狗头枣叶片原生质体分离研究

以培养25d的狗头枣试管苗叶片为材料,研究了不同酶液浓度,不同甘露醇浓度对狗头枣组培苗叶片原生质体分离的影响.结果表明适合狗头枣组培苗叶片原生质体分离的适宜酶液配比为1.0 g/L纤维素酶、0.4 g/L果胶酶,0.6 mol/L甘露醇,黑暗条件下,酶解8h,可获得大量有活力的原生质体.其叶片原生质体的产量为2.12×106个/g,活原生质体获得率为80.88％.     

基于亚细胞定位的大豆和鹰嘴豆原生质体分离体系的建立与优化

以湘豆3号大豆和Kabuli型鹰嘴豆幼嫩叶片为材料,研究了酶解种类及配比、酶解液中甘露醇浓度、酶解液p H和酶解时间对两种豆科植物幼嫩叶片原生质体产量和存活率的影响。结果表明,湘豆3号大豆叶片在含有0.5%纤维素酶Onozuka R-10、0.8%半纤维素酶Hemicellulase、0.8%离析酶Macerozyme R-10、0.4%果胶酶Pectolyase Y-23、0.1%2-(N-吗啡啉)乙磺酸(MES)和10%甘露醇的酶解液中(pH 6.0),27℃黑暗条件下恒温水浴振荡(45 r/min)酶解6 h,分离得到的原生质体产量和存活率最高;Kabuli型鹰嘴豆叶片在含有0.5%纤维素酶Onozuka R-10、0.8%半纤维素酶Hemicellulase、0.8%离析酶Macerozyme R-10、0.1%MES和10%甘露醇酶解液中(pH 4.8),27℃黑暗条件下恒温振荡水浴(45 r/min)7–8 h,分离得到的原生质体产量和存活率最高。通过上述件分离到的湘豆3号大豆和Kabuli型鹰嘴豆幼嫩叶片原生质体用于亚细胞定位的效果最好。     

苦荞叶肉细胞原生质体的分离纯化及瞬时转化

高效分离原生质体是遗传转化、细胞融合和再生培养的基础性工作。该实验以苦荞(Fagopyrum tartaricum)品种‘榆6-21’的叶肉细胞为材料,研究了酶类组合、甘露醇浓度、酶解时间以及离心速度对苦荞叶肉细胞原生质体分离纯化的影响。结果表明:酶解液组成为1.5%纤维素酶R-10+0.5%离析酶R-10+0.5mol/L甘露醇+20mmol/L MES+20mmol/L KCl+10mmol/L CaCl2+0.1%牛血清白蛋白,以第5~7片真叶为材料,用胶带纸撕去叶片下表皮后,25℃黑暗酶解4h,以900r/min离心收集,可以获得高质量的原生质体,原生质体产量可达6×106个/g,活力达到90%以上;用双荧光素酶报告基因载体检测原生质体的转化效率,以分离纯化的苦荞叶肉细胞原生质体为受体,将双荧光素酶报告基因载体与其混合后,在终浓度为20%PEG4000介导下,黑暗转化20min,可以检测到较高活性的萤火虫荧光素酶和海肾荧光素酶,证明双荧光素酶报告载体可成功转化到原生质体中。研究结果为苦荞原生质体瞬时转化及遗传操作提供了技术基础。     

大花蕙兰原生质体分离纯化

以大花蕙兰的叶片、根为试材,分析不同酶液组合、摇床转速、酶解温度、材料酶液比、酶解时间等因素对其原生质体分离的影响。大花蕙兰叶片、根经过90 min质壁分离预处理后,在温度28 ℃,于摇床上50 r·min^-1振荡酶解6 h,叶、根分别在酶解液为纤维素酶2.0%＋果胶酶0.1%＋离析酶0.2%＋崩溃酶0.2%和纤维素酶2.0%＋果胶酶0.3%＋离析酶0.1%＋崩溃酶0.1%中得到最高产量的原生质体。     

丹参悬浮培养细胞原生质体的制备和活力检测

对丹参悬浮培养细胞原生质体制备条件进行了研究,并利用FDA染色和钙离子荧光探针Fluo-3/AM装载对制备得到的原生质体的活力和功能进行了检测。丹参悬浮培养细胞原生质体的制备条件为:悬浮培养细胞酶解的适宜酶液组合为纤维素酶1.5%、果胶酶0.3%和离析酶0.5%;适宜的甘露醇浓度为0.4 mol/L;酶解时间为12 h;在600 r/min转速下离心5 min收集,纯化得到原生质体,其产量为1.1×106/g FW,FDA检测显示其活力为95%以上,荧光探针Fluo-3/AM可成功装载到原生质体中。     

“红颜”草莓原生质体制备及瞬时转化体系的建立

为探索“红颜”草莓悬浮细胞系原生质体提取的最优条件,并建立“红颜”草莓原生质体瞬时转化体系,以“红颜”草莓悬浮细胞为材料,对酶液组成、酶解温度、酶解方式进行研究。用PEG介导的瞬时转化法将标记基因GFP转化到“红颜”草莓原生质体中。结果显示：以“红颜”草莓悬浮细胞系作为分离材料,酶液组合为CPW中含有0.5%PVP+0.1%MES+1%纤维素酶+0.5%离析酶+0.01%半纤维素酶+0.9 mol/L甘露醇,在低速（50 r/min）恒温（31 ℃）震摇下进行酶解反应,酶解10 h时,达到“红颜”草莓原生质体最佳分离效果,每克鲜重产量可得原生质体6×10⁸ 个,活力值可达93.0%。PEG介导法成功将含有绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein, GFP）的植物表达载体转化“红颜”草莓悬浮细胞原生质体,转化效率达44%。通过实验筛选得到“红颜”草莓悬浮细胞原生质体的最佳制备条件,建立“红颜”草莓悬浮细胞原生质体的瞬时转化体系,为进一步开展“红颜”草莓功能基因及合成生物学研究奠定基础。     

新疆杨愈伤组织原生质体的游离与纯化

目的:以愈伤组织为材料,研究新疆杨原生质体的游离、纯化。方法:以新疆杨愈伤组织为材料,采用简单试验设计和方差分析方法,对新疆杨原生质体游离的影响因素进行研究,并利用二乙酸荧光素染色法观察原生质体活力。结果:适宜新疆杨愈伤组织原生质体游离的较适宜条件是:CPW+2.0%纤维素酶R-10+1.0%离析酶R-10+1.0%果胶酶Y-23+0.6 mol/L甘露醇,酶解温度27℃,酶解时间8 h。在此条件下,原生质体产量达8.5×106个/(g.FW),活力达83.6%。原生质体纯化可采用蔗糖等密度离心法,较适蔗糖浓度为30%。结论:研究筛选出的酶解因素组合与等密度离心条件较适宜新疆杨愈伤组织原生质体的游离和纯化。     

雷公藤悬浮细胞原生质体的制备及瞬时转化体系的建立

为探索药用植物雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii)悬浮细胞原生质体提取的最优条件,并建立雷公藤原生质体瞬时转化体系,以雷公藤悬浮细胞为材料,对酶解液配比、酶解时间、甘露醇浓度及处理转速进行考察。用PEG介导的瞬时转化法将外源基因转化到雷公藤原生质体中。结果表明,以雷公藤悬浮细胞为材料提取原生质体的最佳条件是酶液配比为2.0%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.5%离析酶,甘露醇浓度为0.6 mol·L–1,酶解10小时,处理转速为67×g;用PEG介导法将含有编码GFP的植物表达载体转化雷公藤悬浮细胞原生质体,激光共聚焦扫描显微镜下细胞显示绿色荧光。通过实验筛选得到雷公藤悬浮细胞原生质体的最佳提取条件,建立了雷公藤悬浮细胞原生质体的瞬时转化体系,为进一步开展雷公藤功能基因及合成生物学研究奠定了基础。     

'过山香'香蕉胚性悬浮细胞原生质体分离的方法研究

目的:研究不同的方法对‘过山香'胚性悬浮细胞原生质体分离的影响,筛选最适合用于‘过山香'香蕉胚性悬浮细胞原生质体分离的方案.方法:用不同浓度、不同组合的酶液对‘过山香'原生质体进行分离,并对酶液的甘露醇含量、pH值进行调节.结果:3.0%纤维素酶R-10+0.2%果胶酶Y-23的是最佳酶组合;酶解8 h、酶液中含0.41 M甘露醇、酶液pH值为5.3时,获得原生质体产量最高.结论:合适的酶组合、酶解时间、酶液的渗透压和pH值对‘过山香'香蕉胚性悬浮细胞原生质体的分离有明显的促进作用.     

石牌广藿香原生质体的分离及培养研究

以石牌广藿香悬浮细胞为材料,对影响其原生质体分离和培养的酶浓度、作用时间、溶液渗透压和材料的生理状态等因素进行了研究。结果表明:以0.5%的果胶酶、0.2%离析酶和0.8%的纤维素酶组合处理继代培养3～11d的悬浮细胞8h,渗透压调节剂为9%甘露醇,原生质体产量达1.65×106 protoplasts·mL-1 PCV,活力超过86%。在原生质体的液体浅层培养中,细胞分裂频率为13.5%。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.