Interaction Effects of Ambient UV Radiation and Nutrient Limitation on the Toxic Cyanobacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nodularia spumigena</Emphasis>

Nodularia spumigena is one of the dominating species during the extensive cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea. The blooms coincide with strong light, stable stratification, low ratios of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and dissolved inorganic phosphorus. The ability of nitrogen fixation, a high tolerance to phosphorus starvation, and different photo-protective strategies (production of mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs) may give N. spumigena a competitive advantage over other phytoplankton during the blooms. To elucidate the interactive effects of ambient UV radiation and nutrient limitation on the performance of N. spumigena, an outdoor experiment was designed. Two radiation treatments photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and PAR +UV-A + UV-B (PAB) and three nutrient treatments were established: nutrient replete (NP), nitrogen limited (−N), and phosphorus limited (−P). Variables measured were specific growth rate, heterocyst frequency, cell volume, cell concentrations of MAAs, photosynthetic pigments, particulate carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen (PON), and particulate phosphorus (POP). Ratios of particulate organic matter were calculated: POC/PON, POC/POP, and PON/POP. There was no interactive effect between radiation and nutrient limitation on the specific growth rate of N. spumigena, but there was an overall effect of phosphorus limitation on the variables measured. Interaction effects were observed for some variables; cell size (larger cells in −P PAB compared to other treatments) and the carotenoid canthaxanthin (highest concentration in −N PAR). In addition, significantly less POC and PON (mol cell⁻¹) were found in −P PAR compared to −P PAB, and the opposite radiation effect was observed in −N. Our study shows that despite interactive effects on some of the variables studied, N. spumigena tolerate high ambient UVR also under nutrient limiting conditions and maintain positive growth rate even under severe phosphorus limitation.     

Regulation of phosphate uptake reveals cyanobacterial bloom resilience to shifting N:P ratios

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Characterization of the proteomic profiles of the brown tide alga Aureoumbra lagunensis under phosphate- and nitrogen-limiting conditions and of its phosphate limitation-specific protein with alkaline phosphatase activity

The persistent bloom of the brown tide alga Aureoumbra lagunensis has been reported in coastal embayments along southern Texas, but the molecular mechanisms that sustain such algal bloom are unknown. We compared the proteome and physiological parameters of A. lagunensis grown in phosphate (P)-depleted, P- and nitrogen (N)-depleted, and nutrient-replete cultures. For the proteomic analysis, samples from three conditions were subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Because of the paucity of genomic resources in this species, a de novo cross-species protein search was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins, which revealed their involvement in several key biological processes, such as chlorophyll synthesis, antioxidative protection, and protein degradation, suggesting that A. lagunensis may adopt intracellular nutrient compensation, extracellular organic nutrient regeneration, and damage protection to thrive in P-depleted environments. A highly abundant P limitation-specific protein, tentatively identified as a putative alkaline phosphatase, was further characterized by enzyme activity assay on nondenaturing gel and confocal microscopy, which confirmed that this protein has alkaline phosphatase activity, is a cytoplasmic protein, and is closely associated with the cell membrane. The abundance, location, and functional expression of this alkaline phosphatase all indicate the importance of organic P utilization for A. lagunensis under P limitation and the possible role of this alkaline phosphatase in regenerating phosphate from extra- or intracellular organic phosphorus.     

Nutrient Utilization Strategies of Algae and Bacteria after the Termination of Nutrient Amendment with Different Phosphorus Dosage: A Mesocosm Case

The impacts of nutrient amendment termination on the growth strategies of algae and bacteria were conducted in experimentally designed mesocosm in which two different phosphorus (P) dosages were treated. The algal community composition did not change greatly in Group A (low phosphorus) and Group B (high phosphorus). In Group A, the secretion of bacterial alkaline phosphatase (AP) after nutrient termination stimulated bacterial phosphorus acquisition, which caused the decrease in algal phosphorus levels, in terms of the increase of bacterial abundance and bacterial production, as well as the decrease in chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon. The algal collapse resulted in dissolved organic carbon secretion, further fuelling bacterial growth. In Group B, excess phosphorus input urged algae to store phosphorus as poly-phosphate. When phosphorus input ceased, in order to maintain their used high phosphorus demand, algae strengthened to gain phosphorus through the hydrolysis of dissolved organic phosphorus in water column and ploy-phosphate inside the cells by AP, evidenced by high algal alkaline phosphatase activity, algal growth continuation, and bacterial growth decline. These facts indicated that phosphorus content should reduce to a lower level than expected, so that algal bloom can be effectively controlled in eutrophic water bodies.     

The effect of nutrient additions on the partitioning of nutrients in an experimental coastal Mediterranean system

The hypothesis that the importance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a reservoir of C, N, and P declines, relative to that of the particulate pool, with increasing nutrient inputs was tested using mesocosms exposed to a gradient of nutrient inputs in the Spanish Mediterranean. The nutrient additions included a treatment equivalent to the loading in the coastal ecosystem studied (5 mmol N m^–2 d^–1), and mesocosms receiving half , 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-fold this value, as well as a mesocosm to which no nutrients were added. Nutrients were added at ratios of 20 N (as ammonium) : 7 Si : 1 P. The initial concentration of dissolved inorganic nutrients was very low (dissolved inorganic nitrogen < 0.05 M, phosphate < 0.01) and comprised, together with the particulate pool < 25% of the total N and P in the system, with the bulk N and P in the system present as DOM (> 75%). Particulate and dissolved organic matter was depleted in N (C/N ratio > 15) and, particularly, P (C/P ratio > 1000), indicative of a strongly nutrient, particularly phosphorus, deficient ecosystem. Experimental nutrient additions lead to a parabolic change in C/N and C/P ratios in the dissolved organic matter with increasing nutrient inputs, which approached the Redfield stoichiometry at nutrient inputs > 8 fold above the ambient loading. The relative size of the dissolved inorganic nutrient pools (about 20% of the N and P) did not vary, but there was a tendency towards an increase in the relative size of the particulate pool at the expense of a decrease in the relative importance of DOM as a reservoir of N, P and C, with increasing nutrient inputs. The production of nutrient-depleted organic matter at low nutrient inputs likely prevents efficient recycling, leading to the dominance of nutrients in DOM in the system.     

Nutrient and iron limitation to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulva</Emphasis> blooms in a eutrophic coastal lagoon (Sacca di Goro,Italy)

Growth patterns and bloom formation of the green seaweed Ulva rigida were analysed in the eutrophic Sacca di Goro lagoon (Po River Delta, Italy). Variations of standing biomasses and elemental composition of Ulva were analysed through an annual cycle with respect to nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. Growth rates, nutrient and iron uptake and nitrate storage by macroalgal thalli were also assessed with field experiments during the formation of a spring bloom. The control of Ulva growth and the bloom formation depended on multiple factors, especially on nitrogen availability and iron deficiency. In the nitrate rich waters of the Sacca di Goro lagoon, nitrate accumulation in Ulva thalli was inversely related with Fe uptake, indicating an influence of Fe limitation on N acquisition. Since length and magnitude of nitrate luxury uptake are inversely related to the size of the intracellular nitrate pools, in nitrate rich waters the fast growing Ulva may face risk of N-limitation not only when exposed to low N concentrations or at high biomass levels, but also when exposed to pulsed dissolved nitrate concentrations at low iron availability. The potential Fe limitation could be affected by processes controlled by geochemical reactions and by macroalgal growth and decomposition. Both Fe oxidation during the active macroalgal growth and the formation of insoluble FeS and FeS₂ during bloom collapse can result in a drastic decrease of soluble iron. Thus, a potential limitation of Fe to macroalgae can occur, determining positive feedbacks and potentially controlling the extent of bloom development and persistence.     

小型生活污水受纳水体浮游植物增长的氮、磷限制研究

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不同林窗马尾松凋落叶与土壤养分变化研究

以现有42年生的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工纯林,经过采伐形成4种不同大小有效面积的林窗（100、400、900和1 600 m²）为研究对象,以未经采伐的42年生马尾松人工纯林为对照样地,采用凋落叶分解袋法,研究不同大小有效面积林窗对马尾松凋落叶、土壤C、N、P及化学计量比和养分损失率的影响。研究结果表明：（1）不同大小有效面积林窗下的马尾松凋落叶、土壤C、N、P含量及养分损失率除土壤P含量和马尾松凋落叶P养分损失率外,均存在显著差异。随着林窗有效面积G1~G4的增大,马尾松凋落叶C、N、P含量均呈降低趋势,三者均在G3林窗体现出较小值。马尾松凋落叶C、N、P养分损失率、土壤C、N、P养分含量多呈抛物线趋势,且均在G2或G3林窗体现出最大值。（2）不同大小有效面积林窗下的马尾松凋落叶、土壤C/N/P均存在显著差异。随着林窗有效面积G1~G4的增大,马尾松人工林土壤C/N/P基本呈抛物线变化趋势,土壤C/N在G3林窗出现最大值,土壤C/P、N/P均在G2林窗体现出最大值;土壤C/N、C/P、N/P变异系数分别为13.31%、16.51%、17.21%。马尾松凋落叶C/N、C/P均在G3体现出最小值。（3）马尾松凋落叶C、N含量与土壤C、C/N/P及环境因子的相关性较强,P含量与它们的相关性较弱;C/N与土壤P、C/N/P及环境因子的相关性较强,C/P、N/P与土壤C/P及环境因子的相关性较强;C、N养分损失率与土壤C、C/N、C/P及环境因子的相关性较强,P养分损失率与土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比和环境因子的相关性较弱。土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比与环境因子的相关性较强。     

Biological Nitrogen Fixation Prevents the Response of a Eutrophic Lake to Reduced Loading of Nitrogen: Evidence from a 46-Year Whole-Lake Experiment

A whole-ecosystem experiment in Lake 227 (L227) at the Experimental Lakes Area, ongoing since 1969, examined the roles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in controlling eutrophication. During 2011, we conducted a series of sub-experiments and more intensive monitoring to improve estimates of N fixation and its ability to meet algal growth demands in the decades following the cessation of artificial N loading, while maintaining long-term high artificial P loading. Stoichiometric nutrient ratios indicated both moderate N and P limitation of the phytoplankton during spring, preceding a shift in phytoplankton community structure toward dominance by N fixing cyanobacteria. During bloom development, and for the remainder of the stratified period, stoichiometric nutrient ratios indicated moderate to strong P limitation. N fixation rates, corrected using ¹⁵N₂ methods, increased 2× after 1990, when N loading ceased. Ambient dissolved inorganic nitrogen prior to the bloom represented less than 3% of N demands of the phytoplankton. N fixation accounted for between 69–86% of total N loading to the epilimnion during the period of rapid bloom development, and 72–86% of total N loading during the May–October period. Phytoplankton biomass did not decline in L227 during the 40 years since artificial N loading was reduced, or the nearly 25 years since artificial N loads ceased entirely (1990–2013), and remained approximately 20× higher than four nearby reference lakes. These results suggest that despite constraints on biological N fixation, it retains a large capacity to offset potential N loading reductions in freshwaters.     

The influence of dissolved nutrients and particulate organic matter quality on microbial respiration and biomass in a forest stream

1. Although dissolved nutrients and the quality of particulate organic matter (POM) influence microbial processes in aquatic systems, these factors have rarely been considered simultaneously. We manipulated dissolved nutrient concentrations and POM type in three contiguous reaches (reference, nitrogen, nitrogen + phosphorus) of a low nutrient, third‐order stream at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (U.S.A). In each reach we placed species of leaves (mean C : N of 68 and C : P of 2284) and wood (mean C : N of 721 and C : P of 60 654) that differed in elemental composition. We measured the respiration and biomass of microbes associated with this POM before and after nutrient addition. 2. Before nutrient addition, microbial respiration rates and biomass were higher for leaves than for wood. Respiration rates of microbes associated with wood showed a larger response to increased dissolved nutrient concentrations than respiration rates of microbes associated with leaves, suggesting that the response of microbes to increased dissolved nutrients was influenced by the quality of their substrate. 3. Overall, dissolved nutrients had strong positive effects on microbial respiration and fungal, but not bacterial, biomass, indicating that microbial respiration and fungi were nutrient limited. The concentration of nitrate in the enriched reaches was within the range of natural variation in forest streams, suggesting that natural variation in nitrate among forest streams influences carbon mineralisation and fungal biomass.     

Interactions of Photobleaching and Inorganic Nutrients in Determining Bacterial Growth on Colored Dissolved Organic Carbon

Abstract Bacteria are key organisms in the processing of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic ecosystems. Their growth depends on both organic substrates and inorganic nutrients. The importance of allochthonous DOC, usually highly colored, as bacterial substrate can be modified by photobleaching. In this study, we examined how colored DOC (CDOC) photobleaching, and phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) availability, affect bacterial growth. Five experiments were conducted, manipulating nutrients (P and N) and sunlight exposure. In almost every case, nutrient additions had a significant, positive effect on bacterial abundance, production, and growth efficiency. Sunlight exposure (CDOC photobleaching) had a significant, positive effect on bacterial abundance and growth efficiency. We also found a significant, positive interaction between these two factors. Thus, bacterial use of CDOC was accelerated under sunlight exposure and enhanced P and N concentrations. In addition, the accumulation of cells in sunlight treatments was dependent on nutrient availability. More photobleached substrate was converted into bacterial cells in P- and N-enriched treatments. These results suggest nutrient availability may affect the biologically-mediated fate (new biomass vs respiration) of CDOC.     

Chronic catchment nitrogen enrichment and stoichiometric constraints on the bioavailability of dissolved organic matter from leaf leachate

1. Chronic nitrogen (N) deposition may alter the bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in streams by multiple pathways. Elevated N deposition may alter the nutrient stoichiometry of DOM as well as nutrient availability in stream water. 2. We evaluated the influence of a decadal‐scale experimental N enrichment on the relative importance of DOM nutrient content and inorganic nutrient availability on the bioavailability of DOM. We measured the consumption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and changes in nutrient concentration, DOM components and enzyme activity in a bottle incubation assay with different DOM and nutrient treatments. To evaluate the effect of DOM stoichiometry, we used leaf leachates of different carbon/N/phosphorus (C : N :P) ratio, made from leaf litter sourced in the reference and N‐enriched catchments at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM). We also manipulated the concentration of inorganic N and P to compare the effect of nutrient enrichment with DOM stoichiometry. 3. DOC from the N‐enriched catchment was consumed 14% faster than that from the reference catchment. However, mean DOC consumption for both leachates was more than doubled by the simultaneous addition of N and P, compared to controls, while the addition of N or P alone increased consumption by 42 and 23%, respectively. The effect of N and/or P enrichment consistently had a greater effect than DOM source for all response variables considered. 4. We subsequently conducted DOC uptake measurements using leaf leachate addition under ambient and elevated N and P in the streams draining the reference and N‐enriched catchments at BBWM. In both streams, DOC uptake lengths were shorter when N and P were elevated. 5. Although both DOM stoichiometry and inorganic nutrient availability affect DOM bioavailability, N and P co‐limitation appears to be the dominant driver of reach‐scale processing of DOM.     

The Water Quality Consequences of Restoring Wetland Hydrology to a Large Agricultural Watershed in the Southeastern Coastal Plain

To ameliorate local and coastal eutrophication, management agencies are increasingly turning to wetland restoration. A large portion of restoration is occurring in areas that were drained for agriculture. To recover wetland function these areas must be reflooded and disturbances to soils, including high nutrient content due to past fertilizer use, loss of organic matter and soil compaction, must be reversed. Here, we quantified nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) retention and transformation in a unique large-scale (440 ha) restored wetland in the North Carolina coastal plain, the Timberlake Restoration Project (TLRP). For 2 years following restoration, we quantified water and nutrient budgets for this former agricultural field. We anticipated that TLRP would export high concentrations of inorganic P immediately following reflooding, while retaining or transforming inorganic N. In the first 2 years after a return to the precipitation and wind-driven hydrology, TLRP retained or transformed 97% of NO₃–N, 32% of TDN, 25% of NH₄–N, and 53% of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) delivered from inflows and precipitation, while exporting 20% more dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and 13% more total P (inorganic, organic, and particulate P) than inputs. Areal mass retention rates of N and P at TLRP were low compared to other restored wetlands; however, the site efficiently retained pulses of fertilizer NO₃–N derived from an upstream farm. This capacity for retaining N pulses indicates that the potential nutrient removal capacity of TLRP is much higher than measured annual rates. Our results illustrate the importance of considering both organic and inorganic forms of N and P when assessing the benefits of wetland restoration. We suggest that for wetland restoration to be an efficient tool in the amelioration of coastal eutrophication a better understanding of the coupled movement of the various forms of N and P is necessary.     

杉木人工林土壤可溶性有机质及其与土壤养分的关系

通过在福建省来舟林场对不同栽植代数杉木人工林土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)和氮(DON)及土壤养分的研究,其结果表明,随着杉木栽植代数的增加林地土壤DOC和DON含量逐渐下降,在0～10cm土层内第3代杉木林土壤DOC和DON含量分别是第1代杉木林的83.9%和87.1%、第2代杉木林的90.6%和96.9%,在10～20cm土层内第3代杉木林土壤DOC和DON含量分别是第1代杉木林的80.2%和81.5%、第2代杉木林的81.8%和90.0%。在不同林地和土层内土壤DOC含量之间的差异性达到了显著或极显著水平,而DON含量之间的差异性不显著。不同栽植代数杉木林土壤养分的变化趋势与DOM一致,随着杉木连栽,土壤养分含量呈下降趋势。在0～10cm土层内第3代杉木林土壤全氮、全钾、铵态氮和速效钾含量分别是第1代杉木林的83.1%、60.4%、68.1%和44.3%,是第2代杉木林的84.6%、68.5%、74.4%和58.7%;在10～20cm土层内第3代杉木林土壤全氮、全钾、铵态氮和速效钾含量分别是第1代杉木林的74.0%、53.4%、57.6%和54.6%,是第2代杉木林的94.8%、59.5%、74.3%和65.5%。经相关性分析,在各土层内土壤DOC和DON含量与土壤全氮、全钾、铵态氮和速效钾等土壤养分含量存在着不同程度的相关性。