The Dicistroviridae： An Emerging Family of Invertebrate Viruses

Dicistroviruses comprise a newly characterized and rapidly expanding family of small RNA viruses of invertebrates. Several features of this virus group have attracted considerable research interest in recent years. In this review I provide an overview of the Dicistroviridae and describe progress made toward the understanding and practical application of dicistroviruses, including (i) construction of the first infectious clone of a dicistrovirus, (ii) use of the baculovirus expression system for production of an infectious dicistrovirus, (iii) the use of Drosophila C virus for analysis of host response to virus infection, and (iv) correlation of the presence of Israeli acute paralysis virus with honey bee colony collapse disorder. The potential use of dicistroviruses for insect pest management is also discussed. The structure, mechanism and practical use of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements has recently been reviewed elsewhere.     

病毒的进攻与文明的代价

把近些年流行并引起人类恐慌的疾病做一番梳理，我们可以发现，虽然人类的前脚已经迈入了信息、社会，但后脚却仍在农业文明和工业文明之间徘徊，甚至脚底还粘着原始文明的泥迹。无论是过去的黑死病(鼠疫)和天花，还是今天的SARS和埃博拉，以及仍影响着我们的疯牛病与禽流感，它们都既与原始文明有千丝万缕的联系，又与农业文明和工业文明息息相关。     

Bats as animal reservoirs for the SARS coronavirus: Hypothesis proved after 10 years of virus hunting

Recently,the team led by Dr.Zhengli Shi from Wuhan Institute of Virology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and Dr.Peter Daszak from Ecohealth Alliance identified SL-CoVs in Chinese horseshoe bats that were 95%identical to human SARS-CoV and were able to use human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 （ACE2） receptor for docking and entry.Remarkably,they isolated the first known live bat SL-CoV that replicates in human     

PNAS：发现SARS冠状病毒致命点

经过近六年努力，武汉大学科研人员近日发现了SARS冠状病毒致命点，是一组叫”非结构蛋白nsp14”的基因编码。研究人员表示，此次重要发现可为筛选抗击SARS病毒药物奠定基础，进而研发成小分子药物。这项研究成果近日在国际权威综合性学术期刊美国《国家科学院院报》（PNAS）上发表。     

《病毒学杂志》：科学家发现新型SARS样冠状病毒

近日发表在国际核心学术期刊《病毒学杂志》的论文称。我国军事医学科学院军事兽医研究所研究员涂长春等人在云南蝙蝠体内检测出了新型SARS样冠状病毒。经全基因组序列测定与抗原性分析表明,该病毒具备感染人的能力。推断其很可能是SARS病毒的祖先或“亲属”,为理清SARS来源提供了重要数据。     

Validation and Application of Skeletochronology for Age Determination of the Ryukyu Ground Gecko,Goniurosaurus kuroiwae （Squamata： Eublepharidae）

Skeletochronology is a method commonly used for estimating the age of amphibians and reptiles in the wild. However, the number of lines of arrested growth （LAGs） does not necessarily reflect age in some species. We validated the applicability of this method to an endangered eublepharid gecko, Goniurosaurus kuroiwae, then inferred its longevity and age structures in wild populations. We classified young geckos into three groups using previously published data for early growth： Group 1 contained hatchlings before the first winter, Group 2 contained hatchlings after the first win- ter, and Group 3 included yearlings after the second winter. LAG numbers in these groups were then compared. All individuals in Group 1 possessed a single LAG, which was considered as a hatching line. Most individuals in Groups 2 and 3 possessed one and two additional LAGs, respectively （LAG1 and LAG2）, corroborating the notion that LAGs are formed annually. A few geckos exhibited fewer LAGs than expected. Analysis of variations in LAG and marrow cavity diameter demonstrated that in animals with fewer LAGs, endosteal resorption or fusion of hatching line and LAG1 had occurred. LAG2 was never lost by endosteal resorption and was identifiable by its diameter. Thus, the age of adult geckos could be determined by counting LAGs outward from LAG2. Application of this method to wild populations re- vealed that the longevity of this species is not less than 83 months, but that almost all individuals in fragmented habitats die before 50 months, suggesting lower population sustainability in such habitats.     

Permethrin resistance variation and susceptible reference line isolation in a field population of the mosquito,Culex quinquefasciatus （Diptera： Culicidae）

This study examines the genetic variations and mechanisms involved in the development of permethrin resistance in individual mosquitoes from a field population of Culex quinquefasciatus, HAmCq^G0, and characterizes susceptible reference lines of mosquitoes with a similar genetic background to the field HAmCq^G0 strain. Six upregulated cytochrome P450 genes, CYP9M10, CYP9J34, CYP6P14, CYP9J40, CYP6AA7, and CYP4C52v1, previously identified as being upregulated in the larvae of resistant HAmCq68 mosquitoes were examined in the larvae of 3 strains （susceptible S-Lab, parental HAmCq^G0 and permethrin-selected highly resistant HAmCq68） and 8 HAmCq^G0 single- egg raft colonies, covering a range of levels of susceptibility/resistance to perrnethrin and exhibiting different variations in the expression of A and/or T alleles at the L-to-F kdr locus of the sodium channel. The 2 lines with the lowest tolerance to permethrin and bearing solely the susceptible A allele at the L-to-F kdr locus of the sodium channels, from colonies Cx_SERC5 and Cx_SERC8, showed lower or similar levels of all 6 of the P450 genes tested compared with the S-Lab strain, suggesting that these 2 lines could be used as the reference mosquitoes in future studies characterizing insecticide resistance in HAmCq mosquitoes. This study also provides a detailed investigation of the mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance in individuals within a population： individuals with elevated levels of resistance to permethrin all displayed one or more potential resistance mechanisms-either elevated levels of P450 gene expression, or L-to-F mutations in the sodium channel, or both.     

中国蝙蝠新记录--马氏菊头蝠

通过对广西防城港市和陆川县采集到的蝙蝠标本进行鉴定,发现7只马氏菊头蝠( Rhinolophus marshalli, Thonglongya 1973)中国蝙蝠新记录。本文在与模式标本数据进行比较的基础上,对该批标本进行了详细测量和描述。     

蝙蝠的采集标记与重捕

介绍了不同栖息环境中蝙蝠的采集方法,并对蝙蝠的标记方法,标记工具,注意事项以及蝙蝠重捕后对标记环的回收等进行了介绍,可为蝙蝠生态,分类等的研究提供参考。     

Entry of animal viruses and macromolecules into cells

The entry of animal viruses into cells is mediated by conformational changes in certain virion-particle components. These changes are triggered by the binding of virions to receptors and are influenced by low pH during receptor-mediated endocytosis. These conformational alterations promote the interaction of some viral proteins with cellular membranes thereby leading to transient pore formation and the disruption of ionic and pH gradients. The entry of toxins that do not possess receptors on the cell surface is promoted during the translocation of the virus genome or the nucleocapsid to the cytoplasm. A model is now presented which indicates that efficient virus translocation through cellular membranes requires energy, that may be generated by a protonmotive force. The entry of some animal viruses, as promoted by low pH, should thus only take place when a pH gradient and/or a membrane potential exist, but will not take place if these are dissipated, even if virion particles are present in an acidic enviroment.     

Bats, clocks, and rocks: diversification patterns in Chiroptera

Identifying nonrandom clade diversification is a critical first step toward understanding the evolutionary processes underlying any radiation and how best to preserve future phylogenetic diversity. However, differences in diversification rates have not been quantitatively assessed for the majority of groups because of the lack of necessary analytical tools (e.g., complete species-level phylogenies, estimates of divergence times, and robust statistics which incorporate phylogenetic uncertainty and test appropriate null models of clade growth). Here, for the first time, we investigate diversification rate heterogeneity in one of the largest groups studied thus far, the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). We use a recent, robust statistical approach (whole-tree likelihood-based relative rate tests) on complete dated species-level supertree phylogenies. As has been demonstrated previously for most other groups, among-lineage diversification rate within bats has not been constant. However, we show that bat diversification is more heterogeneous than in other mammalian clades thus far studied. The whole-tree likelihood-based relative rates tests suggest that clades within the families Phyllostomidae and Molossidae underwent a number of significant changes in relative diversification rate. There is also some evidence for rate shifts within Pteropodidae, Emballonuridae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, and Vespertilionidae, but the significance of these shifts depends on polytomy resolution within each family. Diversification rate in bats has also not been constant, with the largest diversification rate shifts occurring 30-50 million years ago, a time overlapping with the greatest number of shifts in flowering plant diversification rates.     

Bats, flowers and fruit: evolutionary relationships in the Old World

Old World phytophagous bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) number 173 species of which 79% are Asian and 21% African. Bats arose, presumably monophyletically, in the early Tertiary, the Megachiroptera soon diverging from the Microchiroptera. By the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary the major groups of modern angiosperms were present, some of these probably being pollinated nocturnally by large insects and non-flying mammals and others with seeds dispersed by terrestrial vertebrates. Early bats were perhaps initially attracted to such flowers and fruit by the insects found around them, later finding the plants themselves nutritious. Megabats today feed upon floral resources, fruit and leaves from a total of at least 188 plant genera in 64 families. They may effect both pollination and seed-dispersal, and both bat-flower and bat-fruit syndromes are commonly recognized. Individual species are generally catholic in their feeding, favoured food varying with locality and season. Depending upon roosting habits and season, megabats may travel considerable distances each night to feed and may undertake seasonal migrations. Their feeding in orchards may sometimes require their control, but the future of certain species is more seriously threatened by slaughter for food and particularly by habitat destruction.     

中国蝙蝠核型研究20年存在的问题与展望

对20年来中国蝙蝠核型研究的现状进行了概述,在已有的研究中,报道了39种蝙蝠的核型,中国尚有2/3的蝙蝠种类未进行核型分析。针对以往研究论文中存在部分种类鉴定有误、图表欠准确合理和研究方法上的问题,提出了将蝙蝠核型研究与细胞分类和核型进化相结合的建议,以提高我国蝙蝠研究水平和论文质量。     

Towards a coherent nomenclature of plant viruses

正The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses(ICTV)has the decree to set the rules for the classification and naming of viruses.The species is the lowest level considered in the taxonomic hierarchy.In general,virus species are named according to the structure"isolation hostsymptomsand the word‘virus’".A typical example is Tobacco mosaic virus[Genus:To-     

Recovery from training: a brief review: brief review

Athletes spend a much greater proportion of their time recovering than they do in training. Yet, much attention has been given to training with very little investigation of recovery. The purpose of this review is to stimulate further research into this vital area of training. Recovery can be categorized in three terms: i) immediate recovery between exertions; ii) short-term recovery between repeats (e.g., between resistance sets or interval bouts); and iii) training recovery between workouts. The focus of this review is training recovery. Full training recovery is essential to optimal performance and improvement. This review includes an examination of extant research on recovery and a very brief review of some potential modalities and techniques for hastening recovery and the time course of recovery and responses to some treatments. Measures of recovery and practical considerations are discussed briefly. Much research is needed in this area, but there are obstacles to high quality research. Attention must be given to key issues in research on recovery, especially the individual response to recovery treatments.     

Bats in bird nests in Australia: a review

Bats (Microchiroptera) utilize few types of bird nests as roosts. Ten species of bats (Molossidae and Vespertilionidae) were recorded roosting in the enclosed bottle-shaped mud nests of the Fairy Martin Hirundo ariel; two species (Vespertilionidae) were located in the hanging nests of scrubwrens Sericornis spp. and the Brown Gerygone Gerygone mouki; two species (Vespertilionidae) in the enclosed plant material nests of the Grey-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis and Fernwren Oreoscopus gutturalis; and one species (Emballonuridae) was recorded in the open cup-shaped nest of the White-rumped Swiftlet Collocalia spodiopygius. No information was available on the importance of bird nests as breeding sites and only one species, the Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio, has been recorded hibernating in a nest. Bird nests in Australia provide roosting habitat for four threatened bats and may be important to the conservation of these species.