白蚁巢拮抗放线菌BYC01代谢产物的分离和鉴定

【目的】从白蚁巢中分离出具有抗菌活性的放线菌,并在其代谢产物中寻找具有抗菌活性的先导化合物。【方法】通过形态学观察和16S rRNA序列分析初步确定目标菌株BYC 01的分类地位。利用生长速率法和琼脂扩散法测定其代谢产物的抗菌活性。并通过大量发酵提取浸膏,运用多种色谱方法对发酵产物进行分离、纯化,利用质谱和核磁共振谱分析鉴定出化合物的结构。【结果】通过形态学观察和16S rRNA序列分析,菌株BYC 01被鉴定为紫红链霉菌(Streptomyces violaceoruber)。BYC 01发酵液不同极性溶剂萃取物的抗菌活性结果表明其有效抑菌物质主要存在于中等极性的乙酸乙酯部位。在供试浓度为100μg/mL时,BYC 01发酵液乙酸乙酯萃取物对苹果树腐烂病菌具有强烈的抑制作用,抑制率大于90%;对水稻纹枯病菌和杨树溃疡病菌具有较好抑制活性,抑制率均大于60%;在供试浓度为30μg/滤纸片时,与阳性对照相比,乙酸乙酯提取物对白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和水稻白叶枯病菌有中等的抑制作用,其抑菌圈直径范围为11.3 mm-16.5 mm。经质谱和核磁共振谱分析,从BYC 01发酵产物中分离到的单体化合物被鉴定为fogacin;在供试浓度为30μg/滤纸片时,化合物fogacin对白色念珠菌生长的抑制作用与阳性对照两性霉素相当,其抑菌圈大小分别为19.3 mm和20.1 mm。【结论】菌株BYC 01具有开发为微生物杀菌剂的潜力。     

中华真地鳖共附生放线菌DB2C2的筛选和鉴定

利用稀释平板法从中华真地鳖体内分离得到52株共附生放线菌,活性筛选表明菌株BD2C2具有较好的抗菌活性,其发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径超过23mm,对枯草芽胞杆菌的抑菌圈直径约17.5mm,对大肠杆菌也有一定的抑制作用。进一步研究表明其活性物质主要集中在中等极性部位。在供试浓度为每张滤纸片30μg时,菌株BD2C2发酵液的乙酸乙酯提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别约27.5、22.4和10.7mm,其抑制活性与阳性对照硫酸庆大霉素相当。利用形态学观察和分子生物学方法初步鉴定该菌为Streptomyces sp.,为一个潜在新种。作为微生物源杀菌剂,DB2C2具有一定开发潜力,值得进一步研究。     

华蟹甲草对几种植物病原真菌的离体抗菌活性研究

从华蟹甲草共获得46个提取、分离样品,首先测定这些样品在100 mg/L浓度下对5种植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制活性,然后测定活性较高的Y-S16/23～90/96号样品对9种真菌菌丝生长的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)以及对辣椒炭疽病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用.结果表明:对于华蟹甲草的不同组织器官,花提取物的活性相对最高,对供试的5种植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制活性,其次是叶片提取物,但均是对辣椒炭疽病菌的活性最高;而在所有样品中,Y-S16/23～90/96号样品的活性最高,在100 mg/L浓度下对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的菌丝生长抑制率均超过50%,其作用谱较广,对供试的9种植物病原真菌均有抑制活性,其中对番茄灰霉病菌和辣椒炭疽病菌的活性最高,EC50分别为68.96和99.17 mg/L,对黄瓜疫霉病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、玉米小斑病菌等3个病菌的活性次之,EC50介于137.37～161.68 mg/L之间,对水稻稻瘟病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、小麦赤霉病菌等4个病菌的活性相对较差,EC50介于303.05～362.54 mg/L之间;Y-S16/23～90/96号样品对辣椒炭疽病菌分生孢子萌发的抑制活性较低.     

龙柏乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性成分的分离与鉴定

采用活性追踪法和柱层析法,以苹果腐烂病菌、葡萄白腐病菌等作为供试菌种,从龙柏乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到抑菌活性成分.结果表明,在供试浓度为2 mg/mL时,龙柏乙酸乙酯萃取物对6种植物病菌均有一定的抑制作用,其中对苹果腐烂病菌和葡萄白腐病菌抑菌活性最好,抑菌率分别为83.06％和78.87％.其活性成份桧脂素对苹果腐烂病菌、葡萄白腐病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和黄瓜枯萎病菌的EC50分别为0.38、0.18、0.47、0.59、0.70 mg/mL和1.94 mg/mL.     

杜仲内生真菌DZJ03发酵液生物活性的研究

测定处于不同生长期的杜仲内生真菌DZJ03胞外多糖含量、发酵液中3种核苷含量,并对其菌株发酵液抑菌效果进行了研究,按50μg/mL的浓度测定了发酵液的石油醚、乙酸乙酯和甲醇等3种提取物对水稻恶苗病菌、棉花枯萎病菌2种植物病原菌以及烟草青枯病菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性。结果表明:内生真菌DZJ03胞外多糖含量最高可达到2.0410g/L,其发酵液中所含腺苷、尿苷以及鸟苷的含量分别为1.2647 mg/g、0.8586 mg/g、1.0493 mg/g;发酵液乙酸乙酯相具有较强的抑菌活性,其对水稻恶苗病菌的抑制率为71.92%,抗烟草青枯病菌的抑菌圈直径达到19.21 mm。     

瑞香狼毒根的抑菌活性研究（Ⅰ）

以苹果干腐病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、南瓜枯萎病菌、玉米大斑病菌、烟草赤星病菌和辣椒疫霉病菌为供试菌,采用生物活性跟踪法、生长速率测定法和系统溶剂提取法对瑞香狼毒根中的杀菌活性物质进行了筛选和分离。结果表明,杀菌活性物质主要集中在乙酸乙酯提取物和甲醇粗提物中。从乙酸乙酯提取物中分离出两种杀菌活性物质AF1-4和AF1-5,同时还发现瑞香狼毒根中还存在增菌物质。     

20种植物提取物抑制植物病原菌活性研究

以小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)、番茄灰霉病菌(Alternaria solani)这两种植物病原真菌为供试菌,对采自江西省吉安市的20种植物提取物的抑制菌丝生长活性及孢子萌发进行测定.结果表明,在供试质量浓度为1 mg/mL时,黄花草木樨乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部分抑菌效果最好,对小麦纹枯病菌和番茄灰霉病菌两种菌的抑制率均达100%;窃衣、小白酒草、羊蹄和车前草的抑制作用次之,对两种菌的抑制率均大于80%;单从对一种病原菌的抑制作用看,还有黄荆对小麦纹枯病菌率为100%,空心莲子草、窃衣、小白酒草和鬼针草对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制率为100%,但是,这20种供试植物的石油醚相和水相萃取物对两种病原真菌的抑制效果均不强.抑制病原菌孢子萌发亦得到类似结果.以上结果提示植物抑菌活性成分主要存在于乙酸乙酯萃取部分,黄花草木樨、窃衣、小白酒草等的提取物作为植物源杀菌剂值得进一步研究.     

侧柏乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)叶、小枝、球果和种子4个不同部位乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果显示:(1)在供试浓度为50g/L(相当于干样)时,侧柏各部位乙醇提取物对4种供试植物病原真菌均具有较好抑制作用,其中侧柏叶提取物的抑菌效果最好,对供试葡萄白腐病菌(Conio-thyrium diplodiella)、葡萄黑痘病菌(Elsinoe ampelina)、番茄绵腐病菌(Phytophthora melongenae)和青霉病菌(Penicilliu mexpansum)的EC50分别为:5.424、3.186、8.913和19.000g/L。(2)侧柏叶乙醇提取物的石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性均较好,在供试浓度为0.5g/L时,石油醚萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)和葡萄黑痘病菌(E.ampelina)的抑菌率分别为80.35%和60.23%;乙酸乙酯萃取物对以上2种植物病原菌的抑菌率分别为81.88%和64.06%。结果表明:侧柏叶、小枝、球果和种子乙醇提取物均具有一定抑菌活性,叶乙醇提取物的活性最好,活性成分主要集中在石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物中。     

七子花内生真菌的抗菌活性筛选及其活性先导化合物的发现

【目的】从濒危植物七子花中分离出具有抗植物致病菌活性的内生真菌,并在其代谢产物中寻找具有抗菌活性的先导化合物。【方法】采用生长速率法测定内生真菌对植物病原菌的抑制活性。通过形态学和5.8S rRNA序列法对具有较好抗菌活性的内生真菌进行鉴定。运用多种色谱方法对发酵产物进行分离、纯化,利用质谱和核磁共振谱分析鉴定出化合物的结构。【结果】茄交链孢QZH 10对水稻纹枯病菌和苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制活性较好,抑制率分别为89.1%和67.9%。在供试浓度为100μg/m L时,QZH 10乙酸乙酯粗提物对稻瘟病菌具有强烈的抑制效果,抑制率为100.0%。从QZH 10中分离到2个单体化合物并分别被鉴定为altersolanol A和6-O-methylalaternin。在供试浓度为100μg/m L时,altersolanol A对稻瘟病菌具有较强的抑制效果,抑制率大于85%;6-O-methylalaternin对苹果树腐烂病菌具有强烈的抑制效果,抑制率为100.0%。【结论】当前结果表明Altersolanol A和6-O-methylalaternin具有开发成微生物源杀菌剂的潜力。     

菊芋叶片提取物抑菌活性与化学成分的研究

为了开发新型植物源杀菌剂和充分利用菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)资源,本文尝试用石油醚、乙醚、乙酸乙酯和水等4种溶剂对菊芋叶片进行平行提取,采用生长速率法测定菊芋叶片提取物对水稻纹枯菌(Rhizoc-tonia solaniKühn)、小麦赤霉菌[Gibberella zeae(Schw.)Petch]、番茄早疫菌[Alternaria solani(Ellis et Martin)Jones et Grour]和番茄灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers.)生长量的抑制活性;并通过试管法和滤纸法对菊芋叶片内化学成分进行初步预试。抑菌实验结果表明:(1)菊芋叶片各溶剂提取物处理与对照处理相比差异显著;(2)菊芋叶片水提取物处理与各有机溶剂提取物处理差异也基本显著;(3)菊芋叶片各溶剂提取物同浓度处理对水稻纹枯菌、番茄早疫菌和番茄灰霉菌抑制效果较好;(4)菊芋叶片乙酸乙酯提取物抑菌效果最为显著,浓度为20mg/mL时对番茄早疫菌和番茄灰霉菌已达到完全抑制,对水稻纹枯菌抑制率也达到77.91%。初步化学预试结果说明,菊芋叶片中含有蛋白质、氨基酸、还原糖类、有机酸、酚类和鞣质、黄酮类、内酯类、强心甙以及油脂等化学成分。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.