吸附法提取分离葛根素的研究

用正交试验法对葛根中提取分离葛根素的工艺进行了研究,找出了用吸附法分离葛根素的影响因素依次是吸附剂的选择,洗脱剂乙醇浓度,洗脱剂的用量及吸附剂的用量。把D101大孔吸附树脂用于葛根素的分离,具有收率高,操作简单,成本低,环境污染小等优点,适用于工业化生产。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化银杏中种皮总黄酮

通过静态吸附、静态解吸及吸附动力学研究,对比分析了AB-8、DM-130、S-8等三种大孔吸附树脂对银杏中种皮提取液中总黄酮的分离纯化效果,并且考察和优化了AB-8和DM-130分离纯化银杏中种皮总黄酮的工艺条件.结果表明,弱极性树脂AB-8和DM-130的吸附率分别为87.72%和86.29%、解吸率为97.52%和92.20%,是性能良好的总黄酮吸附剂; 二种树脂的静态吸附曲线变化趋势一致,6 h左右达到吸附平衡,最佳吸附条件:吸附液pH=3.0,树脂用量:吸附液=1:20,吸附温度40 ℃,洗脱剂70%乙醇;动态解吸研究显示,7倍和9倍体积洗脱剂可分别将AB-8与DM-130树脂柱吸附的总黄酮基本洗脱.在优化的工艺条件下,AB-8大孔树脂纯化可使提取物中总黄酮含量达16.3%.     

大孔树脂分离纯化有柄石韦总黄酮的工艺优化

以总黄酮解吸率和滤液中总黄酮含量为指标,通过正交实验设计优选大孔树脂分离纯化有柄石韦总黄酮的最佳工艺。结果表明,D-101型大孔树脂分离纯化总黄酮的优选工艺条件为：上样液质量浓度0.5 mg·mL^-1,pH为6,洗脱剂乙醇浓度为50%,洗脱速率2 mL·min^-1。该优化方法稳定可行,结果可靠,提取的滤液中总黄酮含量达76.40%。     

丹参酮和丹参酚酸的同步提取分离纯化工艺研究

本文研究丹参中丹参酮和丹参酚酸同步提取分离纯化工艺条件。以丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B的含量为综合评价指标,应用正交试验设计,考察乙醇浓度、渗漉液体积和渗漉速度对提取效果的影响;采用单因素实验对大孔树脂型号、上样液p H值、乙醇浓度、洗脱剂用量等进行考察,最终确定了提取分离纯化工艺为:丹参粉碎过10目筛,用80%乙醇以4 m L/(min·kg)的速度渗漉,收集10倍量的渗漉液,回收乙醇,加水稀释至0.5 g/m L生药,用盐酸调节p H值3.0,过滤,即得丹参酮提取物。滤液上HPD100大孔吸附树脂柱,2 BV水洗,50%乙醇3 BV洗脱,收集洗脱液,即得丹参酚酸提取物。结果表明优化后提取分离效果好,提取物中丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B的含量及提取率高,该工艺操作简便、易行、稳定性好,适合在生产中推广应用。     

丹参酮和丹参酚酸的同步提取分离纯化工艺研究北大核心CSCD

本文研究丹参中丹参酮和丹参酚酸同步提取分离纯化工艺条件。以丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B的含量为综合评价指标,应用正交试验设计,考察乙醇浓度、渗漉液体积和渗漉速度对提取效果的影响;采用单因素实验对大孔树脂型号、上样液p H值、乙醇浓度、洗脱剂用量等进行考察,最终确定了提取分离纯化工艺为:丹参粉碎过10目筛,用80%乙醇以4 m L/(min·kg)的速度渗漉,收集10倍量的渗漉液,回收乙醇,加水稀释至0.5 g/m L生药,用盐酸调节p H值3.0,过滤,即得丹参酮提取物。滤液上HPD100大孔吸附树脂柱,2 BV水洗,50%乙醇3 BV洗脱,收集洗脱液,即得丹参酚酸提取物。结果表明优化后提取分离效果好,提取物中丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B的含量及提取率高,该工艺操作简便、易行、稳定性好,适合在生产中推广应用。     

吸附法纯化苦荞麦总黄酮的工艺研究

本文采用正交实验设计,对影响苦养麦总黄酮纯化工艺的因素进行了系统研究。结果发现,影响吸附法纯化苦养麦总黄酮的主次因素为吸附剂的种类〉洗脱液（乙醇）浓度〉静置吸附时间〉上样量,其中吸附剂的种类、洗脱液（乙醇）浓度以及静置吸附时间均对苦养麦总黄酮的纯化有显著性影响;吸附法纯化苦养麦总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：AB-8树脂为苦养麦总黄酮最佳纯化吸附剂、95％乙醇洗脱、静置吸附时间30min、上样量1mL。     

欧亚旋覆花总黄酮提取与富集工艺研究

为研究欧亚旋覆花总黄酮的最佳提取与大孔吸附树脂富集工艺,采用不同溶剂、多种提取方法、L9(34)正交实验优化及AB-8大孔吸附树脂富集,结果表明其最佳提取工艺为用10倍量水为溶剂回流提取3次,每次1h,再结合AB-8大孔吸附树脂富集,以70%乙醇洗脱效果最佳,总黄酮回收率达90%,总黄酮含量达50%以上。此工艺简便可行,符合工业化生产要求。     

桑椹中黄酮类物质的大孔树脂纯化工艺

以桑椹中黄酮类物质的吸附量和解吸率为指标,对比分析HZ-801、HZ-816、HZ-818等12种大孔吸附树脂对桑椹提取液的分离纯化效果,优选出最佳树脂HZ-801并通过对上样液pH、上样液质量浓度、上样量、吸附流速、洗脱剂质量浓度、洗脱剂用量、洗脱流速等影响因素的考察,确定最优工艺:吸附阶段上样液pH=4,上样液质量浓度0.45mg/mL,上样量420mL,吸附流速120mL/h,动态吸附量(干树脂)25.34mg/g,吸附率84.25%;洗脱阶段的洗脱剂体积分数为60%乙醇,洗脱剂用量270mL,洗脱流速120mL/h。此优化工艺条件下的洗脱率为85.78%,总黄酮纯度从23.64%提高到82.36%。     

正交设计优选贯叶连翘中总黄酮提取工艺

本文采用正交设计实验,对影响贯叶连翘总黄酮提取工艺的因素进行了系统考察。结果发现,以总黄酮得率作为考察指标,影响贯叶连翘总黄酮提取的主次因素为:溶媒种类>提取时间>提取次数>溶剂用量,其中溶媒种类、提取时间、提取次数均对总黄酮的提取有显著性影响;贯叶连翘中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:用10倍量80%乙醇提取3次,每次1h。建立了以UV法测定贯叶连翘中总黄酮的含量方法。     

超临界CO2提取甘草地上部分总黄酮

采用单因素试验对甘草地上部分(茎叶)的超临界CO2提取工艺进行了研究。实验考察了压力、萃取时间、温度及CO2流量对甘草地上部分总黄酮提取率的影响,以总黄酮提取率和含量为指标,系统的研究了超临界二氧化碳萃取法提取甘草地上部分总黄酮的提取效果。得出的最佳工艺参数为:采用40-60目原料,80%乙醇为夹带剂,萃取时间:1.5 h;萃取压力:30.0 MPa;萃取温度:50℃;CO2流量:10 kg.h-1;分离压力:5.8 MPa;分离温度:40℃。实验结果表明超临界二氧化碳萃取甘草总黄酮的提取率2.09%,含量5.42%,工艺具有提取率高,纯度高的特点,为规模化生产甘草总黄酮的提取提供了研究基础。     

Two Unearthed Ancient Woods Excavated from Wuhan City

Two unearthed ancient woods were excavated from 45–47 m underground Wuhan city (Hubei Province) in 1990. One of the woods was identified to be a coniferous wood: and named as Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng, and the other as broadleaf wood: Bischofia polycarpa Airy-Shaw. The geologic age is considered to be in the late Pleistocene of Quaternary about 11280 ±190 years from present.     

Palaeo-adaptive properties of the xylem of Metasequoia: mechanical/hydraulic compromises

The xylem of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng is characterized by very low density (average specific gravity = 0.27) and tracheids with relatively large dimensions (length and diameter). The microfibril angle in the S2 layer of tracheid walls is large, even in outer rings, suggesting a cambial response to compressive rather than tensile stresses. In some cases, this compressive stress is converted to irreversible strain (plastic deformation), as evidenced by cell wall corrugations. The heartwood is moderately decay resistant, helping to prevent Brazier buckling. These xylem properties are referenced to the measured bending properties of modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, and compared with other low-to-moderate density conifers. The design strategy for Metasequoia is to produce a mechanically weak but hydraulically efficient xylem that permits rapid height growth and crown development to capture and dominate a wet site environment. The adaptability of these features to a high-latitude Eocene palaeoenvironment is discussed.     

湖北利川水杉原生种群及其生境1948～2003年间变化分析

为保护和恢复水杉原生种群提供科学依据,对中国湖北利川水杉原生母树及其生境1948～2003年间的变化进行对比分析,指出了保护工作存在的问题及保护对策。主要结果有：①1948年初步调查为1000多株,1983年普查有5746株,涉及4个镇(场)、45个行政村,分布面积为6万hm^2;2003年普查为5388株,分布范围没有大的变化,有2种分布类型：散生分布的有896株,群落分布的有4492株,最大的种群为105和123株。②中国政府对水杉的保护取得了巨大成绩,但过去只重视对个体的保护,忽视了对群落及其栖息环境的保护,导致由混交林变为纯林、结构趋于简单、生物多样性减少、天然更新困难,1983～2003年的20年间已有386株水杉原生母树死亡,亟需对水杉原生种群及其栖息地进行保护。③应运用现代恢复生态学手段,开展水杉植被恢复重建理论研究,首先加强对集中分布种群及其栖息地进行就地保护,其次小河河谷实施种群及其栖息地恢复与重建。④人为活动对水杉的危害加重,应减少及停止一切有害的人为活动,改善水杉原生母树生境,提高居民、社区自主参与水杉保护的意识;进行生态移民和实施退耕还林等是一个可以考虑的方法。     

Variation of cuticle micromorphology of Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae)

Leaf cuticle micromorphology of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W. C. Cheng was studied with SEM using samples collected from its natural population in south-central China and cultivated trees in Nanjing City. The cuticle characters from both natural and cultivated trees living in different environments allowed us to re-evaluate taxonomic values of certain cuticular characters and to assess their relationships with environmental factors and the degree of tree maturity. External and internal cuticular features of both adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces revealed the following: (1) Cuticle micromorphology of M. glyptostroboides is distinct among Taxodiaceae, but that variation does not exceed the range of this family. (2) Except for an isolated tree outside the Metasequoia valley, the cuticular features displayed by individual trees from the main Metasequoia groves demonstrate a high degree of uniformity, which is in congruence with previous observations on the low population variability at the gross morphology level. (3) Cuticular characters of grafted Metasequoia trees living in different environments are identical to those of their original trees, indicating that no cuticular character of this species could be regarded as an environmental indicator. (4) Recognition of some unique cuticular features in a Metasequoia tree in an isolated location may lead to a rare source for increasing the variation of this endangered species.     

水杉的核型研究

本文观察了水杉的染色体,确定2n=22,核型公式为K(2n)=22m(2SAT),全具中着丝点,有一对随体。第8、10、11号染色体具“长着丝点区域”。属“1A”型,与北美红杉-AA的核型非常相近,可能是它的一个亲本种的直接后裔。     

On the Ultrastructure of Pollen Exine in Metasequoia Hu and Cheng

Metasequoia is endemic to China. Present study deals with ultrastructure of pollen exine of M. glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng, and in comparision with other genera of the family. Pollen grains of Metasequoia are spheroidal or subsphoroidal and 27.8(24.3–32.3) μm in diameter. There is a papilla in the distal face. The papilla is wide at the base, 3.5–5.2 μm high, with pointed and circular end and the base crooked toward one side. Exine is about L5 μm thick, layers distinct, Nexine is as thick as sexine. Surface weakly granulate. According to observation by SEM, exine is covered with fine granules and rather coarse tuberculae. The former can be easily separated from the latter. The loose and uneven tuberculae are provided with minute spinules on the surface and generally fall off after acetolysis. The fine and dense granulae, however, remain intact after acetolysis. The study by TEM shows that ektexine is made of granules densely arranged and connected with each other. In addition, sparse Ubisch bodies are unevenly distributed on granular layer with geminate surface. The thick endexine, is composed of 10–15 lamellae. It is worthy to note that all lamellae possess tripartite structure. But lamellae of endexine in other genera of Taxodiaceae have no tripartite structure except the lamella near ektexine. Number of lamella and thickness of endexine in Metasequoia differ from those of other genera in Taxodiaceae; for example endexine with 8–10 lamellae in Taxodium, 8–9 lamellae in Sequoia, 6–7 lamellae in Glyptostrobus, 6–8 lamellae in Cunninghamia, about 16 lamellae in Cryptomeria etc.     

水杉栽培居群的遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD技术,对9个水杉(Metasequoiaglyptostroboides)栽培居群的遗传多样性进行了初步研究。用10bp的随机引物16条,共扩增出103个位点,其中37个为多态位点,占35.92%。各居群的多态位点百分率在16.50%~33.01%之间。POPGENEversion1.31软件处理结果如下:居群的Shannon’s信息指数为0.1930。遗传距离在0.0130~0.0650之间,遗传一致度在0.9370~0.9871之间。AMOVA分析结果显示遗传变异主要存在于居群内,占89.05%,居群之间有一定的分化。上述结果表明水杉栽培居群的遗传多样性略低于自然居群,涵盖了自然居群近80%的遗传多样性。由此可以确认栽培水杉的种源是经过混合的,它们在相当程度上代表了自然居群的遗传多样性水平。采自潜江的9株丛枝水杉(Metasequoiaglyptostroboidesvar.caespitosa)没有扩增出特有位点,将其视为一个居群根据遗传一致度作UPGMA聚类分析时,该居群和湖北的3个居群及南京(NJ)、成都(CD)居群聚在一起;单株聚类时丛枝水杉也没有聚成独立的一支,而是比较分散,因此不支持将丛枝水杉作为水杉的一个变种的分类处理。从亲缘关系上看,丛枝水杉应当归属于湖北潜江蚌湖种子园(BH)和湖北潜江广华(GH)居群,这与其分布现状也是吻合的。     

中国水杉引种研究

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostrobodies Hu & Cheng)是国家一级保护植物。水杉的发现是中国近代植物学界最值得自豪的一件大事,为中国植物学走向世界开辟了道路,被公认为是我国乃至世界二十世纪植物界的重大发现,它不仅对于中国有重要价值,也具有世界意义。水杉引种过程可以说是新中国植物引种过程的一个缩影,在发现50年后成功引种至26个省、市、区和特别行政区以及世界50多个国家和地区,成为我国重要的用材林树种、沿海防护林树种、农田防护林树种、城市绿化树种以及世界上著名的风景景观树种。水杉既为新中国林业的发展提供了重要实证,又是科学技术在林业及社会发展中的重要体现,同时水杉的发展也是我国林学界最值得骄傲的一件大事,是我国科技工作者集体智慧的结晶。该文仅对我国水杉引种学进行系统的论述,对水杉的引种阶段进行了划分,简述26个省、市、区和特别行政区的引种现状,分析了水杉在中国引种区的适生状况和原因。有关在国外的引种及迁地保护情况将另文发表。     

南京市老城区行道树的组成及结构分析

对南京市老城区125条主要路段行道树的种类组成及结构特征进行了分析。结果表明,研究区内的行道树共有乔木27种、灌木24种,其中悬铃木〔Platanus acerifolia(Ait.)Willd.〕、香樟〔Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl〕、国槐(Sophora japonica L.)、水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng)、女贞(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)、雪松〔Cedrus deodara(Roxb.)G.Don〕和枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera C.DC.)是南京市老城区行道树群落的优势种,决定了道路绿化景观的外貌;在7种优势树种中,悬铃木的年龄结构属稳定型,香樟、国槐和女贞处于增长阶段,水杉、雪松和枫杨则趋于老龄化。在行道树配植的4种垂直结构类型中,乔木单层结构最多,占52.8%;乔灌两层和乔灌草三层结构所占比例相近(21.6%和22.4%);乔草两层结构最少(3.2%)。本研究结果对南京市行道树的合理配置具有重要的参考价值。