转基因小鼠和基因突变小鼠微卫星不稳定性分析

目的探讨微卫星在转基因和基因突变小鼠中的变化,为基因修饰和遗传突变动物的遗传检测和表型分析提供理论依据和技术手段。方法根据文献报道,从GenBank中选取198个等位基因数量多、富含多态性的微卫星位点,以野生型动物为对照,对6种近交系遗传背景的转基因小鼠和5种自然基因突变的近交系小鼠进行微卫星多态性检测,选用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和STR扫描技术,比较分析微卫星不稳定性。结果共有40个微卫星位点在转基因和基因突变小鼠中表现出多态性。在基因突变小鼠中,微卫星不稳定性有55.6%(10/18)是由纯合变为杂合(Ⅰ型),有3个位点(16.6%,3/18)是纯合突变(Ⅱ型),有5个位点同时存在2种类型的突变。但是在转基因动物中,大多数的微卫星多态性为Ⅰ型突变(87.5%,28/32),只有2个位点(6.2%,2/32)是Ⅱ型突变。另外有2个位点同时存在2种类型的突变。结论基因修饰或基因突变可引起小鼠相关微卫星发生不稳定性,而且某些微卫星位点对基因改变敏感性较高。     

荧光-构象敏感凝胶电泳技术筛查上海市郊区野生小家鼠线粒体编码区SNP位点

利用通用引物荧光PCR方案, 应用荧光-构象敏感凝胶电泳(fluorescence-based conformation sensitive gel elec-trophoresis, F-CSGE)和DNA直接测序分型技术, 对上海地区64只野生小家鼠线粒体DNA(mtDNA)编码区进行序列分析, 在上海市郊区野生小家鼠群体中初步检测mtDNA编码区SNP, 以发现合适的遗传位标用于野生小家鼠遗传多态性分析。结果发现: F-CSGE所有存在SNP突变的峰图中同源双链和异源双链峰电泳泳动距离差异均较为明显, 在检测未知SNP中无假阳性出现, 检测效率高。F-CSGE检出野生小鼠mtDNA编码区SNP 24个, 其中新发现SNP为16个。结果表明, F-CSGE可用于mtDNA编码区SNP检测, 新发现的SNP可作为遗传位标用以研究整个上海地区野生小家鼠的遗传结构和遗传多态性。     

几种近交品系小鼠的毛色基因

生物医学研究的不断发展,要求提供各种基因型的近交系动物,用作试验模型。近交系动物具有遗传背景清楚,特性明确,基因纯合性较高等特点。国际上应用广泛。1975年第三版《国际实验动物索引》公布的近交系小鼠有388个品系。但尽管近交系动物的遗传性状相对稳定,在长期饲养过程中仍可能发生变异;也可能因为饲养管理的不慎而造成基因污染。所以饲养繁殖近交系动物时,必须定期进行遗传质量的监测,以确保近交系动物主要遗传特性的延续,使科学工作者能获得可靠的研究成果。     

BALB/c小鼠遗传质量检测的新方法

目的比较随即扩增多态性方法（RAPD）、微卫星方法（STR）与生化标记方法对近交系小鼠遗传质量检测的差异,为近交系动物遗传质量控制提供一种分子生物学方法。方法提取近交系小鼠BALB/c基因组DNA,用6条RAPD引物和20对STR引物对其进行PCR扩增,用生化标记法检测13个位点。结果在6条RAPD引物中,引物2（p2）、引物3（p3）、引物5（p5）和引物6（p6）这四条引物扩增的条带出现差异,表现为不同的RAPD图谱;在20对STR引物中,引物2、4、10和11,这四对引物扩增的条带出现差异,表现为不同的STR图谱;13个生化标记位点中,过氧化氢酶-2（Ce-2）等6个生化位点发现杂合基因。结论RAPD和STR可用于验证生化标记方法的实验结果,并用于保证近交系动物的遗传质量。     

ES小鼠和ES细胞中H19基因甲基化状态

为探讨印迹基因H19的甲基化状态与ES小鼠胚胎发育之间的关系, 以遗传背景相同的正常成年对照小鼠、22只成年ES小鼠和8只新生死亡的ES小鼠以及不同传代次数的ES细胞为实验材料, 利用甲基化敏感性限制性内切酶-PCR技术分别检测了其印迹基因H19的5′非翻译区两个位点的甲基化状态。结果表明, 发育至成年的ES小鼠印迹基因H19所检测位点的甲基化状态与正常成年对照小鼠之间没有差异, 而新生死亡的ES小鼠印迹基因H19所检测位点的甲基化状态与成年ES小鼠以及正常成年对照小鼠相比则存在明显差异。推测ES细胞中印迹基因H19所检测位点的甲基化状态与成年ES小鼠以及正常成年对照小鼠之间可能存在 差异。     

用蛋白质及同功酶醋酸纤膜电泳法对近交系小鼠进行遗传监测

本文报道了纯系小鼠遗传质量监测的一种简便而精确的方法——蛋白质及同功酶醋酸纤膜电泳法,并用此法检查确定了我国4个近交系小鼠[津白1(TA1)、津白2(TA2)、615和AMMS1]在Hbb(血红蛋白β链)、Es-1(血清酯酶-1)、Es-2(血清酯酶-2)、Es-3(肾酯酶-3)、Id-1(异柠檬酸脱氢酶-1)和Ldr-1(乳酸脱氢酶调节体-1)6个位点等位基因的分布。同时对我国常用的9个品系共15个封闭群的纯系小鼠在以上6个位点生化标记基因的纯合程度也进行了检查,发现两个封闭群有3个位点的标记基因发生变异。最后对检查结果和方法进行了探讨。     

PLCε基因敲除小鼠微卫星DNA遗传监测分析

目的利用多态性微卫星DNA位点分析PLCε基因敲除小鼠的遗传特性。方法用所筛选的15个微卫星DNA位点对28只PLCε基因敲除小鼠的DNA进行了PCR扩增,通过基因片段大小来分析群体的遗传多样性。结果 13个微卫星DNA位点中（D1Mit365、D3Mit51、D4Mit235、D6Mit102、D7Mit281、D8Mit113、D9Mit23、D10Mit180、D13Mit88、D16Mit145、D17Mit36、D18Mit94、D19Mit97）每个位点的28只小鼠DNA片段泳动距离一致,呈现单态性,表明该群体符合近交系的遗传特性;而利用Dq（敲基因型）和Dy（野生型）两个位点对28只小鼠的PCR扩增结果进行了鉴别分析,其中敲除基因型小鼠为6只;野生型为7只;杂合型为15只。结论利用微卫星标记技术可以对群体进行遗传质量监测,并能有效地鉴别不同的基因型,为小鼠的遗传质量监测提供了一种可行的方法。     

三个近交系C57BL/6J小鼠群体微卫星遗传变异分析(英文）

应用微卫星遗传标记对近交系C57BL/6J(B6)小鼠遗传稳定性进行分析。用FAM标记的引物PCR扩增了来自北京和上海三个实验动物生产单位提供的三个B6小鼠群体共15个微卫星位点并进行分型。结果显示,所有位点均处于纯合状态,其中7个位点为多态位点。研究表明各B6群体虽然为高度近交群体,但不同生产单位维持的B6群体之间存在遗传分化。     

内蒙古草原小叶锦鸡儿遗传分化的研究

采用RAPD技术对内蒙古草原5个具较大地理跨度的小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)地理群的遗传多样性和遗传结构特点进行了研究。共检测到466个位点,多态位点463个,多态位点百分率(PPB)为99.36%;特有位点37个,占7.94%。Nei指数和Shannon指数都表明阿巴嘎旗小叶锦鸡儿地理群遗传多样性最高,其它地理群的遗传多样性有向东、向西降低的趋势。AMOVA得到的固定系数φst为0.055 26;基因分化系数Gst为0.067 3,用Shannon指数估算的地理群间变异比率(Hsp-Hpop)/Hsp为0.147 9,说明遗传变异主要存在于各地理群内部。地理群每代迁移数Nm为6.930 5,显示地理群间存在较强的基因流。Mantel检验表明5个小叶锦鸡儿地理群间遗传距离与地理距离有显著相关性。     

DXB／c小鼠毛色基因的测试

ＤＸＢ／ｃ小鼠毛色基因的测试牛荣,魏泓,焦有烈,史燕燕,郑亚萍１．重庆第三军医大学实验动物中心重庆６３００３８２．军事医学科学院遗传上的高度纯合性是对近交系动物的基本要求。在于近交系小鼠的遗传监测方法,国际上通用的已有很多。其中,毛色基因的测定是近交...     

Biochemical markers of three strains derived from Japanese wild mouse (Mus musculus molossinus)

Twenty-eight biochemical markers were examined in three strains (Mol-A, Mol-N and Mol-T) derived from the Japanese wild mouse, Mus musculus molossinus, as well as five laboratory strains, Mus musculus musculus. The Mol strains showed specific alleles at as many as 12 loci. These findings emphasize that the Mol strains have significance in future genetic and developmental studies.     

Development of unique house mouse resources suitable for evolutionary studies of speciation

Two house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus domesticus and Mus musculus musculus, form a hybrid zone in Europe and represent a suitable model for inferring the genes contributing to isolation barriers between parental taxa. Despite long-term intensive studies of this hybrid zone, we still know relatively little about the causes and mechanisms maintaining the 2 taxa as separate subspecies; therefore, to gain insight into this process, we developed 8 wild-derived inbred house mouse strains. In order to produce strains as pure domesticus or musculus genomes as possible, the individuals used to establish the breeding colony for the 3 domesticus and 2 of the musculus strains were captured in the Czech Republic from wild populations at extreme western and eastern edges of the subspecific contact zone, respectively. The remaining 3 musculus strains were bred from mice captured about 250 km east of the hybrid zone. Genetic analysis based on 361 microsatellite loci showed that 82% of these markers are diagnostic for either the musculus or the domesticus strains. In order to demonstrate the potential utility of this genetic differentiation in such strains, phenotypic variation was scored for 2 strains from opposite edges of the hybrid zone and significant differences in morphology, reproductive performance, in vitro immune responses, mate choice based on urinary signals, and aggressiveness were found. In addition, the 3 strains derived from musculus populations far from the hybrid zone display significant differences in polymorphism in hybrid male sterility when crossed with the laboratory strains C57BL/6 or C57BL/10, which have a predominantly domesticus genome. Although further studies will be necessary to demonstrate intersubspecific differences, all analyses presented here indicate that these newly developed house mouse strains represent a powerful tool for elucidating the genetic basis of isolation barriers in hybrid zones and for studying speciation in general.     

B1 insertions as easy markers for mouse population studies

Few simple, easy-to-score PCR markers are available for studying genetic variation in wild mice populations belonging to Mus musculus at the population and subspecific levels. In this study, we show the abundant B1 family of short interspersed DNA elements (SINEs) is a very promising source of such markers. Thirteen B1 sequences from different regions of the genome were retrieved on the basis of their high degree of homology to a mouse consensus sequence, and the presence of these elements was screened for in wild derived mice representing M. spretus, macedonicus and spicilegus and the different subspecies of M. musculus. At five of these loci, varying degrees of insertion polymorphism were found in M. m. domesticus mice. These insertions were almost totally absent in the mice representing the other subspecies and species. Six other B1 elements were fixed in all the Mus species tested. At these loci, polymorphism associated with three restriction sites in the B1 consensus sequence was found in M. musculus. Most of these polymorphisms appear to be ancestral as they are shared by at least one of the other Mus species tested. Both insertion and restriction polymorphism revealed differences between five inbred laboratory strains considered to be of mainly domesticus origin, and at the six restriction loci a surprising number of these strains carried restriction variants that were either not found or very infrequent in domesticus. This suggests that in this particular group of loci, alleles of far Eastern origin are more frequent than expected.     

Physical performance and soleus muscle fiber composition in wild-derived and laboratory inbred mouse strains.

We compared four inbred mouse strains in their physical performance, measured as a maximal treadmill running time, characteristics of soleus muscle, anatomic character, and growth. The strains used were Mus musculus domesticus [C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c], Mus musculus molossinus (MSM/Ms), and Mus spretus. Maximal running time was significantly different among these four mouse strains. Running time until exhaustion was highest in MSM/Ms and lowest in M. spretus. Maximal times for the laboratory mouse strains were nearly identical. Soleus muscle fiber type and cross-sectional area also differed significantly among the species. In particular, M. spretus was significantly different from the other inbred mouse strains. Growth in the wild-derived inbred mice appeared to be complete earlier than in the laboratory mice, and the body size of the wild strains was about half that of the laboratory strains. From these results, we propose that wild-derived inbred mouse strains are useful models for enhancing phenotypic variation in physical performance and adaptability.     

Nucleotide variation in wild and inbred mice

The house mouse is a well-established model organism, particularly for studying the genetics of complex traits. However, most studies of mice use classical inbred strains, whose genomes derive from multiple species. Relatively little is known about the distribution of genetic variation among these species or how variation among strains relates to variation in the wild. We sequenced intronic regions of five X-linked loci in large samples of wild Mus domesticus and M. musculus, and we found low levels of nucleotide diversity in both species. We compared these data to published data from short portions of six X-linked and 18 autosomal loci in wild mice. We estimate that M. domesticus and M. musculus diverged <500,000 years ago. Consistent with this recent divergence, some gene genealogies were reciprocally monophyletic between these species, while others were paraphyletic or polyphyletic. In general, the X chromosome was more differentiated than the autosomes. We resequenced classical inbred strains for all 29 loci and found that inbred strains contain only a small amount of the genetic variation seen in wild mice. Notably, the X chromosome contains proportionately less variation among inbred strains than do the autosomes. Moreover, variation among inbred strains derives from differences between species as well as from differences within species, and these proportions differ in different genomic regions. Wild mice thus provide a reservoir of additional genetic variation that may be useful for mapping studies. Together these results suggest that wild mice will be a valuable complement to laboratory strains for studying the genetics of complex traits.     

Intracisternal A-particle genes in Mus musculus: a conserved family of retrovirus-like elements.

The structural organization of intracisternal A-particle genes has been studied, using isolates from a mouse gene library in lambda phage Charon 4A. The predominant gene form among the isolates was 7.3 kilobases (kb) in length. R-loops between the 7-kb (35S) A-particle genomic ribonucleic acid and several of these genes were colinear, with no visible evidence of intervening deoxyribonucleic acid sequences. One recombinant was found with an A-particle gene that contained a 1.7-kb deletion. Using the deletion as a reference, the deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid homology regions were localized with respect to one another and to the restriction map: the 5' terminus of the ribonucleic acid was several hundred base pairs within the 5' end of the deoxyribonucleic acid homology region. Restriction endonuclease fragments encompassing the 5' and 3' regions of one 7.3-kb gene were separately subcloned into pBR322. Heteroduplexes between the two subclones revealed an approximately 300-base pair segment of terminally redundant sequences. The cloned 3' fragment hybridized with restriction fragments from the 5' end of several other A-particle genes, demonstrating the presence of common (though not necessarily identical) terminally repeated sequences. A-particle genes varied in the occurrence of specific restriction sites at characteristic internal loci. However, heteroduplexes between several variant 7.3-kb genes showed continuous homology regions even when spread under stringent hybridization conditions. The relative abundance of restriction site variants was highly conserved in 12 laboratory strains of Mus musculus, in embryonic and adult tissues of a single inbred strain, and in the SC-1 cell line of feral mouse origin, but appeared to differ in a feral Japanese substrain, Mus musculus molossinus. Some evidence suggests that subsets of A-particle genes may have similar flanking sequences. The results are discussed in terms of the evolution of this multigene family.     

Fine haplotype structure of a chromosome 17 region in the laboratory and wild mouse

Extensive linkage disequilibrium among classical laboratory strains represents an obstacle in the high-resolution haplotype mapping of mouse quantitative trait loci (QTL). To determine the potential of wild-derived mouse strains for fine QTL mapping, we constructed a haplotype map of a 250-kb region of the t-complex on chromosome 17 containing the Hybrid sterility 1 (Hst1) gene. We resequenced 33 loci from up to 80 chromosomes of five mouse (sub)species. Trans-species single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were rare between Mus m. musculus (Mmmu) and Mus m. domesticus (Mmd). The haplotypes in Mmmu and Mmd differed and therefore strains from these subspecies should not be combined for haplotype-associated mapping. The haplotypes of t-chromosomes differed from all non-t Mmmu and Mmd haplotypes. Half of the SNPs and SN indels but only one of seven longer rearrangements found in classical laboratory strains were useful for haplotype mapping in the wild-derived M. m. domesticus. The largest Mmd haplotype block contained three genes of a highly conserved synteny. The lengths of the haplotype blocks deduced from 36 domesticus chromosomes were in tens of kilobases, suggesting that the wild-derived Mmd strains are suitable for fine interval-specific mapping.     

Mammary tumorigenesis in feral Mus cervicolor popaeus.

A pedigreed breeding population of feral Mus cervicolor popaeus with a high incidence of mammary tumors, arising between 6 and 14 months of age, is described. These mice were chronically infected with a type B retrovirus which is distantly related to the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) of inbred strains of Mus musculus. MMTV-induced mammary tumors in inbred mice frequently (80%) contained an insertion of the viral genome into the int-1 or int-2 loci of the tumor cellular genome. These two cellular genetic loci were also altered by viral insertion in 11 of 20 M. cervicolor popaeus mammary tumor cellular DNAs tested. Results of our study of mammary tumorigenesis in feral mice demonstrate that viral-induced rearrangement and activation of the int loci are not limited to the genetic background of inbred mice selected for highly infectious MMTV and a high incidence of mammary tumors.     

A genetic linkage map of the MSM Japanese wild mouse strain with restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS)

A high-resolution genetic map of the Mus musculus molossinus (MSM) Japanese wild mouse strain was constructed with restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) and compared with that of the laboratory strain C3H. MSM is phylogenetically 1 million years apart from common laboratory mouse strains and is distinctly resistant to chemical carcinogenesis. Since it exhibits frequent genetic polymorphisms with laboratory mice but can still be easily crossed with laboratory strains, hybrids between MSM and carcinogen-sensitive laboratory mouse strains provide excellent materials for analysis of modifier genes and genetic changes during carcinogenesis. We have generated MSM backcross progeny with the C3H strain, which is extremely sensitive to hepatocarcinogenesis, to construct the present map. RLGS profiles with two combinations of restriction enzymes (NotI–PvuII–PstI, NotI–PstI–PvuII) yielded more than 2000 spots each. The polymorphism rate was about 39.2%, and of a total of 1732 polymorphic spot loci identified, 1371 could be assigned to specific chromosomes by comparison with 79 microsatellite marker loci. Thus, 1450 loci, on all chromosomes except for Y, effectively mapped 90% of the genome (1431.7 cM length). Although some spots might be derived from the same NotI site, each NotI site potentially generating two fragments, the presence of at least 515 loci groups with different progeny distribution patterns dispersed through the genome with an average spacing of 3 cM, means that this genetic map should be useful for analysis of various biological phenomena, including carcinogenesis and ontogenesis, at the gene level. Received: 25 August 1999 / Accepted: 20 December 1999     

Identification of the murine Mx2 gene: interferon-induced expression of the Mx2 protein from the feral mouse gene confers resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus

The mouse genome contains two related interferon-regulated genes, Mx1 and Mx2. Whereas Mx1 codes for the nuclear 72-kDa protein that interferes with influenza virus replication after interferon treatment, the Mx2 gene is nonfunctional in all laboratory mouse strains examined, since its open reading frame (ORF) is interrupted by an insertional mutation and a subsequent frameshift mutation. In the present study, we demonstrate that Mx2 mRNA of cells from feral mouse strains NJL (Mus musculus musculus) and SPR (Mus spretus) differs from that of the laboratory mouse strains tested. The Mx2 mRNA of the feral strains contains a single long ORF consisting of 656 amino acids. We further show that Mx2 protein in the feral strains is expressed upon interferon treatment and localizes to the cytoplasm much like the rat Mx2 protein, which inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus replication. Furthermore, transfected 3T3 cell lines of laboratory mouse origin expressing Mx2 from feral strains acquire slight resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus.