The Relationship Between the Reference Value of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and Geographical Factors

In order to provide a scientific basis for a unified standard of the reference value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in China, the reference value of healthy people's ESR has been collected. The relationship between the reference value of ESR and geographical factors is examined in this paper. Altitude is the most important factor affecting the reference value of ESR, which decreases with increasing altitude; the relationship is quite significant. The method of stepwise regression analysis was used to deduce two regression equations: ₁=12.08-0.00222X₁+0.00114X₅ ± 2.95, ₂=18.81-0.00323X₁+0.239X₄ ± 4.70. If the geographical factor value of a particular area in China is known, the reference value of ESR of Chinese people can be calculated by means of the regression equations. Furthermore, the dependence on geographical factors in China can be classified as six districts: Qingzang, Southwest, Northwest, Southeast, North and Northeast.     

Normal Reference Value of Hemoglobin of Older Boys and Geographical Factors

In order to supply a scientific basis for uniting the normal reference value standard of hemoglobin of Chinese older boys. METHODS: A research is made about the relationship between the normal reference value of 14751 examples of hemoglobin of older boys and five geographical factors in 92 areas in China, which are determined by the hemoglobincyanide method. RESULTS: It is found that the correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of hemoglobin of older boys are quite significant (F = 9.68). By using the method of multiple linear regression analysis, one regression equation is inferred: Y = 108.0 + 0.003633X1 + 0.003945X2 + 0.1680X3 - 0.6310X4 + 0.005518X5 +/- 8.3. CONCLUSION: If geographical values are obtained in some areas, the normal reference value of hemoglobin of older boys of this area can be reckoned by using the regression equation. Furthermore, the depending on the geographical factors, China can be divided into six districts: Qingzang, Southwest. Northwest, Southeast, North and Northeast district.     

不同海拔梯度高寒草地地上生物量与环境因子关系

以新疆天山南坡的巴音布鲁克高寒草地为研究对象,沿海拔每升高100m设置1块样地,共9个样地,研究了海拔梯度变化条件下高寒草地地上生物量与环境因子的关系.研究表明:紫花针茅、羊茅群落分布在海拔2460～2760m,地上生物量为52.2～75.9g.m-2,线叶嵩草 紫花针茅群落分布在海拔2860m,地上生物量为53.2g.m-2,线叶嵩草、天山羽衣草、细果苔草群落分布在海拔2960～3260m,地上生物量为62.1～107.4g.m-2;7—8月平均相对湿度对群落总的地上生物量影响较大;海拔与禾本科的地上生物量呈显著负相关,与莎草科呈显著正相关;7—8月平均气温是决定禾本科和莎草科功能群地上生物量的主导因子,回归方程分别为Y=13.467X-97.284和Y=171.699-15.331X;海拔与平均气温和pH值呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与平均相对湿度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与速效N含量和土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).     

中年女性红细胞计数正常参考值与地理因素的相关分析

目的：为制定中国中年女性红细胞计数正常参考值的统一标准提供科学依据.方法：收集了中国331个单位用显微镜计数法测定的41003例中年女性红细胞计数正常参考值,运用相关分析和回归分析的方法,研究了其与八个地理因素的关系.结果：发现中年女性红细胞计数正常参考值与中国地理因素之间有很显著的相关关系（F=364.76,P=0.000）.用逐步回归分析的方法推导出了一个回归方程：Y^=4.184＋0.0002421X1-0.02921X4＋0.0002582X7＋0.08144X8±0.47.结论：如果知道了中国某地的地理因素,就可以用回归方程计算这个地区的红细胞计数正常参考值.依据红细胞计数正常参考值与地理因素的依赖关系,把中国分为八个区.     

通过骨盆外测量推算中骨盆径的一元和多元回归方程

本文以126例生育年龄非妊娠女工的髂结节间径、髂前上棘间径、大转子间径及坐骨结节间径为自变量估计因变量中骨盆横径,求出多元回归方程:=—6.89+0.05x_1+0.12x_2+0.23x_3+0.77x_4;以骶耻外径和骨盆倾斜度为自变量估计因变量中骨盆矢径,其回归方程为:=6.09+0.39x_1-0.05x_2。对两方程进行方差分析,其F值分别为4.069和8.26,均具高度显著性,可以应用于临床对中骨盆径的估计以取代X线测量法。     

中国青年人全血比粘度参考值与地理因素的关系

为制定中国青年人全血比粘度参考值的标准提供科学依据,收集了中国各地用毛细管法测定的健康青年人全血比粘度参考值,并对其与地理因素的关系进行了研究,发现海拔高度是影响青年人全血比粘度参考值最主要的因素,随着海拔高度的逐渐增大,青年人全血比粘度参考值也在逐渐的增大,相关性很显著。用逐步回归分析的方法推导出了２个回归方程。如果知道了中国某地的地理因素,就可以用这２回归方程估算这个地区的青年人全血比粘度参考     

饲料营养成分对草鱼,团头鲂和青鱼鱼种阶段的饲料可消化能值的影响

为了探讨饲料可消化能值同饲料营养成分之间的关系,用Ｃｒ２Ｏ３作指示物,分别测定了鱼粉和大豆粕等饲料原料的草鱼（Ｃｔｅｎｏｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｄｏｎ　ｉｄｅｌｌａ）团头鲂（Ｍｅｇａｌｏｂｒａｍａ ａｍｂｌｙｏｃｅｐｈａｌａ　Ｙｉｈ）青鱼（Ｍｙｌｏｐａｒｙｎｇｏｄｏｎ　ｐｉｃｅｕｓ）鱼种饲料的可消化能,用微机计算分析测试结果,发现饲料可消化能值随饲料蛋白质和／或脂肪食量增加而增加;随饲料无氮浸出物和／或纤维含量增加而降低。同时,“优选”出了有一定实用价值的估算草鱼、团头鲂和青鱼鱼种饲料可消化能值的回归方程。     

男性新生儿血红蛋白正常参考值与中国地理因素

目的:为制定中国男性新生儿血红蛋白正常参考值的统一标准提供科学依据。方法:收集了中国78个单位用氰化高铁血红蛋白(HiCN)法测定的5169例男性新生儿血红蛋白正常参考值,运用相关分析和回归分析的方法,研究了其与地理因素的关系。结果:发现男性新生儿血红蛋白正常参考值与中国地理因素之间有很显著的相关关系(F=17.93)。用逐步回归分析的方法推导出了一个回归方程:Y=156.8+0.01670X1+0.4140X3-0.008596X5±25.1。结论:如果知道了中国某地的地理因素,就可以用回归方程估算这个地区的血红蛋白正常参考值。依据血红蛋白正常参考值与地理因素的依赖关系把中国分为青藏区、西南区、西北区、东南区、华北区、东北区等六个区。     

Structure and function of pelagic zooplankton in various types of lakes (using the example of small lakes in northwestern Russia

Changes of structure and functioning of pelagic zooplankton under lake eutrophication were studied in a group of small (without outlet) lakes in southern Karelia and Leningrad region. The lakes were morphologically similar and located within the same climatic zone. Differences in their trophic status were connected with anthropogenic eutrophication. Correlation between species number and feeding resources of a lake is determined as: Y = (8.01 +/- 3.85) + (0.29 +/- 0.07)X1 + (6.75 +/- 1.52)X2, r2 = 0.95, (1) Y--number of zooplankton species, X1--average chlorophyll concentration for the season, mg/1; X2--average value of biochemical oxygen demand (expressed in mgC/1). Average biomass of zooplankton for season also depends on food: logY = (-0.054 +/- 0.224) + (0.242 +/- 0.094)logX1 + (0.170 +/- 0.179)logX2, n = 13, r2 = 0.87, (2) Y--average zooplankton biomass for the season, kcal/m3, X1 and X2 the same as (1). Increase in species number and zooplankton bimass determined primarily by Rotatoria occur in parallel to chlorophyll concentration and activity of bacteria. In acid lakes rotifers are not important in energy balance. In mezotrophic lakes two main energy paths are formed--through rotifers and through Crustacea. The role of rotifers is extremely important in eutrophic lakes where about 80% of energy paths through them. The ratio community production to energy consumption for the growing season is also depended on the community structure (species number, equitability, connectence): Y = (2.257 +/- 0.026) - (0.368 +/- 0.031)X1 + (5.160 +/- 0.442)X2, r2 = 0.99, (3) Y--average seasonal production of zooplankton, kcal/m2; X1--maximal meaning of Shannon index (bites), calculated on biomass value; X2--connectence of the community, calculated according Briand (1983). Eutrophication changes the stability of lakes relative to external influences, while low productive lakes are very sensitive to the increase in nutrient load, high productive lakes are more influenced by changes in fish predation.     

中国健康中老年女性红细胞压积参考值（温氏法）与地理因素的关系

为制定中国健康中老年女性红细胞压积参考值（温氏法）的统一标准提供科学依据。方法分析了３１２个单位１５６０８例健康中老年女性的红细胞压积参考值（温氏法）与５项地理因素的关系。结果发现随着海拔高度的逐渐增大,红细胞压积参考值也逐渐的增大;用数学回归的方法推导出了一个多元回归方程。结论可以依据红细胞压积参考值（温氏法）与地理因素的依赖关系把中国分为青藏区、西南区、西北区、东南区、华北区、东北区等６个区。     

泉州湾河口湿地主要红树植物叶面积测算

植物叶面积的测算对于评价生态系统初级生产力具有重要意义.本研究分别选用“最大叶长”、“最大叶宽”以及“最大叶长×最大叶宽”等指标,利用不同类型的线性或非线性回归方程,对泉州湾河口湿地主要红树植物秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤的叶面积进行测算,从而确定各自最佳拟合回归方程.结果表明:二元非线性回归方程Y=0.7297X10.8698 X2.11600、幂指数方程Y=0.9740X0.9634和Y=0.7773X 0.9954分别为秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤叶面积的最佳拟合回归方程.进一步的0-1回归检验和相对误差值分析显示,以上回归方程均能精确地估算各自的叶面积,其中,白骨壤叶面积测算更为精确.     

Metabolic equivalents during scooter exercise

The purpose of this study was to determine the metabolic equivalents (METs) for scooter exercise (riding a scooter, scootering) and to examine the energy expenditure and the heart rate response, so that the results can be used in health promotion activities. Eighteen young adults (10 males and 8 females) participated in scootering on a treadmill at three different speeds for six minutes each. Before, during, and after the exercise, pulmonary ventilation, oxygen uptake (VO(2)), carbon dioxide product, respiratory exchange ratio (R), and heart rate (HR) were measured. These measurements kept steady states from the 3rd to 6th minute of each different speed session. The MET values acquired during scootering at 80 m.min(-1), 110 m.min(-1), and 140 m.min(-1) were 3.9, 4.3, and 5.0, respectively. Calculated using VO(2) (ml.kg(-1).min(-1))x[4.0+R], the energy consumption for scootering at each speed was 67.0+/-10.6, 73.3+/-10.2, and 84.8+/-7.9 cal.kg(-1).min(-1), respectively. The regression equation between scootering speed (X, m.min(-1)) and VO(2) (Y, ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) is Y=0.062X+8.655, and the regression equation between HR (X, beats.min(-1)) and VO(2)reserve (Y, %) is Y=0.458X-11.264. These equations can be applied to both females and males. Thus, scootering at 80 to 140 m.min(-1) might not be sufficient to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness of young male adults similar to the participants, but it may contribute many healthy benefits to most female adults and even male adults, and improve their health and fitness at the faster speeds.     

欧美杨杂交种'中嘉8'净光合速率与若干生态因子的相关分析

本文利用DPS数据处理系统,采用多元逐步回归及通径分析方法,得出欧美杨杂交种‘中嘉8’(Populusdeltoides CL.‘Zhongjia 8’)在6月和9月净光合速率与生态因子的关系。结果表明,‘中嘉8’在6月晴天净光合速率呈单峰曲线,其最主要影响因子为光合有效辐射PAR(X1),二者极显著相关,净光合速率日变化最优方程为:Y=17.8271 0.0108X1-0.2185X2;9月晴天净光合速率呈双峰曲线,影响光合速率日变化的最主要因子为空气CO2浓度Ca(X4),净光合速率日变化最优方程为:Y=5.2915-0.0030X1 0.3414X3-0.0216X4。统计分析表明,采用多元逐步回归及通径分析应用于统计光合速率与生态因子的相关关系,较二元变量的相关分析更为科学合理。     

移居海拔3700m高原青年体质综合评价方法的研究

在海拔３７００ｍ高原选择５０名男性青年的体重、立定跳远、引体向上、仰卧起坐、６０ｍ和２０００ｍ跑速度６项指标进行高原移居青年体制综合评价方法的研究。通过用百分位法制定各项指标评分标准,以各项指标评分相加作为体质总分,并用各项指标的简单相关系数与多元逐步回归方程的标准化偏回归系数的乘积（贡献率）分配“权重”,建立综合评价总分的计算式：Ｙ＝０．０５Ｘ１＋０．１６（Ｘ４＋Ｘ６）＋０．２１（Ｘ２＋Ｘ３＋Ｘ     

低价林早期诊断: 生态因子途径

提出了低价林早期诊断的新思路,即根据低价林的形成规律,在林分还未表现出低价林状况时就能诊断出其发展趋势,以便及时采取相应的经营管理措施,以辽西油松林为例,从生态因子途径开展了低价林的早期诊断研究,建立了基于单因素实验和判别分析的生态因子途径早期诊断技术。研究表明,土层厚度X1,有机质含量X2,土壤全氮含量X3,土壤含水率X4,土壤微生物总数量X5可选择作为油松低价林早期诊断的敏感指标;在综合诊断时引入了判别分析的数量分类方法,并根据判别分析的思路建立了油松林生长状况生态因子途径早期诊断方法,其步骤：1）确定判别指标;2）建立判别函数Y＝1．596X1－0．51X2－3．196X3＋1．622X4＋1．898X5;3）通过判别函数和研究对象的各项判别指标值进行早期诊断低价林早期诊断的技术与方法尚有待进一步地研究,检验和完善。     

绿咖啡豆中低咖啡因绿原酸的提取分离研究

建立高效液相色谱—双波长同时检测咖啡豆提取物中绿原酸和咖啡因含量的方法。咖啡因和绿原酸在0.2～1.0 mg·mL-1范围内，峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系。咖啡因：Y＝44077X＋227.78，R＝0.9997，RSD＝0.78%；绿原酸：Y＝34896X＋289.96，R＝0.9995, RSD＝0.93%。以绿原酸含量为指标，在单因素试验基础上建立正交试验，确定从绿咖啡豆中提取绿原酸的最佳条件为乙醇浓度20%，液料比6∶1，提取时间60 min，提取温度70 ℃。以咖啡因和绿原酸含量为指标，通过萃取试验，确定最佳脱咖啡因萃取剂为环己烷-三氯甲烷-丙酮混合溶剂，萃取工艺为1.5倍体积萃取剂萃取3次，产物中咖啡因含量由(3.52±0.08)%下降至(0.47±0.11)%。     

The influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on the decrement in maximal aerobic power at high altitude

There are conflicting reports in the literature which imply that the decrement in maximal aerobic power experienced by a sea-level (SL) resident sojourning at high altitude (HA) is either smaller or larger for the more aerobically "fit" person. In the present study, data collected during several investigations conducted at an altitude of 4300 m were analyzed to determine if the level of aerobic fitness influenced the decrement in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) at HA. The VO2max of 51 male SL residents was measured at an altitude of 50 m and again at 4300 m. The subjects' ages, heights, and weights (mean +/- SE) were 22 +/- 1 yr, 177 +/- 7 cm and 78 +/- 2 kg, respectively. The subjects' VO2max ranged from 36 to 60 ml X kg -1 X min -1 (mean +/- SE = 48 +/- 1) and the individual values were normally distributed within this range. Likewise, the decrement in VO2max at HA was normally distributed from 3 ml X kg-1 X min-1 (9% VO2max at SL) to 29 ml X kg-1 X min-1 (54% VO2max at SL), and averaged 13 +/- 1 ml X kg-1 X min-1 (27 +/- 1% VO2max at SL). The linear correlation coefficient between aerobic fitness and the magnitude of the decrement in VO2max at HA expressed in absolute terms was r = 0.56, or expressed as % VO2max at SL was r = 0.30; both were statistically significant (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Electron-spin resonance studies of the bound iron-sulfur centers in Photosystem I. II. Correlation of P-700 triplet production with urea/ferricyanide inactivation of the iron-sulfur clusters

Photosystem I charge separation in a subchloroplast particle isolated from spinach was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy following graduated inactivation of the bound iron-sulfur centers by urea-ferricyanide treatment. Previous work demonstrated a differential decrease in iron-sulfur centers A, B and X which indicated that center X serves as a branch point for parallel electron flow through centers A and B (Golbeck, J.H. and Warden, J.T. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 681, 77-84). We now show that during inactivation the disappearance of iron-sulfur centers A, B, and X correlates with the appearance of a spin-polarized triplet ESR signal with [D] = 279 X 10(-4) cm-1 and [E] = 39 X 10(-4) cm-1. The triplet resonances titrate with a midpoint potential of +380 +/- 10 mV. Illumination of the inactivated particles results in the generation of an asymmetric ESR signal with g = 2.0031 and delta Hpp = 1.0 mT. Deconvolution of the P-700+ contribution to this composite resonance reveals the spectrum of the putative primary acceptor species A0, which is characterized by g = 2.0033 +/- 0.0004 and delta Hpp = 1.0 +/- 0.2 mT. The data presented in this report do not substantiate the participation of the electron acceptor A1 in PS I electron transport, following destruction of the iron-sulfur cluster corresponding to center X. We suggest that A1 is closely associated with center X and that this component is decoupled from the electron-transport path upon destruction of center X. The inability to photoreduce A1 in reaction centers lacking a functional center X may result from alteration of the reaction center tertiary structure by the urea-ferricyanide treatment or from displacement of A1 from its binding site.     

Growth and productivity assessment of Casuarina glauca Sieb. ex. Spreng on sodic soil sites

Casuarina glauca is an introduced tree species to India. It is one the few species that can grow successfully in salt effected sites. C. glauca was investigated for biomass production at highly sodic soil sites (pH 8.6-10.5); it was found to be promising in terms of growth and productivity. Average height of plants in an 8-yr-old trial of Casuarina glauca was 1033.3+/-270 cm, however diameter at breast height (dbh) remained at 8.59+/-2.0 cm with a basal area of 6.68+/-1.6 cm2 per plant. High plant survival and establishment (75%) indicate its potential for afforestation of degraded soil sites. Linear regression equations (Y=a+bx) were developed to predict biomass of standing stocks defining relationships between growth parameters (x) as independent variable and productivity (Y) as dependent variable. Both uni-factor equations based on one independent variable (height or diameter alone), and multifactors involving both height and diameter together (d2h) were derived to predict biomass of different plant components. Coefficient of correlation and regression coefficients were found to be highly significant (p<0.001) in all the equations irrespective of independent variable such as plant height, diameter or both (d2h). There were marginal differences in r2 value (0.78-0.8) among equations derived by using d2 or d2h as independent variables. Height alone had relatively poor functional correlation with yield (r2=0.45). Accordingly, uni-factor linear equations with diameter (d2) were used for computing stand biomass with reasonably good accuracy. At the age of 8 years, stand productivity was 68.2 t ha-1 (oven dry biomass) out of which relatively a very high proportion (80.3%) of biomass was allocated to stem wood (54.8 t ha-1). Both branch wood (8.4 t ha-1) and leaves (5 t ha-1) contributed marginally. Casuarina glauca can be recommended as a promising species for biomass production on sodic soil sites as is evident from its performance.     

The acute hypoxic ventilatory response: testing the adaptive significance in human populations

The acute Hypoxic Ventilatory Response (HVR) is an important component of human hypoxia tolerance, hence presumably physiological adaptation to high altitude. We measured the isocapnic HVR (L min(-1) %(-1)) in two genetically divergent low altitude southern African populations. The HVR does not differ between African Xhosas (X) and Caucasians (C) (X:-0.34+/-0.36; C:-0.42+/-0.33; P > 0.34), but breathing patterns do. Among all Xhosa subjects, size-independent tidal volume was smaller (X: 0.75+/-0.20; C: 1.11+/-0.32 L; P < 0.01), breathing frequency higher (X: 22.2+/-5.7; C: 14.3+/-4.2 breaths min(-1); P < 0.01) and hypoxic oxygen saturation lower than among Caucasians (X: 78.4+/-4.7%; C: 81.7+/-4.7%; P < 0.05). The results remained significant if subjects from Xhosa and Caucasian groups were matched for gender, body mass index and menstrual cycle phase in the case of females. The latter also employed distinct breathing patterns between populations in normoxia. High repeatability (intra-class correlation coefficient) of the HVR in both populations (0.77-0.87) demonstrates that one of the prerequisites for natural selection, consistent between-individual variation, is met. Finally, we explore possible relationships between inter-population genetic distances and HVR differences among Xhosa, European, Aymara Amerindians, Tibetan and Chinese populations. Inter-population differences in the HVR are not attributable to genetic distance (Mantel Z-test, P = 0.59). The results of this study add novel support for the hypothesis that differences in the HVR, should they be found between other human populations, may reflect adaptation to hypoxia rather than genetic divergence through time.