试板世纪之交植物生理学研究的动向

简要介绍了当今植物生理学研究中值得注意的四个支向,它们是：从研究生物大分子到阐明复杂生命活动——基因组学、基因结构与功能的研究;实现生命整体性的重要环节——信号传递的研究;生命活动的能量和物质基础——代谢及其调节的研究;植物与环境（非生物和生物环境）的相互关系——生物的协同进货和适应的研究。     

植物生理学通向新农业的途径

人类面临着人口、食物、能源、环境、资源问题的挑战,我国形势尤为严峻,人口每年增加1500万,耕地每年减少700万亩。人口多,底子薄,资源匾乏。我国农业发展必须依靠科技进步,走“高产优质高效”的道路,植物生理学对振兴农业将愈益显示其重要作用。121世纪新农业三．星发展农业由靠能源、凭经验转到更加依靠科学发达国家过去发展农业生产较大程度上依靠能源,大量投资化肥、农药、高度机械化。Wittwer指出：“将有一个世界范围的急剧转变,从依靠自然资源为基础的农业转向更以依靠科学为基础的农业”。我国农业生产很长一段时期是依靠…     

植物生理学研究中应用的显微注射技术

本文对植物生理学研究中采用显微注射技术时的标记物选择,注射方法以及标记物的观察、记录作了系统介绍。     

植物生理学发展前景研讨

在1986年中国植物生理学会第四次全国会议大会上,我们曾谈过植物生理学展望。4年过去了,它的情况如何?试从下列几类资料来分析一下。     

未来国民经济建设中的植物生理学

RoleofPlantPhysiologyintheFutureEconomyofOurCountrySHENYun－Gang（ShanghaiInstituteofPlantPhysiology,TheChineseAcademyofSciences,Shanghai200032）植物利用太阳能将二氧化碳和水等无机物转变成种类繁多的有机物和氧气，这是无数生物和人类赖以生存和繁荣的基础。当今，人类社会所面临的食物、能源、资源和环境等问题无不与地球生物圈中由植物所承担的作用有关。所以，随着这些问题的日趋严峻，探讨植物生命活动规律和机理的植物生理学必然将愈来愈感到责任重大。“民以食为天”，在可见的将来，人类还得依靠植物提供基础…     

胎儿生理学研究的一些动向与进展

胎儿生理学研究的一些动向与进展毛鑫智（南京农业大学动物生理生化实验室２１００９５）１９９３年８月１至６日在英国格拉斯哥市召开的有５０００多名代表参加的第３２届国际生理科学大会,将胎儿生理学作为一个重要专题,共选登论文摘要７６篇,举行了４次专题报告和讨...     

植物生理学与空间利用

自1957年第一颗人造卫星上天以来,经过30多年的努力,航天技术已迈过探测太空和技术实验为主的阶梯,进入以利用对地高远位置资源为主的应用阶段。当前,世界上各空间大国都把建立永久性空间站作为发展目标“‘’不言而喻,空间站对太空资源的开发、空间工业化、商业化和军事化的进展都起着关键作用。今天要确切地预测未来空间利用的具体发展方向还为时过早,但是,有一点却十分清楚,空间利用和人进入空间是分不开的。随着载人航天技术的发展,必将有越来越多的宇航员进入空间工作和生活。如何保障这些宇航员在空间健康地工作和生活,是当…     

植物生理学实验教学改革探索

植物生理学是一门理论与实践紧密结合的学科 ,实验课教学是植物生理学教学的重要组成部分。近年来 ,我们从植物生理学教学方法、教学效果的考核及学生成绩的评定方式等方面对植物生理学实验教学加以改革和探索 ,取得了良好的效果。1　教学方法1 1　单独设置实验课且进行独立评分传统的植物生理学实验课与理论课为一门课 ,实验课成绩占总成绩的 3 0 % ,且考核方式大多为笔试 ,试题中涉及实验内容的很少 ,甚至有的试题中不涉及实验内容 ,教师根据学生平时表现给分。这就形成了教师和学生重理论、轻实验的观念。将实验课设置为一门独立的课后 …     

微重力植物细胞生理学研究进展

本文介绍1985年以来微重力植物细胞生理学飞行试验和地面模拟研究进展。     

Influence of Soil Chemistry and Plant Physiology in the Phytoremediation of Cu,Mn, and Zn

Different anthropogenic sources of metals can result from agricultural, industrial, military, mining and urban activities that contribute to environmental pollution. Plants can be grown for phytoremediation to remove or stabilize contaminants in water and soil. Copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) are trace essential metals for plants, although their role in homeostasis in plants must be strictly regulated to avoid toxicity. In this review, we summarize the processes involved in the bioavailability, uptake, transport and storage of Cu, Mn and Zn in plants. The efficiency of phytoremediation depends on several factors including metal bioavailability and plant uptake, translocation and tolerance mechanisms. Soil parameters, such as clay fraction, organic matter content, oxidation state, pH, redox potential, aeration, and the presence of specific organisms, play fundamental roles in the uptake of trace essential metals. Key processes in the metal homeostasis network in plants have been identified. Membrane transporters involved in the acquisition, transport and storage of trace essential metals are reviewed. Recent advances in understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of Cu, Mn and Zn hyperaccumulation are described. The use of plant-bacteria associations, plant-fungi associations and genetic engineering has opened a new range of opportunities to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation. The main directions for future research are proposed from the investigation of published results.     

荧光原位杂交技术及其在植物研究中的应用

荧光原位杂交(FISH)是20世纪生物学领域的一项新技术。FISH应用细胞遗传学和分子生物学的基本原理,作为架设细胞遗传学与分子生物学之间的桥梁,现已被广泛应用于植物学各方面的研究。本文就FISH的基本原理、技术发展及其在植物遗传育种、起源进化、染色体物理图谱构建方面的应用及发展趋势进行了综述。     

Potato Glycoalkaloids: Chemistry,Analysis, Safety,and Plant Physiology

Potatoes, members of the Solanaceae plant family, serve as a major, inexpensive food source for both energy (starch) and good-quality protein, with worldwide production of about 350 million tons per year. U.S. per capita consumption of potatoes is about 61 kg/year. Potatoes also produce potentially toxic glycoalkaloids, both during growth and after harvest. Glycoalkaloids appear to be more toxic to man than to other animals. The toxicity may be due to anticholinesterase activity of the glycoalkaloids on the central nervous system and to disruptions of cell membranes affecting the digestive system and other organs. The possible contribution of glycoalkaloids to the multifactorial aspects of teratogenicity is inconclusive. Possible safe levels are controversial; guidelines limiting glycoalkaloid content of potato cultivars are currently being debated. This review presents an integrated, critical assessment of the multifaceted aspects of the role glycoalkaloids play in nutrition and food safety; chemistry and analysis; plant physiology, including biosynthesis, distribution, inheritance, host-plant resistance, and molecular biology; preharvest conditions such as soil composition and climate; and postharvest events such as effects of light, temperature, storage time, humidity, mechanical injury, sprouting inhibition, and processing. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories in order to minimize pre- and postharvest glycoalkaloid synthesis. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of glycoalkaloids in plants and in the human diet. Such an understanding can lead to the development of potato varieties with a low content of undesirable compounds and will further promote the utilization of potatoes as a premier food source for animals and humans.     

植物光诱导延迟荧光测量的影响因素研究

光合作用是地球上最重要的化学反应,植物内源性光诱导延迟荧光是光合作用原初过程中光系统Ⅱ作用中心P680处电荷分离效率的内在探针。延迟荧光除了受植物本身及其生长发育状况有关外,还受到其他很多环境及测量方面的影响,所以为了更好地利用延迟荧光特性技术研究植物生理特性,就必须对测量参数指标做合理的优化。本文从影响延迟荧光的激发光源的光强,激发时间及外界环境温度出发,研究延迟荧光的变化特性,为延迟荧光在植物生理特性方面的研究提供合理的理论依据。     

Justus Liebig and the Plant Physiologists

In his book Organic Chemistryin its Application to Agriculture andChemistry, Justus Liebig attacked ``the plantphysiologists' for their support of the humustheory and for their general ignorance ofchemistry. Two leading botanists, MatthiasSchleiden and Hugo von Mohl, responded bysharply criticizing Liebig for his lack ofknowledge of plants and his misrepresentationof the views of plant physiologists. The originand character of this debate can be understoodin part through the temperaments of Liebig andSchleiden, but can be viewed also as a contestfor control between the well-establisheddiscipline of chemistry and a potentialdiscipline of plant physiology that had as yetacquired no stable institutional foundations.     

植物水孔蛋白

水孔蛋白的发现丰富了人们对水分跨膜转运机制的认识,植物水孔蛋白在水分吸收、渗透调节、细胞的伸长和气孔运动等方面都有重要作用。现对植物水孔蛋白的结构特征、多样性、生理学功能、活性调节以及水孔蛋白与环境因子的关系等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

The Physiology of Plant Integrity

The original concept of the plant integration system is presented and exemplified by the data from the studies of the regulatory controls that mediate the effects of red light (R) on the growth of etiolated maize seedlings. The integrity of higher-plant behavior depends on the functional activity and interaction of the dominant (control center). In vegetating plants as the simplest case, these centers include the shoot apex and the distal part of the root comprising the sensory tissues, the zones of the synthesis of specific hormones, and the zones of high morphogenetic and sink capacities. The system of propagating electric signals is usually devoid of the permanent generation centers. The dominant centers recognize the external and internal signals and induce the development of polarity (the bioelectric and physiological gradients), canalized connections (the conducting bundles), and oscillations. Trophic, hormonal, and electrophysiological signals of intercellular regulation are propagated along the conducting bundles and affect the intracellular membrane, metabolic, and genic control systems. The regulatory controls comprise the receptor cells recognizing the external and internal signals, the tissues of connection channels, the effector cells, and the feedback loop elements. When three-day-old etiolated maize (Zea maysL.) seedlings are treated with red light (RL), the photosignal is recognized by the phytochrome in the cells of the mesocotyl intercalary meristem; as a result, the positive biopotential is prolonged in these cells and in the coleoptilar node. An electric field (the receptor potential) thus produced would hamper, by electroosmosis, IAA transport from the coleoptile into the mesocotyl and in this way, would drastically inhibit the growth of the latter and temporarily promote the growth of the former. The primary leaves, also recognize R, as a result R promotes cell growth and the synthesis of gibberellins. The Ukhtomskii's principle of the dominant is used to interpret the plant ability for switching over its physiological systems in response to specific signals.     

Anthropological Professionalization and the Virginia Indians at the Turn of the Century

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Indians of Virginia, like marginalized native communities throughout the Southeast, were enmeshed in struggles over their identity, as "one-drop" rules were increasingly applied and formalized. At that time several scholars, including James Mooney, wrote on the Powhatan tribes in American Anthropologist, the nascent journal of a professionalizing discipline. Previously, most works on the Virginia Indians had been published locally; after a brief florescence on the national scene (roughly corresponding to the 300th anniversary of English settlement in Powhatan territory), that pattern resumed. The works published on Virginia Indians in this period, and the contrast with their relative invisibility in professional journals over the following decades, cast light on U.S. anthropology's development as a profession. This article examines the transition from local to national organizations from the standpoint of ethnographic inclusion of such marginalized peoples. [Keywords: Powhatan Indians, ethnic identity, professionalization, localism, American Anthropologist]     

International Conference “Problems of Hydroecology at the Turn of the Century”

Russian Journal of Marine Biology -