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1.
- (1) We studied the variation in characters of two Andean populations of Rhinella spinulosa with different larval thermal regimes as a function of geographic origin and temperature.
- (2) In both populations, survival and growth rate were greater at the higher temperature. Size at metamorphosis was only determined by locality, while there was a divergence in growth rate and age at metamorphosis as a function of locality and temperature.
- (3) Variation was found in seven of the 12 morphological characters evaluated in post-metamorphic toadlets, which was determined only by their locality of origin.
Keywords: Aclimatation; Body size; Common garden experiment; Geographic variation; Temperature 相似文献
2.
Anna Lubkowska Monika Chudecka Andrzej Klimek Zbigniew Szygua Barbara Frczek 《Journal of thermal biology》2008,33(8):464-467
- 1. We have examined the prooxidative–antioxidative reaction to extremely low temperatures (−130 °C) during a one-time cryostimulation in 15 young, clinically healthy individuals.
- 2. The total lipid peroxides as the total oxidative status (TOS) and the total antioxidative status (TAS) were measured in blood plasma collected in the morning of the day of cryostimulation, 30 min after the cryostimulation, and on the following morning.
- 3. The level of stress expressed by total oxidative status in plasma, resulting from exposure to extremely low temperatures, was statistically significantly lowered 30 min after leaving the cryochamber than prior to the exposure. The next day, the TOS level still remained lower than the initial values. The TAS level decreased after leaving the cryochamber and remained elevated the following day.
Keywords: Cryostimulation; Plasma oxidative capacity; Plasma antioxidative capacity 相似文献
3.
- (1) The role of metabolic rate, thermogenesis and behavior in trade-off strategy was examined in Swiss mice under stochastic food deprivation (FD).
- (2) For the mice under severe FD, food intake on feeding days increased, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) and nonshivering thermogenesis decreased significantly. The duration of activity decreased but resting behavior increased significantly on feeding days.
- (3) It suggested that a trade-off between increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure related to lower BMR, thermogenesis and activity might be employed to meet reduced calorie intake caused by unpredictable FD.
Keywords: Behavior; Energy budget; Food deprivation; Mice; Thermogenesis; Trade-off 相似文献
4.
Xiutang Yuan Hongsheng Yang Lili Wang Yi Zhou Howaida R. Gabr 《Journal of thermal biology》2009,34(6):315-319
- 1. This paper investigated the bioenergetic responses of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (wet weights of 36.5±1.2 g) to different water temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) in the laboratory.
- 2. Results showed that theoretically the optimal temperatures for energy intake and scope for growth (SFG) of sub-adult A. japonicus was at 15.6 and 16.0 °C, respectively. The aestivation threshold temperature for this life-stage sea cucumber could be 29.0 °C by taking feeding cessation as the indication of aestivation.
- 3. Our data suggests that A. japonicus is thermo-sensitive to higher temperature, which prevents it from colonising sub-tropical coastal zones. Therefore, water temperature plays an important role in its southernmost distribution limit in China.
- 4. The potential impact of global ocean warming on A. japonicus might be a northward shift in the geographical distribution.
Keywords: Sea cucumber; Apostichopus japonicus; Temperature; Bioenergetic responses; Global ocean warming; Geographical distribution limit; Northward shift 相似文献
5.
6.
- (1) The low-temperature tolerance of false codling moth (FCM) Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a significant aspect of this pest's population dynamics and has implications for post-harvest control and sterile insect technique programs.
- (2) Here, we report results of experiments examining the effects of time, temperature and their interactions on low-temperature tolerance in adult FCM. In addition, using a variety of thermal pre-treatments, we examine the potential for hardening responses over several hours to improve low-temperature tolerance in FCM.
- (3) Lower lethal temperature assays showed significant effects of time, temperature and significant interactions between time and temperature on survival (p<0.0001 in all cases). The temperature at which the probability of survival of 50% of the FCM population after 2 h of exposure was −4.5 °C, which varied significantly to −0.5 °C in 10 h. Gender and early adult age did not affect low-temperature tolerance of FCM.
- (4) Using a range of non-lethal, low- and high-temperature pre-treatments, FCM survival could not be increased (p>0.84) and thus limited evidence for rapid cold hardening was found. These results are discussed with respect to microclimate temperatures in typical FCM environments and have implications for understanding population dynamics in this species and the diversity of low-temperature responses of insects.
Keywords: Hardening effects; Cold shock; Thermotolerance;Integrated pest management; Citrus; Acclimation 相似文献
7.
Adaptation to oxidative stress and impact of chronic oxidative stress on immunity in heat-stressed broilers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
- 1. Glutathione peroxidase activity and serum malondialdehyde of heat-stressed broilers were increased in the early period of heat exposure, and then these parameters decreased.
- 2. The lesion scores of bursa of Fabricius in heat-stressed broilers were increased and decreased in accordance with the activity of glutathione peroxidase and serum malondialdehyde.
- 3. High environmental temperature had not affected relative bursa of Fabricius weight and NDV-HI titer of heat-stressed broilers.
- 4. We concluded that heat-stressed broilers could adapt to oxidative stress, and environmental temperature set at 38±2 °C had not affected humoral immunity.
Keywords: Glutathione peroxidase activity; Malondialdehyde; NDV-HI titer; Humoral immunity; Bursa of fabricius; Oxidative stress; Lipid peroxidation; Heat-stressed broiler; Adaptation; Heat stress 相似文献
8.
Aleksandra Jankovi Biljana Buzadi Aleksandra Kora Vesna Petrovi Ana Vasilijevi Bato Kora 《Journal of thermal biology》2009,34(7):358-365
- 1. Retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RpWAT) antioxidative defense was investigated in untreated, l-arginine-treated and Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)-treated rats kept at 4±1 °C (1, 3, 7, 12, 21 and 45 days) and compared to control rats at 22±1 °C.
- 2. Cold-acclimation-induced RpWAT weight decrease was accompanied by a decline in glutathione level and increased activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase at different time-points.
- 3. l-arginine accelerated RpWAT weight decrease, the increase in MnSOD and GST activities and the prolonged increase of catalase, MnSOD and GST activities. l-NAME delayed cold-induced catalase activity increase and tissue weight decrease. Prolonged l-NAME-treatment had a similar effect on RpWAT as l-arginine.
- 4. Results suggest the involvement of l-arginine/NO pathway in RpWAT oxidative metabolic augmentation induced by cold-acclimation.
9.
- 1. We examined whether changes in rigidity and adhesiveness of neutrophils exposed to cooling and rewarming observed in vitro might impair microvascular perfusion in vivo. Neutrophils from donor rats were fluorescently (calcein-AM) or radioactively (Indium-111) labelled, incubated at 10 or 37 °C in vitro, and infused into recipients. Changes in transit rate and adhesive behaviour within post-capillary venules was quantified in m. extensor digitorum longus (EDL) using intravital microscopy, and tissue distribution determined.
- 2. There was an increased propensity of cooled cells to undergo adhesion following transfer into the recipient rat. However, cooling had no effect on median transit (354 μm s−1) or rolling (14 μm s−1) velocities during the first 5 min after infusion suggesting that cooling promotes adhesion, but does not delay passage through capillaries. Cooled neutrophils subsequently transformed to stationary adhesion. Their immobilisation was higher than for cells held at 37 °C (P<0.05), and once immobilised they remained firmly adherent to the vessel wall. Cooled, radiolabelled neutrophils showed tissue-specific accumulation after 3 min, but were cleared to the same extent as warmed cells by 20 min.
- 3. Our data suggest that cooling and rewarming of neutrophils impairs their ability to transit microvessels, reflecting changes in adhesive and mechanical properties observed in vitro, and may contribute to cold-associated circulatory pathology.
Keywords: EDL; Intravital microscopy; Leukocytes; Rat; Skeletal muscle; Venules 相似文献
10.
- 1. The fat mouse Steatomys pratensis natalensis (mean body mass 37.4±0.43 (se)) has a low euthermic body temperature Tb=30.1–33.8 °C and a low basal metabolic rate (BMR)=0.50 ml O2 g−1 h−1.
- 2. Below an ambient temperature (Ta)=15 °C, the mice were hypothermic.
- 3. The lowest survivable Ta=10 °C.
- 4. Torpor is efficient in conserving energy between Ta=15–30 °C, below Ta=15 °C, the mice arouse.
- 5. Euthermic and torpid mice were hyperthermic at Ta=35 °C.
- 6. Thermal conductance was 0.159 ml O2 g−1 h−1 °C−1, 98.8% of the expected value.
- 7. Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) was 2.196 ml O2 g−1 h−1 (3.69×BMR).
- 8. Maximal oxygen consumption, however, was 3.83 ml O2 g−1 h−1 (6.44×BMR), indicating that other methods of heat production are additive.
- 9. Because fat mice conserve energy by torpor only between Ta=15–30 °C, we suggest that torpor may be a more important mechanism for surviving food shortages than for surviving cold weather.
Keywords: Steatomys pratensis natalensis; Metabolism; Torpor; Fat mouse 相似文献
11.
- 1. 1.|α-MSH (1/2–13) was injected centrally and peripherally in rabbits exposed to cold.
- 2. 2.|Doses of the peptide previously shown to reduce fever had no effect on afebrile body temperature in the cold; larger doses did lower temperature.
- 3. 3.|We conclude that the antipyretic effect of small doses of α-MSH does not depend upon inhibition of central heat productioin and heat conservatioin pathways.
- 4. 4.|The antipyretic and hypthermic activities of α-MSH are independent and may represent different actions within the CNS.
Keywords: α-MSH; antipyretic/hypothermogenic; fever; central temperature controls; cold exposure; rabbits 相似文献
12.
Victoria F. Turek Deborah H. Olster Katherine R. Gililland Meredith Sheehy Aaron Ettenberg Harry J. Carlisle 《Journal of thermal biology》2004,29(7-8):423
- 1. Over three experiments, separate groups of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of either vehicle, recombinant rat leptin (1 μg), or leptin (4 μg), then two ICV injections, 30 min apart of vehicle/vehicle, leptin (4 μg)/vehicle, vehicle/α-MSH (300 ng), or leptin/α-MSH, and then vehicle/vehicle, leptin (4 μg)/vehicle, vehicle/ SHU-9119 (200 ng; a MC 3/4 receptor antagonist), or leptin/SHU-9119. Core temperatures (Tc), food intake and body weights were monitored.
- 2. Four microgram leptin resulted in the induction of fever, an effect blocked by injection of α-MSH. Antagonism of MC 3/4 receptors with SHU-9119 did not augment leptin-induced fever, but did block the inhibitory actions of leptin on food intake.
- 3. These data demonstrate the inhibitory effects of exogenous α-MSH on leptin-induced fever, but suggest that endogenous melanocortin action at MC 3/4 receptors does not tonically inhibit febrigenesis caused by leptin administration.
Keywords: Leptin; Core temperature; α-melanocyte stimulating hormone; Rats 相似文献
13.
- 1. 1. Cu2+ at a concentration of 10−4 M, when applied to the external side of the frog skin produces an increase in the short-circuit current (Isc).
- 2. 2. This effect was studied in skins of Rana temporaria adapted to cold (5°C) and room temperature (20°C), skins of Rana pipiens adapted to cold, and the results compared with those obtained previously with Rana ribibunda.
- 3. 3. The observed effect is less dependent upon the adaptation to cold than upon the functional state of the skin: skins with low short circuit currents have a bigger response to Cu2+ than skins with high Isc.
- 4. 4. A species difference cannot be ruled out since skins of Rana ribibunda exhibiting high Isc give good responses to Cu2+.
- 5. 5. 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), a sulphydryl-oxidizing reagent, produces an effect similar to that of Cu2+, and dithiothreitol an SH-reducing agent, reverses the effect of this ion.
- 6. 6. Cu2+ also induces an increase in the unidirectional K+ fluxes and unmasks a net outward potassium flux.
- 7. 7. The outward K+ flux induced by Cu2+ is sensitive to ouabain.
- 8. 8. It is concluded that Cu2+ increases the permeability of the external barrier of the frog skin to Na+ and K+, probably by reacting with SH groups.
Abbreviations: DTNB; 5; 5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) 相似文献
14.
- 1. 1.|A kinetic study of the absolute specific activity (SA) of iodine in intrathyroidal iodotyrosines and iodothyronines, and in plasma PBI, was performed comparatively in adult male rats and quail kept at +25°C (controls) or exposed to +4°C (for 2 days or 30 days before the iodine measurements).
- 2. 2.|In both species, 2 days of cold exposure induced a rapid increase (20 to 50%) in the SA of intrathyroidal iodoaminoacids and plasma PBI, leading to a rapid equilibration between the SA measured. After 30 days an acceleration in iodine turnover was still measurable in rats, but the stimulation then appeared more important in quail. In addition, the acceleration of iodine turnover led to a characteristic bimodal pattern of this turnover which was apparent only in quail, and could reflect an important production of non-hormonal iodinated proteins. Although the bird thyroid has been claimed to be less reactive to cold than its mammalian homologues, the present study indicates that, at least in bird species whose thyroidal stores of iodine are not excessive, the thyroid is even more responsive to cold than the rat thyroid.
Author Keywords: Effect of cold; thyroidal metablism; iodine; SA of iodine in iodotyrosine; iodothyronine; iodinated proteins; rats; birds; quail; Coturix coturnix japonica 相似文献
15.
Yield-SAFE: A parameter-sparse, process-based dynamic model for predicting resource capture, growth, and production in agroforestry systems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Wopke van der Werf Karel Keesman Paul Burgess Anil Graves David Pilbeam L.D. Incoll Klaas Metselaar Martina Mayus Roel Stappers Herman van Keulen Joo Palma Christian Dupraz 《Ecological Engineering》2007,29(4):419-433
- 1. Silvoarable agroforestry (SAF) is the cultivation of trees and arable crops on the same parcel of land. SAF may contribute to modern diversified land use objectives in Europe, such as enhanced biodiversity and productivity, reduced leaching of nitrogen, protection against flooding and erosion, and attractiveness of the landscape. Long-term yield predictions are needed to assess long-term economic profitability of SAF.
- 2. A model for growth, resource sharing and productivity in agroforestry systems was developed to act as a tool in forecasts of yield, economic optimization of farming enterprises and exploration of policy options for land use in Europe. The model is called Yield-SAFE; from “YIeld Estimator for Long term Design of Silvoarable AgroForestry in Europe”. The model was developed with as few equations and parameters as possible to allow model parameterization under constrained availability of data from long-term experiments.
- 3. The model consists of seven state equations expressing the temporal dynamics of: (1) tree biomass; (2) tree leaf area; (3) number of shoots per tree; (4) crop biomass; (5) crop leaf area index; (6) heat sum; and (7) soil water content. The main outputs of the model are the growth dynamics and final yields of trees and crops. Daily inputs are temperature, radiation and precipitation. Planting densities, initial biomasses of tree and crop species, and soil parameters must be specified.
- 4. A parameterization of Yield-SAFE is generated, using published yield tables for tree growth and output from the comprehensive crop simulation model STICS. Analysis of tree and crop growth data from two poplar agroforestry stands in the United Kingdom demonstrates the validity of the modelling concept and calibration philosophy of Yield-SAFE. A sensitivity analysis is presented to elucidate which biological parameters most influence short and long-term productivity and land equivalent ratio.
- 5. The conceptual model, elaborated in Yield-SAFE, in combination with the outlined procedure for model calibration, offers a valid tool for exploratory land use studies.
Keywords: Agroforestry model; Competition; Parameter estimation; Resource use; Land use; Land equivalent ratio; Long-term yield prediction 相似文献
16.
Sara Schiller 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》1976,451(2):457-464
- 1. 1. Particulate fractions of costal cartilage from young rats are capable of catalyzing the formation of the first two monosaccharide units of the chondroitin sulfate-protein linkage region.
- 2. 2. Hormonal imbalance has been shown to influence the activity of the glycosyltransferases responsible for the sequential transfer of xylose and galactose from UDPxylose and UDPgalactose, respectively, in the formation of the linkage region.
- 3. 3. The activity of xylosyltransferase was found to be decreased in costal cartilage of diabetic, thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized rats, but not in rats injected with either testosterone or hydrocortisone. In the latter two treatment groups, galactosyltransferase activity was decreased only in the group receiving hydrocorsitone.
- 4. 4. The combined results of this and previous studies suggest that decreased levels of chondroitin sulfate in diabetic, thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized animals are due to interference in the synthesis of the linkage region of the proteoglycan at the xylosyltransferase level whereas hydrocortisone acts primarily at the level of the galactosyltransferase.
Abbreviations: P-ado-P-S; 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulphate 相似文献