PTEN在早孕小鼠子宫内膜的表达及其对胚泡着床的影响

本研究旨存检测肿瘤抑制基因PTEN(phosphatase andtensinhomologdeletedonchromosometen)在早孕小鼠子宫内膜中的表达规律,探讨PTEN在小鼠胚胎着床过程中的作用.采用实时荧光定量聚合酶联反应(real.time fluorescent quantitative PCR.FQ.PCR)和免疫组织化学方法分别检测未孕及孕1、3、4、5、7 d小鼠子宫内膜PTEN mRNA和蛋白的表达;子宫角注射PTEN反义寡核苷酸观察胚泡着床数.FQ-PCR结果显示,妊娠小鼠子宫内膜组织PTENmRNA的表达高于未妊娠小鼠,且随着妊娠天数的增加表达逐渐增强,到妊娠第5天达最高.免疫组织化学分析显示,PTEN蛋白在子宫内膜的表达规律与mRNA结果一致.子宫角注射PTEN反义寡核苷酸后胚泡着床数明显减少.结果提示,PTEN在妊娠早期子宫内膜持续表达,可能参与了胚泡着床.     

前列腺素F（PGF）抗血清对小鼠胚泡着床的影响

本文试图利用自制的PGP抗血清,对小鼠子宫局部进行注射,以观察其对胚泡着床的影响。结果表明,于妊娠第3天(孕卵在输卵管阶段)单侧子宫角注射PGF抗血清,对胚泡着床无影响。而妊娠第4天(胚泡在子宫阶段〕单侧或双侧子宫角注射PGF抗血清,对胚泡着床均有明显的抑制作用。这一结果提示小鼠胚泡着床中PGF起着重要的作用。     

早孕小鼠子宫内膜钙网蛋白的表达规律

采用RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光组织化学、Western 印迹及原位杂交技术分别检测未孕(d0)和妊娠d1、d2、d3、d4、d5、d6、d7天小鼠子宫内膜中钙网蛋白(calreticulin, CRT)的表达规律, 探讨CRT在胚胎着床中的作用.结果显示CRT mRNA在妊娠小鼠子宫内膜中的表达明显高于未孕小鼠(P <0.05), 且随着妊娠天数的增加呈逐渐增强的趋势.间接免役荧光组织化学结果显示CRT表达于子宫内膜基质细胞、腺上皮以及腔上皮, 并在妊娠第4、5天基质细胞的胞浆中呈现高峰.实验结果提示, CRT在妊娠早期子宫内膜的持续表达, 可能通过调节整合素介导的细胞信号通路而调节胚胎滋养层细胞的黏附、侵袭, 参与胚胎着床.     

小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1/NDPK A的表达

nm23家族除与肿瘤转移抑制有关,它还参与调节正常细胞的发育、增殖、分化及凋亡等过程。运用RT-PCR、Western blot 和免疫组织化学技术,分析小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜着床点和着床旁组织nm23-M1/NDPK A 的表达,以未交配鼠作对照,为进一步阐明胚泡着床的机制提供有意义的实验依据。RT-PCR 结果显示,小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1/NDPK A mRNA 表达明显高于对照组,并且着床点明显高于着床旁,Western blot 和免疫组织化学分析nm23-M1/NDPK A 蛋白表达,也得到一致的结果。提示nm23-M1/NDPK A 参与胚泡着床这一重要生命活动过程。     

小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1／NDPK A的表达

nm23家族除与肿瘤转移抑制有关,它还参与调节正常细胞的发育、增殖、分化及凋亡等过程。运用RT-PCR、Western blot和免疫组织化学技术,分析小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜着床点和着床旁组织nm23-M1／NDPK A的表达,以未交配鼠作对照,为进一步阐明胚泡着床的机制提供有意义的实验依据。RT-pCR结果显示,小鼠胚泡黏附时子宫内膜nm23-M1／NDPK A mRNA表达明显高于对照组,并且着床点明显高于着床旁,Western blot和免疫组织化学分析nm23-M1／NDPK A蛋白表达,也得到一致的结果。提示nm23-M1／NDPK A参与胚泡着床这一重要生命活动过程。     

双向凝胶电泳分析小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床点和着床旁组织蛋白质组

目的 :研究小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床点和着床旁蛋白质表达图谱及其差异。方法 :用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离 5d .p .c .(dayspostcoitum)小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床点和着床旁总蛋白 ,同时分离同龄未交配小鼠子宫内膜总蛋白 ,银染显色 ,PDQuest 2DE软件分析。结果 :图像分析测得三块胶的匹配率达 74 5 %以上 ,在等电点pI 3～ 1 0、分子量 1 4 4～ 75 4kDa范围内分离得未交配小鼠子宫内膜蛋白点大约 81 0个 ,受孕小鼠子宫内膜胚泡着床旁和着床点蛋白质点分别大约为 95 0个和 1 0 4 0个 ,其中至少 90个蛋白点在三种不同的生理状态间有 2倍以上的量变。结论 :在“着床窗口期” ,小鼠子宫内膜特别是着床位点内膜合成更多的蛋白质 ,以适宜胚泡成功地植入。     

IK细胞因子在小鼠早孕期子宫内膜的表达规律及其在胚胎着床中的作用

通过Real-time PCR、Western blot及免疫组织化学方法分析了IK细胞因子(IK cytokine)在早孕小鼠(妊娠D1~D7)子宫内膜中的表达规律及宫角注射IK细胞因子反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸后对胚胎着床的影响。结果显示,IK细胞因子mRNA表达在D1~D4逐渐升高,于D4达到高峰(P<0.05);Western blot和免疫组织化学结果与Real-time PCR结果基本一致,其蛋白表达在D1~D5逐渐升高,于D5达到高峰(P<0.05);IK细胞因子在D5胚胎着床点的表达显著高于着床旁组织;假孕小鼠子宫内膜IK细胞因子蛋白表达明显低于正常妊娠,且整个假孕过程中没有表达高峰;宫角注射IK细胞因子反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸后24 h和48 h(即D4和D5)子宫内膜IK细胞因子表达明显受到抑制,MHCⅡ抗原表达增强,且胚胎着床数量明显减少(P<0.05),提示IK细胞因子在胚胎着床中发挥着重要作用。     

沙眼衣原体感染对大鼠早期妊娠的影响

目的检测沙眼衣原体(CT)感染后妊娠大鼠子宫内膜热休克蛋白70(HSP70)和整合素α4β1的表达,探讨CT感染对妊娠的影响.方法取正常未孕大鼠、阴道接种CT后妊娠大鼠和正常妊娠大鼠孕4～8d子宫作切片,采用免疫组织化学方法,研究CT感染对早期妊娠子宫HSP70和整合素α4β1表达的影响.结果 HSP70在未孕及妊娠大鼠子宫均有表达,其主要存在于子宫内膜固有层的基质细胞及蜕膜细胞,整合素α4β1存在于内膜上皮、腺上皮和基质细胞.CT感染后(实验组)妊娠大鼠子宫内膜HSP70的阳性表达在孕4～6d较正常妊娠组(对照组)及未孕组明显增强,差异有显著性(P< 0.01);在孕7～8d与对照组相比无明显差异,但强于未孕组.而整合素α4β1的阳性表达在孕4～6d弱于对照组(孕第5d尤为明显),强于未孕组,差异有显著性(P< 0.01).结论 (1)大鼠生殖道感染CT引起胚泡着床期(4～6d)HSP70的高表达,且主要存在于子宫内膜固有层的基质细胞及蜕膜细胞,内膜上皮、腺上皮中未见表达,推测CT生殖道感染可能影响母体子宫内膜蜕膜细胞的增殖,干扰妊娠,引起不孕或流产.(2)生殖道感染CT引起胚泡着床期整合素α4β1的低表达,并与HSP70表达的变化趋势相反,推测CT生殖道感染可影响孕早期胚泡植入,其不良妊娠结果可能通过HSP70与整合素α4β1的共同作用导致.     

着床期小鼠子宫内膜中EGF及其受体转录和表达状况的研究

为探讨表皮生长因子（epidermal growth factor,EGF)在胚泡着床过程中的作用。本文应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法,检测了EGE及其受体在胚泡着床前后小鼠子宫内膜中的转录和表达。结果显示：未孕和受精后第4-5天,子宫内膜表面上皮和腺上皮细胞仍呈EGF,EGFR原位杂交和免疫组化阴性着色,受精后第4-5天子宫内膜基质细胞EGF及其受体转录和表达较未孕期增强,受精后第6天,EGF及其受体免疫组化和原位杂交阳性着色主要分布于初级蜕膜带（primary decidual zone,PDZ);随着胚泡植入的进行,PDZ区蜕膜细胞EGF及其受体的转录和表达明显减少,而PDZ周围蜕膜细胞EGF及其受体的转录和表达增强,结果提示,EGF是小鼠胚泡着床过程中的一个重要调节因子。     

早孕小鼠子宫内膜M2型丙酮酸激酶基因表达的研究

该研究分析了M2型丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase M2,PKM2)基因在早孕小鼠子宫内膜的表达规律。通过建立正常妊娠小鼠模型,收集孕D1、D4、D5、D6、D7小鼠子宫内膜组织及孕D5小鼠着床点及着床旁子宫内膜组织。构建假孕小鼠模型,收集假孕PD1、PD4、PD5、PD6和PD7小鼠子宫内膜组织。用Real-time PCR和Western blot方法检测PKM2 m RNA和蛋白质表达水平;免疫组织化学方法检测PKM2蛋白质在孕D5着床点与着床旁子宫内膜的分布。研究结果显示,在正常妊娠小鼠子宫内膜,PKM2 m RNA表达从孕D5开始出现明显升高,孕D6达高峰,孕D7略有下降,孕D6、孕D7与孕D1相比有明显差异。PKM2蛋白质从孕D6开始出现明显升高,孕D7略有下降,孕D6、孕D7与孕D1相比有明显差异。假孕小鼠子宫内膜PKM2 m RNA水平从PD6开始有明显升高,PD7与PD6水平相当,PD6、PD7与PD1相比有明显差异。PKM2蛋白质水平每两组间无明显差异。孕D5小鼠子宫内膜组织中,PKM2 m RNA及蛋白质水平均呈现着床点明显高于着床旁趋势。该研究初步揭示了PKM2基因在早孕小鼠子宫内膜表达规律,为深入探讨PKM2在维持早孕小鼠子宫内膜正常功能的机制上的作用提供了重要线索。     

P16^INK4、Rb基因表达在肺癌发生中协调性研究

采用mRNA原位双杂交和免疫组织化学方法对31例非小细胞肺癌组织进行P16^INK、Rb基因、Rb基因表达水平及其相关性的研究。结果显示,以Dig-碱性磷酸酶－NBT／BCIP系统检测P16^INK4基因转录,阳性结果呈蓝色,阴性杂交率为22．6％（7／31）;以Bio－辣根过氧化物酶－AEC系统检测Rb基因转录,阳性结果为红色,阴性率为16．1％（5／31）。免疫组织化学检测显示P16^INK4蛋白质阴性率为42％（13／31）;Rb蛋白表达阴性率为19．4％（6／31）。Rb、P16^INK4基因在非小细胞肺癌发生中起协同调控作用,以P16^INK4基因表达异常为主。     

Expression of maspin in the early pregnant mouse endometrium and its role during embryonic implantation

Maspin (serpin B5), a tumor-suppressing member of the serine protease inhibitor family, participates in cell migration, adhesion, invasion, and apoptosis. These processes are also critical for embryo implantation, but the role of maspin in embryo implantation remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the spatiotemporal expression of maspin in early pregnant mouse endometrium and its role in embryo implantation. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of maspin in the endometria of nonpregnant and early pregnant (days 0 to 7) mice. On day 3 of pregnancy, mice in the treated group (n = 20) were injected in the left uterine horn with antimaspin polyclonal antibody and in the right horn with purified rabbit IgG; control mice (n = 20) were injected only with purified rabbit IgG in the right uterine horn. Implanted embryos were counted on pregnant day 8. The mRNA and protein expressions of maspin were higher in the endometria of pregnant mice than nonpregnant mice; these levels gradually increased from day 1 of pregnancy, peaked on day 5, and then decreased on days 6 and 7. The mice treated with antimaspin polyclonal antibody group had far fewer implanted embryos than did the control group. Taken together, these results suggest that maspin, a tumor suppressor, may play an important role in embryo implantation.     

Endothelial toll‐like receptor 4 maintains lung integrity via epigenetic suppression of p16INK4a

We previously reported that the canonical innate immune receptor toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) is critical in maintaining lung integrity. However, the molecular mechanisms via which TLR4 mediates its effect remained unclear. In the present study, we identified distinct contributions of lung endothelial cells (Ec) and epithelial cells TLR4 to pulmonary homeostasis using genetic‐specific, lung‐ and cell‐targeted in vivo methods. Emphysema was significantly prevented via the reconstituting of human TLR4 expression in the lung Ec of TLR4?/? mice. Lung Ec‐silencing of TLR4 in wild‐type mice induced emphysema, highlighting the specific and distinct role of Ec‐expressed TLR4 in maintaining lung integrity. We also identified a previously unrecognized role of TLR4 in preventing expression of p16^INK4a, a senescence‐associated gene. Lung Ec‐p16^INK4a‐silencing prevented TLR4?/? induced emphysema, revealing a new functional role for p16^INK4ain lungs. TLR4 suppressed endogenous p16^INK4a expression via HDAC2‐mediated deacetylation of histone H4. These findings suggest a novel role for TLR4 in maintaining of lung homeostasis via epigenetic regulation of senescence‐related gene expression.     

Oval cell proliferation in p16INK4a expressing mouse liver is triggered by chronic growth stimuli.

Terminal differentiation requires molecules also involved in aging such as the cell cycle inhibitor p16(INK4a).Like other organs, the adult liver represents a quiescent organ with terminal differentiated cells, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. These cells retain the ability to proliferate in response to liver injury or reduction of liver mass. However, under conditions which prevent mitotic activation of hepatocytes, regeneration can occur instead from facultative hepatic stem cells.For therapeutic application a non-toxic activation of this stem cell compartment is required. We have established transgenic mice with conditional overexpression of the cell cycle inhibitor p16(INK4a) in hepatocytes and have provoked and examined oval cell activation in adult liver in response to a range of proliferative stimuli.We could show that the liver specific expression of p16(INK4a) leads to a faster differentiation of hepatocytes and an activation of oval cells already in postnatal mice without negative consequences on liver function.     

Restored immune cell functions upon clearance of senescence in the irradiated splenic environment

Some studies show eliminating senescent cells rejuvenate aged mice and attenuate deleterious effects of chemotherapy. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether senescence affects immune cell function. We provide evidence that exposure of mice to ionizing radiation (IR) promotes the senescent‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and expression of p16^INK4a in splenic cell populations. We observe splenic T cells exhibit a reduced proliferative response when cultured with allogenic cells in vitro and following viral infection in vivo. Using p16‐3MR mice that allow elimination of p16^INK4a‐positive cells with exposure to ganciclovir, we show that impaired T‐cell proliferation is partially reversed, mechanistically dependent on p16^INK4a expression and the SASP. Moreover, we found macrophages isolated from irradiated spleens to have a reduced phagocytosis activity in vitro, a defect also restored by the elimination of p16^INK4a expression. Our results provide molecular insight on how senescence‐inducing IR promotes loss of immune cell fitness, which suggest senolytic drugs may improve immune cell function in aged and patients undergoing cancer treatment.     

p16INK4a-induced senescence is disabled by melanoma-associated mutations

The p16(INK4a)-Rb tumour suppressor pathway is required for the initiation and maintenance of cellular senescence, a state of permanent growth arrest that acts as a natural barrier against cancer progression. Senescence can be overcome if the pathway is not fully engaged, and this may occur when p16(INK4a) is inactivated. p16(INK4a) is frequently altered in human cancer and germline mutations affecting p16(INK4a) have been linked to melanoma susceptibility. To characterize the functions of melanoma-associated p16(INK4a) mutations, in terms of promoting proliferative arrest and initiating senescence, we utilized an inducible expression system in a melanoma cell model. We show that wild-type p16(INK4a) promotes rapid cell cycle arrest that leads to a senescence programme characterized by the appearance of chromatin foci, activation of acidic beta-galactosidase activity, p53 independence and Rb dependence. Accumulation of wild-type p16(INK4a) also promoted cell enlargement and extensive vacuolization independent of Rb status. In contrast, the highly penetrant p16(INK4a) variants, R24P and A36P failed to arrest cell proliferation and did not initiate senescence. We also show that overexpression of CDK4, or its homologue CDK6, but not the downstream kinase, CDK2, inhibited the ability of wild-type p16(INK4a) to promote cell cycle arrest and senescence. Our data provide the first evidence that p16(INK4a) can initiate a CDK4/6-dependent autonomous senescence programme that is disabled by inherited melanoma-associated mutations.     

三氟拉嗪通过诱导p16INK4a抑制BGC-823细胞增殖

为探索三氟拉嗪（trifluoperazine, TFP）抗肿瘤作用机制,对胃癌BGC-823细胞进 行TFP（5、10 μmol/L）处理后,利用计数法、BrdU脉冲标记法、Western印迹等方法从细胞形态、细胞增殖、S期细胞百分比以及相关因子表达水平等方面进行分析. 结果显示,TFP处理后,细胞形态发生明显改变,细胞增殖受到明显抑制且呈时间计量 效应关系;S期细胞比例下降;p16INK4a表达水平升高.为进一步研究TFP诱导 p16INK4a表达的分子机制,本实验采用插入p16INK4a启动子片段及荧光素酶报告系统 的载体pGL3-Basic-p16INK4a（-967~-165 bp）,研究了TFP在转录水平对p16INK4a启 动子活性的影响.结果表明, TFP能够提高p16INK4a的启动子活性.上述结果提示,TFP 通过诱导p16INK4a表达抑制BGC-823细胞增殖.