined as the standing stock at which the annualproduction of a marketable cohort is maximized. Forbivalve suspension feeders, the dominant factordetermining the exploitation carrying capacity at theecosystem scale is primary production. At a localscale carrying capacity depends on physicalconstraints such as substrate, shelter and food supplyby tidal currents.We evaluate critically some existing models ofexploited ecosystems for shellfish cultivation inorder to formulate the minimum requirements of ageneric carrying capacity model. Generic models canbe developed for both the ecosystem scale and thelocal scale, depending on the aim of the modelling.Transport processes, sediment dynamics and submodelsfor organism and population level processes areminimum requirements for carrying capacity modelling. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于耕地生态足迹的重庆市耕地生态承载力供需平衡研究

以耕地生态承载力供需关系为切入点,应用耕地生态足迹模型和GIS方法,在修正了Wackernagel提出的耕地产量因子的基础上,构建耕地生态承载力供需平衡指数,以2009年为例,对重庆市的耕地生态承载力供需平衡状况进行了系统的评价.结果表明:(1)重庆市耕地生态承载力供需空间分布表现出较为明显的不平衡性,总体上从东到西呈现出从富裕到严重超载的空间分布态势,且耕地生态超载区与主城区分布具有较好的吻合性;(2)就县(区)数量而言,重庆市耕地生态赤字区最大,其次是耕地生态盈余区和耕地生态平衡区;就人口数量而言,同样是耕地生态赤字区最大,其次是耕地生态平衡区和耕地生态盈余区;就土地面积而言,耕地生态盈余区最大,其次是耕地生态平衡区,耕地生态赤字区面积最小.重庆市约3/5的人口分布在约4/5表现为耕地生态平衡或盈余的土地面积上,而约2/5的人口集中分布在约1/5表现为耕地生态赤字的土地面积上.可为重庆市的区域耕地生态安全预警、土地利用总体规划以及区域可持续发展提供科学依据和决策支持.     

Animal exchange ratios: an alternative point of view

An alternative interpretation is provided of the concepts of carrying capacity and exchange ratios, particularly suitable for game animal species, based on management models for a given area of rangeland or pasture. It involves modelling animal population dynamics as discrete‐time logistic equations. Carrying capacity is then generated endogenously using rainfall as a proxy. The model interaction parameters, also generated endogenously, represent the animal exchange ratios. Because these two parameters are generated endogenously, this approach takes into account all the animals' habitat requirements (food, cover, water and space) simultaneously, unlike other approaches that tend to consider food requirements only. This makes the approach amenable to multi‐species situations. It also captures the ecological definition of population growth models where the realized rather than the theoretical carrying capacity is determined endogenously.     

Ecosystem engineering as an energy transfer process: a simple agent-based model

Ecosystem engineers are defined as organisms who modulate the availability of resources for themselves and other organisms by physically changing the environment. Ecosystem engineering is a well-recognised ecological interaction, but there is a limited number of general models due to the recent development of the field. Agent-based models are often used to study how organisms respond to changing environments and are suitable for modelling ecosystem engineering. To our knowledge, agent-based methodology has not yet been used to model ecosystem engineering. In this paper, we develop a simple agent-based population dynamics model of ecosystem engineering as an energy transfer process. We apply energy budget approach to conceptually explain how ecosystem engineers transfer energy to the environment and define various types of energy transfers relative to their effects on the engineers and other organisms. We simulate environments with various levels of resource abundance and compare the results of the model without ecosystem engineering agents to the model with ecosystem engineering agents. We find that in environments with higher levels of resources, the presence of ecosystem engineers increases the average carrying capacity and the strength of population fluctuations, while in environments with lower levels of resources, ecosystem engineering mitigates fluctuations, increases average carrying capacity and makes environments more resilient. Finally, we discuss about the further application of agent-based modelling for the theoretical and experimental development of the ecosystem engineering concept.     

三江源国家公园游憩承载力模拟仿真研究

游憩承载力评估与预测是国家公园游憩规划与动态管理的重要工具。采用系统动力学模拟仿真软件Vensim＿PLE,构建三江源国家公园游憩承载力系统动力学模型,包括资源空间、生态环境、社会经济、社会心理4个子系统。以2015—2035年为系统仿真区间,模拟了原始情景、社会驱动模式、生态保护优先模式、协调发展模式4种情景下各子系统的发展演化趋势,为三江源国家公园游憩规划与管理提供参考。结果表明：(1)原始情景模式下,三江源国家公园游憩承载力呈先增后降的趋势,在2031年面临游憩承载力超载风险,在加大游憩设施投入的社会驱动模式下,游憩承载力将有所提升,但2031年后提升效果微弱。(2)生态保护优先模式通过提高污染治理能力和适度控制游客规模,游憩承载力有所提升,并将游憩承载力超载风险由2031年延迟至2033年。(3)协调发展模式下,生态环境承载力和资源空间承载力缓慢上升,在4种模式中均为最高值,游憩承载力也达到最大值,游憩承载力超载的风险由2031年延长至2035年以后。对国家公园游憩承载力的模拟预测,可为合理及时调控提供科学参考,有利于三江源国家公园生态保护与游憩质量提升。