低温处理后4个越橘品种部分生理指标的比较及其抗寒性分析

以‘美登’(‘Blomidon ’)、‘北陆’(‘Northland ’)、‘蓝丰’(‘Bluecrop ’)和‘密斯梯’(‘Misty ’)4个越橘( Vaccinium spp.)品种为研究对象,对经-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃、-35℃和-40℃低温处理后各品种枝条的相对电导率( REC)、丙二醛( MDA)含量、过氧化物酶( POD)和过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性以及各指标的增长量进行比较;在此基础上,建立各品种REC值与温度的Logistic方程并获得各品种的低温半致死温度( LT50),初步确定各品种的抗寒性。结果表明：经不同低温处理后,各品种枝条的REC 值以及 POD 和 CAT 活性总体上极显著(P<0.01)高于对照(10℃),MDA含量极显著或显著(P<0.05)高于对照。随处理温度降低,各品种枝条的REC值和MDA含量逐渐升高,但不同品种间这2个指标的变幅不同;各品种枝条的POD和CAT活性随处理温度降低呈“单峰型”曲线,但不同品种枝条POD和CAT活性的峰值及其达到峰值的处理温度均存在差异,其中,经-25℃低温处理后品种‘密斯梯’枝条的POD和CAT活性最高,而其余3个品种的POD和CAT活性经-30℃低温处理后最高。总体上,品种‘密斯梯’枝条的REC值和MDA含量增长量处于较高水平,POD和CAT活性增长量处于较低水平;而品种‘美登’枝条的REC值和MDA含量增长量则处于较低水平,POD和CAT活性增长量处于较高水平。各品种的Logistic方程拟合度为0.8622~0.9778,且各品种间的拟合度差异均达到极显著或显著水平;REC值与温度的相关性极显著,其相关系数为0.9285~0.9888;品种‘密斯梯’、‘蓝丰’、‘北陆’和‘美登’的LT50值分别为-18.87℃、-26.85℃、-27.52℃和-30.83℃。综合分析结果显示：LT50值、MDA含量变化量、保护酶活性及其变化量均可作为越橘品种抗寒性的评价指标,据此初步确定供试4个越橘品种抗寒性由强至弱依次为‘美登’、‘北陆’、‘蓝丰’、‘密斯梯’。     

西双版纳30个橡胶树品种的低温半致死温度及低温对抗氧化系统的影响

采用低温恒温槽处理离体叶片后测定其电解质外渗率,并结合Logistic方程得出低温半致死温度的方法,评价农业部景洪橡胶树种质资源圃中的30个橡胶树品种的抗寒性。结果表明,品种‘RRIM712’、‘云研80-1983’、‘云研77-4’、‘PR107’、‘RRIM524’抗寒性强,低温半致死温度在-4～0℃之间;品种‘云研76-398’、‘RRIM523’抗寒性弱,低温半致死温度在4~7℃之间;其他品种抗寒性居中。橡胶树在低温胁迫下,超氧阴离子的产生速率与橡胶树的抗寒性无直接关系,但不同温度下的变化幅度越小,抗寒性越高;SOD活性随温度降低迅速提高,CAT随温度降低表现出活性降低的趋势。     

α-萘乙酸对低温胁迫下油菜幼苗抗寒性的影响

为探究α-萘乙酸(NAA)对植物抗寒性的影响,以白菜型冬油菜‘陇油6号’为试验材料,经4℃、NAA+4℃、NAA+4℃+DPI(NADPH氧化酶抑制剂)、NAA+4℃+DMTU(H2O2清除剂)、NAA+4℃+U0126(MAPK抑制剂)和NAA+4℃+Tungstate(NO生成抑制剂)处理后,研究其对‘陇油6号’油菜的活性氧(H2O2和O2-·)含量,抗氧化酶活性,丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量,抗氧化酶基因(APX、CAT、GR、SOD)、Rboh A-F、MAPK3/4/6、CBF和ICE1基因表达量的影响。结果表明:与4℃低温处理相比,NAA+4℃处理下油菜根系中的细胞活性、H2O2和O2-·含量以及叶片中的MDA含量均降低;根系中的抗氧化酶(CAT、SOD、APX和POD)活性、叶片中的可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、上述相关基因的表达量均升高,说明α-萘乙酸处理油菜可显著提高低温胁迫下油菜幼苗的抗氧化能力、光合能力和相关基因的表达,增强油菜幼苗的抗寒性。与NAA+4℃处理相比,NAA+4℃+抑制剂(DPI、DMTU、U0126和Tungstate)处理下油菜幼苗中叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶基因表达量、Rboh A-F、MAPK3/4/6、CBF和ICE1基因表达量均呈不同程度降低,说明H2O2和NO信号分子、NADPH氧化酶和MAP激酶级联途径均参与了α-萘乙酸增强油菜幼苗耐寒性过程的调控。     

α-萘乙酸对低温胁迫下油菜幼苗抗寒性的影响

为探究α-萘乙酸(NAA)对植物抗寒性的影响,以白菜型冬油菜‘陇油6号’为试验材料,经4℃、NAA+4℃、NAA+4℃+DPI(NADPH氧化酶抑制剂)、NAA+4℃+DMTU(H_2O_2清除剂)、NAA+4℃+U0126(MAPK抑制剂)和NAA+4℃+Tungstate(NO生成抑制剂)处理后,研究其对‘陇油6号’油菜的活性氧(H_2O_2和O_2~(-·))含量,抗氧化酶活性,丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量,抗氧化酶基因(APX、CAT、GR、SOD)、Rboh A-F、MAPK3/4/6、CBF和ICE1基因表达量的影响。结果表明:与4℃低温处理相比,NAA+4℃处理下油菜根系中的细胞活性、H_2O_2和O_2~(-·)含量以及叶片中的MDA含量均降低;根系中的抗氧化酶(CAT、SOD、APX和POD)活性、叶片中的可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、上述相关基因的表达量均升高,说明α-萘乙酸处理油菜可显著提高低温胁迫下油菜幼苗的抗氧化能力、光合能力和相关基因的表达,增强油菜幼苗的抗寒性。与NAA+4℃处理相比,NAA+4℃+抑制剂(DPI、DMTU、U0126和Tungstate)处理下油菜幼苗中叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶基因表达量、Rboh A-F、MAPK3/4/6、CBF和ICE1基因表达量均呈不同程度降低,说明H_2O_2和NO信号分子、NADPH氧化酶和MAP激酶级联途径均参与了α-萘乙酸增强油菜幼苗耐寒性过程的调控。     

孕穗期低温对冬小麦生理生化特性和产量的影响

为明确孕穗期低温对小麦生理生化特性和产量的影响,以‘小偃22’等5个冬小麦品种为材料,对其在低温（2±1） ℃胁迫下叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标进行测定,并测定单株产量。结果表明:（1）与对照相比,低温胁迫24 h和48 h后,供试品种叶片SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、MDA含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量均显著增加,而可溶性蛋白含量显著降低。（2）低温胁迫使各品种单株籽粒产量和单株穗粒数显著下降,但对小穗数和千粒重的影响不大。（3）经隶属函数分析,‘小偃22’、‘矮抗58’和‘西农509’属于抗寒性较强的品种,而‘郑麦9023’和‘郑麦366’为抗寒性较弱的品种,这与它们在试验中的籽粒产量表现相符。研究发现,与抗寒性弱的小麦品种相比,抗寒性强的品种在相同低温下具有相对较高的保护酶活性、较强的渗透调节物质积累能力和较低的质膜破坏程度,这是其在低温胁迫后能维持较高产量的生理基础。     

白菜型冬油菜不育系LRCMS花器生理生化特性及其雄蕊发育特征研究

以白菜型冬油菜‘陇油8号’ב陇油9号’杂交后代中选育出的不育系LRCMS,以及代表性甘蓝型油菜不育系(J39A、J68A、Pol10A)和它们的保持系为材料,研究LRCMS在盛花期花蕾和花中POD、SOD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶谱变化特征及其雄蕊败育过程。结果显示:(1)所有参试材料花朵中POD活性普遍高于花蕾。(2)不育材料POD活性高于保持材料,甘蓝型不育材料POD活性较保持材料增加幅度大于LRCMS与‘陇油9号’,LRCMS花蕾与花的POD活性分别较保持系材料‘陇油9号’高出15.0%和9.0%;不育材料花的CAT活性高于保持系材料89%~293%,而其花蕾的CAT活性低于保持系材料25%~43%,LRCMS与其它不育材料间无显著差异;不育系材料花SOD活性低于保持系材料15%~25%,LRCMS与其它不育材料无显著差异,其花蕾SOD活性高于保持材料6%~112%,但LRCMS增加幅度低于其它不育材料;保持系材料花蕾与花中蛋白质含量为0.014~0.020mg/g,不育系材料花蕾与花中蛋白质含量为0.012~0.016mg/g,所有不育材料蛋白质含量均低于保持材料。(3)LRCMS的POD同工酶谱在花中较对应的可育系‘陇油9号’和其它甘蓝型雄性不育多1条迁移率(Rf)为0.623的条带。(4)LRCMS雄蕊败育起始于造孢细胞期,造孢细胞粘连,无核仁,绒毡层未发育,为无花粉囊型不育。研究表明,LRCMS与其他类型油菜不育系有着不同的遗传背景,是一个新的白菜型冬油菜不育类型。     

不同油橄榄品种对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性综合评价

为了明确油橄榄的抗寒机理,对甘肃陇南地区主栽的6个油橄榄品种离体叶片进行低温胁迫(5℃、0℃、-5℃、-10℃)处理,并以18℃常温培养为对照,测定与抗寒性相关的生理生化指标,并采用隶属函数法对不同品种抗寒性进行综合评价。结果显示:(1)各油橄榄品种离体叶片相对电导率随处理温度的降低而呈"S"型曲线变化,结合Logistic方程得出不同品种油橄榄半致死温度介于-6.687℃~-3.706℃之间,且各品种的半致死温度顺序为‘皮肖利’<‘配多灵’<‘莱星’<‘阿斯’<‘鄂植8号’<‘佛奥’,其抗寒性大小依次为‘皮肖利’>‘配多灵’>‘莱星’>‘阿斯’>‘鄂植8号’>‘佛奥’。(2)随着胁迫温度降低,各油橄榄品种离体叶片叶绿素含量逐渐降低,可溶性糖含量基本呈逐渐增加趋势,而可溶性蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、SOD活性、POD活性和CAT活性则呈先升后降的趋势。(3)在-10℃低温胁迫下,油橄榄品种‘皮肖利’和‘配多灵’的叶片叶绿素含量比常温对照降幅较小,渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性相对增幅较大,丙二醛含量增幅较小,而此时品种‘佛奥’和‘鄂植8号’各指标的变化趋势与之相反。(4)根据不同油橄榄品种的平均隶属度(抗寒性综合评价值)确定的品种抗寒能力大小顺序(‘皮肖利’>‘配多灵’>‘莱星’>‘阿斯’>‘鄂植8号’>‘佛奥’)与品种半致死温度的抗寒性表现顺序完全一致。研究表明,在低温胁迫条件下,‘皮肖利’和‘配多灵’等油橄榄品种能通过提高渗透调节物质含量和增强保护酶活性来缓解胁迫造成的过氧化伤害,从而表现出较强的抗寒能力;基于相对电导率的半致死温度和隶属函数法的综合评价均能准确鉴定油橄榄的抗寒性。     

低温对枇杷苗叶片与根尖的生理状况及超微结构的影响

为探讨枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)苗对低温伤害的响应,采用人工降温的方法,研究了‘解放钟’实生枇杷苗在低温胁迫下叶肉细胞与根细胞超微结构的变化,同时测定叶片褐变率、根系活力和细胞质膜相对透性(PMP)。结果表明,轻度低温(0℃)胁迫12h,根系活力下降26.09%,叶片褐变率仅升高17.15%,根系PMP值持续升高而叶片呈下降趋势。电镜下观察,根细胞和叶肉细胞均有明显线粒体增加现象。0℃胁迫36 h根细胞发生胞间结冰,液泡消失、线粒体膨大变形、双层膜消失、嵴消失、细胞壁结构损伤,而叶肉细胞仅表现叶绿体破坏、淀粉粒变小,线粒体完整。重度低温(–3℃、–5℃)胁迫下,根细胞和叶肉细胞均发生细胞内结冰,且低温对根细胞的破坏程度明显高于叶肉细胞,根细胞比叶细胞发生细胞结冰的时间更早,受害更严重。这表明根细胞比叶肉细胞对低温更敏感,因此,在低温来临前对枇杷地下部采取保温措施,对缓解地上部低温伤害具有积极作用。     

贵州野生柑橘的抗寒性测定和综合评价

以贵州3个野生柑橘种类宜昌橙、酸橙、白黎檬和栽培品种‘默科特’的一年生枝条为试材,人工设置4℃(CK)、0℃、-5℃、-10℃、-15℃、-20℃、-25℃低温冷冻处理24h,研究了4个柑橘种类枝条膜脂过氧化作用、抗氧化酶活性和有机渗透调节物质的变化,并应用Logistic方程建立回归模型确定其半致死温度(LT50),应用隶属函数法综合评价野生柑橘种类的抗寒性。结果表明:(1)随着温度的降低,4个柑橘种类枝条的电解质外渗率均呈"S"型上升,SOD、POD活性以及可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量均先升后降,MDA含量在宜昌橙枝条中逐渐缓慢上升,在其余材料枝条中则先升高后下降;栽培品种‘默科特’枝条的保护酶活性、渗透调节物质含量在0℃或者-5℃达到峰值,而宜昌橙则在-15℃或者-20℃达到最大值,两者的MDA含量则分别在-15℃和-25℃达到最大值。(2)利用电解质外渗率拟合Logistic方程推算的宜昌橙、酸橙、白黎檬和‘默科特’的低温半致死温度分别为-14.86℃、-7.28℃、-8.45℃和-5.88℃;用隶属函数法与Logistic方程分析所得各柑橘种类的抗寒性强弱结果基本一致,4个柑橘种类的抗寒性强弱顺序为:宜昌橙酸橙白黎檬‘默科特’。研究认为,抗寒性强的柑橘枝条的保护酶活性、渗透调节物质和MDA含量达到峰值的温度更低,具有更强的抗氧化胁迫能力和渗透调节能力,且野生柑橘的抗寒性较栽培种强;半致死温度和隶属函数法均可有效评价柑橘种类的抗寒性。     

葡萄枝条水分含量变化与抗寒性关系

以12个葡萄品种1年生枝条为试材,通过0、-15、-18、-21、-24、-27、-30、-133℃8个低温处理24h后,测定不同低温胁迫下葡萄枝条的,6-含水量、束缚水含量、自由水含量和束缚水与自由水的比值。结果表明：随着处理温度的降低,同一品种枝条的总含水量基本恒定,自由水含量呈先下降再升高的趋势,束缚水含量和束缚水与自由水的比值均呈现为先升高再下降的趋势;束缚水与自由水的比值随低温胁迫的变化呈Cubic方程,不同品种束缚水与自由水的比值达到最高点的温度不同,‘双红’、‘北冰红’、‘左优红’的拐点温度在-25℃以下,‘775’、‘巨峰’的拐点温度在-20℃左右,‘雷司令’、‘黑比诺’、‘霞多丽’的拐点温度在-18℃左右,‘赤霞珠’、‘梅鹿特’、‘白比诺’、‘红地球’拐点温度在-16～17℃。对葡萄休眠枝条进行低温处理后,通过测定束缚水与自由水含水量变化鉴定葡萄品种的抗寒性是可行的。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418