Pigmentation and skin reaction to sun as risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study.

Between 1 April 1979 and 31 March 1981, 904 residents of the four western provinces of Canada (population 6.5 million), were diagnosed as suffering from primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Of 801 patients aged 20-79 years, 665 (83%) were interviewed along with control subjects chosen at random from the general population and matched for age, sex, and province. After exclusion of 70 subjects with lentigo maligna or acral lentiginous melanoma, comparisons of the 595 case-control pairs showed that light hair, skin, and eye colour, a history of heavy freckling in adolescence, and a tendency to burn readily and tan poorly in the sun were significant risk factors for melanoma. The strongest primary associations were with blond hair (relative risk 7.1 compared with black hair), light colour of unexposed skin (relative risk 2.4), and severe freckling (relative risk 2.1). These associations were independent of ethnic origin and of recorded amount of exposure to the sun and were somewhat stronger for superficial spreading than for nodular melanoma. This study is the largest and most detailed of an incident series of melanomas to be published to date. The results were consistent with other studies reporting associations between melanoma and poor tanning ability, a tendency to burn easily, and a history of sunburn and showed that light hair colour was the strongest risk factor for the disease.     

宫颈上皮非典型增生患者阴道菌群构成变化及危险因素分析

目的 分析宫颈上皮非典型增生患者阴道菌群分布、菌群耐药性及其发生的危险因素。 方法 选择2010年8月-2019年8月我院收治的宫颈上皮非典型增生患者61例为病例组,同期在我院健康体检者50例为对照组,采集61例宫颈上皮非典型增生患者阴道分泌物进行细菌培养鉴定及药敏试验,分析宫颈上皮非典型增生患者阴道菌群构成分布及耐药特点,单因素和多因素分析宫颈上皮非典型增生的危险因素。 结果 61例宫颈上皮非典型增生患者中共培养分离病原菌47株,其中革兰阴性菌株30株,以大肠埃希菌为主,共14株,占29.8%;革兰阳性菌株12株,以表皮葡萄球菌为主,共6株,占12.8%;真菌5株,以光滑假丝酵母菌为主,共4株,占8.5%。大肠埃希菌对呋喃妥因耐药率最低,对氨苄西林耐药率最高;表皮葡萄球菌对庆大霉素耐药率最低,对青霉素G耐药率最高;光滑假丝酵母菌对克霉唑不耐药,对酮康唑耐药率最高。两组年龄、体质量指数、分娩次数、饮酒史比例、吸烟史比例差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组流产次数、阴道pH值、家族史比例、初次性行为年龄结论 宫颈上皮非典型增生患者阴道菌群以革兰阴性菌为主,呈现多药耐药性。阴道pH值升高、有家族史、有HPV感染史是宫颈上皮非典型增生的危险因素。临床应结合宫颈上皮非典型增生危险因素及阴道菌群构成分布、菌群耐药性情况指导其防治。     

Catching and keeping live moles

A live trap for moles and a method of keeping moles in captivity are described. A field trial of the trap has given promising results and suggests that it would be a useful tool in a capture/recapture technique in field studies on moles. Multiple captures of the same animal were made; all moles caught were in good condition when released from the trap, despite confinement in it for up to 18 hours. The use of wire tunnels as exercise runs and as links between sleeping and feeding cages was found important to the success of keeping live moles. Details are given of apparatus used for continuous automatic monitoring of the activities of captive moles.     

Intermittent claudication: prevalence and risk factors.

Risk factors for intermittent claudication (IC) were studied in 54 patients--that is, all patients with IC on the lists of two general practices--and 108 controls. Smoking was the factor most strongly associated with the development of IC, but systolic and diastolic blood pressures and concentrations of triglyceride, urate, and fibrinogen were all significantly higher among the patients with IC than the controls. The presence of more than one factor appeared to be associated with a multiplicative increase in risk. Cholesterol, an important risk factor for ischaemic heart disease, was not associated with an increased risk of IC. IC was present in about 2% of the men and 1% of the women, who were aged 45-69 years. These findings suggest that IC, a common and disabling manifestation of atheroslcerosis, may be largely preventable.     

Molecular phylogenetic relationships of moles,shrew moles,and desmans from the new and old worlds

A Rich variety of anatomical and physiological specializations has enabled members of the family Talpidae (moles, shrew moles, and desmans) to exploit a diverse range of habitats: terrestrial, semi-aquatic, aquatic/fossorial, semi-fossorial, and fossorial. While numerous morphological and biochemical studies pertaining to the origin and radiation of the Talpidae have been completed, phylogenetic hypotheses remain controversial. To address this shortcoming we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene (1140bp) from 29 individuals spanning 12 talpid species. Phylogenetic trees incorporating 12 New and Old World genera (18 species; all 3 extant subfamilies) were then constructed using NJ, MP, ML, and NJ-ML (NJ with ML parameters) methods. Our results provide molecular support for a mononphyletic Talpidae, and suggest that the 12 genera are clustered into seven major clades; (1) Asiatic shrew-like moles (Uropsilus), (2) North American aquatic/fossorial moles (Condylura), (3) North American fossorial moles (Parascalops, Scalopus, and Scapanus), (4) North American semi-fossorial shrew moles (Neurotrichus), (5) Japanese semi-fossorial shrew moles (Dymecodon and Urotrichus), (6) European semi-aquatic desmans (Desmana), and (7) Eurasian fossorial moles (Euroscaptor, Mogera, and Talpa). None of these groupings comprised mole species from both continents. In fact, North American moles and shrew moles do not appear to have specific affinities with Asian moles and shrew moles, respectively. Although low bootstrap support was generally found for evolutionary nodes uniting the major talpid clades, all gene trees constructed identified fossorial North American and Eurasian mole lineages as nonmonophyletic groups, suggesting subterranean specializations arose independently at least twice during the evolution of the Talpidae. Additionally, our data set provides molecular support for a basal divergence and long independent history of Uropsilus from the main talpid line, and refutes the traditional taxonomic status and secondarily basal phylogenetic placement of the subfamily Desmaninae within the Talpidae.     

In vitro growth and chromosome constitution of placental cells. II. Hydatidiform moles

Histopathological features, in vitro growth, and cytogenetic characteristics of tissue samples from molar placentae were studied. Tissue from complete moles is often degenerate, making them more difficult to establish in culture. However, if viable stromal cells are present, complete moles can be cultured as easily as other placental tissue. Longitudinal cytogenetic studies of molar cultures showed the emergence of clonal chromosome abnormalities to be a common feature in both complete and partial moles. The distribution of chromosome abnormalities among these clones was nonrandom, with a high proportion having an additional chromosome 20; among the complete moles, 9 of the 14 clones studied were trisomic for chromosome 20.