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1.
We report the cloning of both the cDNA and the corresponding genomic sequence of a new PP2C from Arabidopsis thaliana, named AtP2C-HA (for homology to ABI1/ABI2). The AtP2C-HA cDNA contains an open reading frame of 1536 bp and encodes a putative protein of 511 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 55.7 kDa. The AtP2C-HA protein is composed of two domains, a C-terminal PP2C catalytic domain and a N-terminal extension of ca. 180 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence is 55% and 54% identical to ABI1 and ABI2, respectively. Comparison of the genomic structure of the ABI1, ABI2 and AtP2C-HA genes suggests that they belong to a multigene family. The expression of the AtP2C-HA gene is up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. 相似文献
2.
该文全面评述了植物激素脱落酸（ABA）受体的研究进展概况,重点介绍细胞内ABA受体ABAR/镁螯合酶H亚基CHLH对ABA信号感知和向下游转导的研究进展,总结了ABAR介导的、起始于质体/叶绿体的ABA信号通路。ABAR是一个跨越叶绿体被膜的蛋白质,其N-端和C-端暴露在细胞质中;ABAR在细胞质一侧的C-端部分与一组WRKY转录因子（WRKY18、WRKY40、WRKY60）相互作用。WRKY18、WRKY40和WRKY60是一组转录抑制因子。它们互相协作,抑制下游重要的ABA信号调节子基因（如ABI4、ABI5、ABF4和MYB2等）的表达,从而负调节ABA信号通路。WRKY40是其中的核心调节子,WRKY18协助加强WRKY40对ABA信号的负调节。ABAR与ABA信号分子结合后,可以刺激WRKY40从细胞核转移至细胞质,促进ABAR与WRKY40的相互作用;进而激发一种未知因子（或信号系统）,阻遏WRKY40的表达,从而解除WRKY40对ABA响应基因转录的抑制,最终实现ABA的生理效应。这些发现描述了一个从信号原初识别到下游基因表达的新的ABA信号通路。论文最后对未来该领域的研究方向进行了讨论。 相似文献
3.
Plant cold acclimation is correlated to expression of low-temperature-induced (lti) genes. By using a previously characterized lti cDNA clone as a probe we isolated a genomic fragment that carried two closely located lti genes of Arabidopsis thaliana. The genes were structurally related with the coding regions interrupted by three similarly located short introns and were transcribed in the same direction. The nucleotide sequences of the two genes, lti78 and lti65, predict novel hydrophilic polypeptides with molecular weights of 77856 and 64510, respectively, lti78 corresponding to the cDNA probe. Of the 710 amino acids of LTI78 and 600 amino acids of LTI65, 346 amino acids were identical between the polypeptides, which suggests that the genes may have a common origin.Both lti78 and lti65 were induced by low temperature, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and drought, but the responsiveness of the genes to these stimuli was markedly different. Both the levels and the temporal pattern of expression differed between the genes. Expression of lti78 was mainly responsive to low temperature, that of lti65 to drought and ABA. In contrast to the induction of lti78, which follows separate signal pathways during low-temperature, ABA and drought treatment, the drought induction of lti65 is ABA-dependent and the low-temperature induction appears to be coupled to the ABA biosynthetic pathway. This differential expression of two related genes may indicate that they have some-what different roles in the stress response. 相似文献
4.
Meijer HJ Arisz SA Van Himbergen JA Musgrave A Munnik T 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2001,25(5):541-548
Plant cells are continuously exposed to environmental stresses such as hyper-osmolarity, and have to respond in order to survive. When 32P-labelled Chlamydomonas moewusii cells were challenged with NaCl, the formation of a new radiolabelled phospholipid was stimulated, which was barely detectable before stimulation. The phospholipid was identified as lyso-phosphatidic acid (LPA), and was the only lyso-phospholipid to be accumulated. The increase in LPA was dose- and time-dependent. When other osmotically active compounds were used, the formation of LPA was also induced with similar kinetics, although salts were better inducers than non-salts. At least part of the LPA was generated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolysing phosphatidic acid (PA). This claim is based on PA formation preceding LPA production, and PLA2 inhibitors decreasing the accumulation of LPA and promoting the conversion of PA to diacylglycerol pyrophosphate. The latter is another metabolic derivative of PA that is implicated in cell signalling. The involvement of multiple lipid-signalling pathways in hyperosmotic stress responses is discussed. 相似文献
5.
Christmann A Weiler EW Steudle E Grill E 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2007,52(1):167-174
Photosynthesis and biomass production of plants are controlled by the water status of the soil. Upon soil drying, plants can reduce water consumption by minimizing transpiration through stomata, the closable pores of the leaf. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) mediates stomatal closure, and is the assigned signal for communicating water deficit from the root to the shoot. However, our study does not support ABA as the proposed long-distance signal. The shoot response to limited soil water supply is not affected by the capacity to generate ABA in the root; however, the response does require ABA biosynthesis and signalling in the shoot. Soil water stress elicits a hydraulic response in the shoot, which precedes ABA signalling and stomatal closure. Attenuation of the hydraulic response in various plants prevented long-distance signalling of water stress, consistent with root-to-shoot communication by a hydraulic signal. 相似文献
6.
高山离子芥(Choraspora bungeana)是一种稀有高山冰缘植物,其生活环境具有低温、强紫外线等胁迫因子。PLD在膜磷脂降解及磷脂信号转导过程中发挥着重要作用,但其活性往往受到多种因素的影响。该研究以高山离子芥试管苗为材料,研究了4℃、0℃和-4℃胁迫下,ABA对高山离子芥试管苗叶中线粒体膜结合态PLD活性的影响。结果表明:10,50和100μmol·L~(-1)脱落酸(ABA)处理高山离子芥后,线粒体膜结合态PLD活性均较未添加ABA的处理组线粒体膜结合态PLD活性高,其中以50μmol·L~(-1) ABA对离子芥叶中线粒体膜结合态PLD活性的促进作用最为显著;外施0.3 mmol·L~(-1)的ABA合成抑制剂钨酸钠处理高山离子芥后,线粒体膜结合态PLD活性较对照组线粒体膜结合态PLD活性降低;在50μmol·L~(-1) ABA+5 mmol·L~(-1) EGTA处理组中,高山离子芥叶中线粒体膜结合态PLD活性低于未添加EGTA处理组线粒体膜结合态PLD活性;在0.3 mmol·L~(-1)钨酸钠+10 mmol·L~(-1)CaCl_2处理组中,高山离子芥叶中线粒体膜结合态PLD活性高于未添加CaCl_2处理组线粒体膜结合态PLD活性。由此推测,低温胁迫下ABA可能通过Ca~(2+)介导影响高山离子芥叶中线粒体膜结合态PLD的活性。 相似文献
7.
保卫细胞的ABA信号转导 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物激素脱落酸(ABA)调节植物体多种生理过程,尤其在一些逆境条件下,植物体中ABA大量合成,诱导气孔关闭,从而有效地调控植物体内的水分平衡.尽管人们对ABA诱导气孔关闭作用已得到共识,但有关信号转导的细节还很不清楚.该文简要介绍了研究气孔保卫细胞信号转导途径的相关技术以及与ABA信号转导直接相关的ABA受体、第二信使、蛋白质磷酸化和离子通道调节等方面的最新妍究进展.并在前人研究工作的基础上,勾画出气孔保卫细胞ABA、H2O2的信号转导模式图. 相似文献
8.
Merlot S Mustilli AC Genty B North H Lefebvre V Sotta B Vavasseur A Giraudat J 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2002,30(5):601-609
In response to drought, plants synthesise the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), which triggers closure of the stomatal pores. This process is vital for plants to conserve water by reducing transpirational water loss. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated the advantages of the Arabidopsis stomatal guard cell for combining genetic, molecular and biophysical approaches to characterise ABA action. However, genetic dissection of stomatal regulation has been limited by the difficulty of identifying a reliable phenotype for mutant screening. Leaf temperature can be used as an indicator to detect mutants with altered stomatal control, since transpiration causes leaf cooling. In this study, we optimised experimental conditions under which individual Arabidopsis plants with altered stomatal responses to drought can be identified by infrared thermography. These conditions were then used to perform a pilot screen for mutants that displayed a reduced ability to close their stomata and hence appeared colder than the wild type. Some of the mutants recovered were deficient in ABA accumulation, and corresponded to alleles of the ABA biosynthesis loci ABA1, ABA2 and ABA3. Interestingly, two of these novel aba2 alleles were able to intragenically complement the aba2-1 mutation. The remaining mutants showed reduced ABA responsiveness in guard cells. In addition to the previously known abi1-1 mutation, we isolated mutations at two novel loci designated as OST1 (OPEN STOMATA 1) and OST2. Remarkably, ost1 and ost2 represent, to our knowledge, the first Arabidopsis mutations altering ABA responsiveness in stomata and not in seeds. 相似文献
9.
以滇润楠一年生实生苗为试验材料,研究在良好水分条件(土壤含水量为70%～75%田间持水量)、轻度干旱胁迫及重度干旱胁迫处理下(50%～55%和30%～35%田间持水量)进行外源脱落酸(ABA)喷施对其生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明: 干旱胁迫使得滇润楠幼苗叶片的相对含水量、株高和生物量显著下降,净光合速率及叶绿素荧光参数(PSⅡ最大光化学效率,Fv/Fm)有不同程度的下降,而根冠比、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加。外源ABA的喷施可提高干旱胁迫下滇润楠幼苗的适应性,尤其是重度干旱下,外源ABA显著提高了叶片相对含水量21.0%,同时增加了植株株高和生物量的累积,提高了根冠比,为良好水分条件的2.1倍;减少了干旱下膜脂过氧化产物MDA的累积,提高了抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶、超氧化物岐化酶的活性,显著增加了脯氨酸的含量,为良好水分条件的7.7倍。外源ABA的喷施显著缓解了干旱胁迫对植株光合器官的不利影响,减少干旱引起的叶片净光合速率及气孔导度的下降,并且减轻了PSⅡ受到干旱的伤害程度,重度干旱下喷施ABA的植株的Fv/Fm显著高于未喷施ABA的植株。外源ABA的喷施可以减轻干旱对滇润楠植株的伤害,提高其抗旱性。 相似文献
10.
紫胶林-农田复合生态系统蝗虫群落多样性 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
在云南绿春县采用网扫法调查了紫胶林-农田复合生态系统中稻田、旱地、天然紫胶林和人工紫胶林的蝗虫群落.共采集蝗总科（Acridoidea）昆虫1426头,5科22属,计33种.4个样地的群落物种丰富度S分别为16.333、13.000、11.000和12.000,Margalef 指数分别为2.873、2.266、2.335和2.137,Shannon-Wiener指数分别为2.034、1.976、1.982和1.488,Simpson指数分别为0.196、0.189、0.174和0.323,Pielou指数分别为0.728、0.787、0.829和0.599.紫胶林-农田复合生态系统蝗虫多样性总体较低,系统内不同农业土地利用生境蝗虫群落具有不同的物种组成及多样性特点,农田中稻田比旱地能容纳更多的蝗虫种类和数量,其蝗虫群落多样性高,均匀性和稳定性一般;天然紫胶林蝗虫群落多样性较高,群落稳定性强;而人工紫胶林蝗虫群落多样性低、群落不稳定.系统内不同土地利用生境中蝗虫群落之间存在物种的交流. 相似文献
11.
干旱胁迫下外源脱落酸和硅对沙枣幼苗叶片水势及保护酶活性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以一年生沙枣幼苗为材料,研究了外源脱落酸和外源硅在干旱（T2:SRWC=35%~40%,处理时间30 d）胁迫下沙枣幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶片水势、质膜相对透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响。结果表明：沙枣幼苗T2干旱处理时,与对照(ck)相比其叶片相对含水量和水势均极显著降低,质膜相对透性有所增大,沙枣幼苗被受到了一定程度的伤害。同时,向T2干旱处理的幼苗使用外源脱落酸(ABA)后,可以极显著提高其叶片相对含水量和过氧化氢酶活性,极显著降低叶片质膜相对透性和丙二醛含量,叶片水势也有所降低,这说明使用外源脱落酸能够减轻干旱胁迫对沙枣幼苗的伤害。同时,向T2干旱处理的幼苗使用外源硅(Si)时,与未使用外源硅的T2相比其叶片相对含水量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性极显著上升,叶片水势也有下降趋势,这说明使用外源硅在一定程度上能够缓解干旱胁迫对沙枣幼苗的伤害。 相似文献
12.
Gibberellins: regulating genes and germination 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
13.
Ana M. Laxalt Bas ter Riet Julian C. Verdonk Lisa Parigi Wladimir I. L. Tameling Jack Vossen Michel Haring Alan Musgrave Teun Munnik 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2001,26(3):237-247
Phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4.) has been implicated in a variety of plant processes, including signalling. In Arabidopsis thaliana a PLD gene family has been described and individual members classified into alpha-, beta- and gamma-classes. Here we describe a second PLD gene family in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) that includes three alpha- and two beta-classes. Different expression patterns in plant organs were observed for each PLD. In testing a variety of stress treatments on tomato cell suspensions, PLDbeta1 mRNA was found to rapidly and specifically accumulate in response to the fungal elicitor xylanase. The greatest increase was found 2 h after treatment with 100 microg m1(-1) xylanase (ninefold). In vivo PLD activity increased nearly threefold over a 1.5 h period of treatment. When the elicitor was injected into tomato leaves, PLDbeta1 mRNA accumulation peaked at 2 h (threefold increase), before decreasing to background levels within 72 h. Mutant, non-active xylanase was as effective as the active enzyme in eliciting a response, suggesting that xylanase itself, and not the products resulting from its activity, functioned as an elicitor. When chitotetraose was used as elicitor, no PLDbeta1 mRNA accumulation was observed, thus it is not a general response to elicitation. Together these data show that PLD genes are differentially regulated, reflecting potential differences in cellular function. The possibility that PLDbeta1 is a signalling enzyme is discussed. 相似文献
14.
Arisz SA Valianpour F van Gennip AH Munnik T 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2003,34(5):595-604
In response to various environmental stress conditions, plants rapidly form the intracellular lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA). It can be generated by two independent signalling pathways via phospholipase D (PLD) and via phospholipase C (PLC) in combination with diacylglycerol kinase (DGK). In the green alga Chlamydomonas, the phospholipid substrates for these pathways are characterized by specific fatty acid compositions. This allowed us to establish: (i) PLD's in vivo substrate preference; and (ii) PLD's contribution to PA formation during stress signalling. Accordingly, G-protein activation (1 micro m mastoparan), hyperosmotic stress (150 mm NaCl) and membrane depolarization (50 mm KCl) were used to stimulate PLD, as monitored by the accumulation in 5 min of its unique transphosphatidylation product phosphatidylbutanol (PBut). In each case, PBut's fatty acid composition specifically matched that of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), identifying this lipid as PLD's favoured substrate. This conclusion was substantiated by analysing the molecular species by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), which revealed that PE and NaCl-induced PBut share a unique (18 : 1)2-structure. The fatty acid composition of PA was much more complex, reflecting the different contributions from the PLC/DGK and PLD pathways. During KCl-induced stress, the PA rise was largely accounted for by PLD activity. In contrast, PLD's contribution to hyperosmotic stress-induced PA was less, being approximately 63% of the total increase. This was because the PLC/DGK pathway was activated as well, resulting in phosphoinositide-specific fatty acids and molecular species in PA. 相似文献
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17.
Meijer HJ ter Riet B van Himbergen JA Musgrave A Munnik T 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2002,31(1):51-60
Hyperosmotic stress induces the rapid formation of phosphatidic acid (PA) in Chlamydomonas moewusii via the activation of two signalling pathways: phospholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase C (PLC), the latter in combination with diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) (Munnik et al., 2000). A concomitant increase in cell Ca(2+) becomes manifest as deflagellation. When KCl was used as osmoticum we found that two concentration ranges activated deflagellation: one between 50 and 100 mm and another above 200 mm. Deflagellation in low KCl concentrations was complete within 30 sec whereas in high concentrations it took 5 min. PLC was not activated, as it was by high KCl concentrations that cause hyperosmotic stress. Moreover PLD was activated more strongly by low than by high KCl concentrations. Potassium was the most potent monovalent cation based on the induction of deflagellation and the formation of PA and PBut. During treatment, the external medium acidified, indicating an increase in H(+)-ATPase activity in order to re-establish the membrane potential. Activation of PLD and deflagellation at low KCl concentrations were abrogated by treatment with La(3+), Gd(3+) and EGTA, indicating the dependency on extracellular Ca(2+). This suggests that low concentrations of KCl depolarize the plasma membrane, resulting in the activation of H(+)-ATPases and opening voltage-dependent Ca(2+) +/- channels, observed as deflagellation and an increase in PLD activity. 相似文献
18.
Wu Y Sanchez JP Lopez-Molina L Himmelbach A Grill E Chua NH 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2003,34(3):307-315
Arabidopsis thaliana abscisic acid insensitive 1-1 (abi1-1) is a dominant mutant that is insensitive to the inhibition of germination and growth by the plant hormone, abscisic acid (ABA). The mutation severely decreases the catalytic activity of the ABI1 type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C). However, the site of action of the abi1-1/ABI1 in the ABA signal transduction pathway has not yet been determined. Using single cell assays, we showed that microinjecting mutant abi1-1 protein inhibited the activation of RD29A-GUS and KIN2-GUS in response to ABA, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), and Ca2+. The inhibitory effect of the mutant protein, however, was reversed by co-microinjection of an excess amount of the ABI1 protein. In transgenic Arabidopsis plants, overexpression of abi1-1 rendered the plants insensitive to ABA during germination, whereas overexpression of ABI1 did not have any apparent effect. Moreover, transgenic plants overexpressing abi1-1 were blocked in the induction of ABA-responsive genes; however, overexpression of ABI1 did not affect gene expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that abi1-1 is likely to be a dominant negative mutation and ABI1 likely acts downstream of cADPR in the ABA-signaling pathway. Our results on ABI1 overexpression in Arabidopsis are not compatible with a negative regulatory role of this phosphatase in ABA responses. 相似文献
19.
Nishimura N Kitahata N Seki M Narusaka Y Narusaka M Kuromori T Asami T Shinozaki K Hirayama T 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2005,44(6):972-984
Accumulating evidence suggests that mRNA degradation systems are crucial for various biological processes in eukaryotes. Here we provide evidence that an mRNA degradation system is associated with some plant hormones and stress responses in plants. We analysed a novel Arabidopsis abscisic acid (ABA)-hypersensitive mutant, ahg2-1, that showed ABA hypersensitivity not only in germination, but also at later developmental stages, and that displayed pleiotropic phenotypes. We found that ahg2-1 accumulated more endogenous ABA in seeds and mannitol-treated plants than did the wild type. Microarray experiments showed that the expressions of ABA-, salicylic acid- and stress-inducible genes were increased in normally grown ahg2-1 plants, suggesting that the ahg2-1 mutation somehow affects various stress responses as well as ABA responses. Map-based cloning of AHG2 revealed that this gene encodes a poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (AtPARN) that is presumed to function in mRNA degradation. Detailed analysis of the ahg2-1 mutation suggests that the mutation reduces AtPARN production. Interestingly, expression of AtPARN was induced by treatment with ABA, high salinity and osmotic stress. These results suggest that both upregulation and downregulation of gene expression by the mRNA-destabilizing activity of AtPARN are crucial for proper ABA, salicylic acid and stress responses. 相似文献
20.
Medina J Rodríguez-Franco M Peñalosa A Carrascosa MJ Neuhaus G Salinas J 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2005,42(4):586-597
To uncover new pathways involved in low-temperature signal transduction, we screened for mutants altered in cold-induced expression of RCI2A, an Arabidopsis gene that is not a member of the CBF/DREB1 regulon and is induced not only by low temperature but also by abscisic acid (ABA), dehydration (DH) and NaCl. This was accomplished by generating a line of Arabidopsis carrying a transgene consisting of the RCI2A promoter fused to the firefly luciferase coding sequence. A number of mutants showing low or high RCI2A expression in response to low temperature were identified. These mutants also displayed deregulated RCI2A expression in response to ABA, DH or NaCl. Interestingly, however, they were not altered in stress-induced expression of RD29A, a CBF/DREB1-target gene, suggesting that the mutations affect signaling intermediates of CBF/DREB1-independent regulatory pathways. Several mutants showed alterations in their tolerance to freezing, DH or salt stress, as well as in their ABA sensitivity, which indicates that the signaling intermediates defined by the corresponding mutations play an important role in Arabidopsis tolerance to abiotic stresses. Based on the mutants identified, we discuss the involvement of CBF/DREB1-independent pathways in modulating stress signaling. 相似文献