玉米/花生混作改善花生铁营养对花生根瘤碳氮代谢及固氮的影响

研究了石灰性土壤上玉米 (Zea mays L.) /花生 (Arachishypogaea L.)混作改善花生铁营养对花生光合速率、光合产物的运输、花生各部位糖类含量、固氮酶活性以及根瘤内碳氮代谢及其有关酶活性的影响。结果表明 ,玉米 /花生混作改善花生铁营养能够明显增强固氮酶活性 ,进而增加了间作花生根瘤氨基酸的含量 ,这主要是由于玉米 /花生混作改善花生铁营养促进了花生光合作用 ,提高光合产物数量 ,增加光合产物由地上部向地下部的运输 ,但是处理间花生根瘤蔗糖和可溶性糖含量变化不大 ,单作花生根瘤还积累较多淀粉 ,说明不是光合产物的供应导致了花生固氮活性的差异。玉米 /花生混作对花生根瘤碳水化合物代谢水平影响较大 ,混作花生根瘤异柠檬酸脱氢酶 (IDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶 (MDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶活性明显高于单作 ,而磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激 (PEPCK)活性低于单作花生 ,表明混作花生根瘤内三羧酸循环代谢水平较高 ,形成类菌体直接吸收利用的能量物质苹果酸和琥珀酸多 ,能够满足类菌体的固氮需求 ,因此 ,玉米 /花生混作改善花生铁营养增强根瘤碳水化合物代谢水平是提高花生固氮作用的重要原因之一     

玉米,小麦与花间作改善花生铁营养机制的探讨

采用土培盆栽方法模拟研究了玉米／花生、小麦／花生间作对花生铁营养状况的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,禾本科作物与花生间作对花生的铁营养显著影响;当花生与玉米或小麦分别间作时,花生新叶叶色正常,而花生单作则表现出严重的缺铁花化现象,间作花生新叶活性铁、叶绿素含量明显高单作,途中瞳作花生各部位铁含量和吸收量明显高于单作,间作灶促进了铁向花生地上部的转移;在单作花生表现缺铁症状１４ｄ的时间范围内,其根系质     

缺硼对大豆根瘤结构和功能的影响

在营养液培养条件下以普通结结瘤大豆Ｂｒａｇｇｃｖ．「Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｍａｘ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒｒ」及其超结瘤突变体ｎｔｓ３８２为实验材料,运用光学显微方法研究了硼对大豆根瘤结构的影响,并测定了根瘤固氮酶活性结果表明,缺硼使根瘤结构受到严重破坏,并使固氮酶活性显著下降,缺硼使根瘤结构受到破坏是导致固氮酶活性下降的可能原因。     

玉米、小麦与花生间作改善花生铁营养机制的探讨

采用土培盆栽方法模拟研究了玉米／花生、小麦／花生间作对花生铁营养状况的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,禾本科作物与花生间作对花生的铁营养状况有显著影响：当花生与玉米或小麦分别间作时,花生新叶叶色正常,而花生单作则表现出严重的缺铁黄化现象,间作花生新叶活性铁、叶绿素含量明显高于单作,两种间作花生各部位铁含量和吸收量明显高于单作,间作明显地促进了铁向花生地上部的转移;在单作花生表现缺铁症状１４ｄ的时间范围内,其根系质外体铁含量仅是间作花生的５２％～８０％;而根系还原力则是单作花生在表现缺铁症状后迅速提高,至缺铁第６ｄ时还原力达到最大值,随后花生根系还原力迅速下降,而间作花生在０～１４ｄ内还原力增加速度缓慢,在１０～１４ｄ中其根系还原力明显地高于单作花生根系还原力。其主要原因可能是禾本科作物玉米、小麦根系分泌物（如：麦根酸类植物铁载体）螯合土壤中难溶性铁并被花生吸收利用。     

长年干旱环境对新疆豆科植物根瘤形态结构的影响

对生长在新疆干旱地区的豆科植物苦豆子(Sopara alopecuroides)、新疆黄芪(Astragalus sp.)和新疆野豌豆(Vicia costata)根瘤的形态和结构进行了光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察。根瘤的形态结构受到当地长期干旱环境的影响,根瘤皮层明显地比非干旱区豆科植物根瘤皮层厚。相对厚的皮层为根瘤中心区内的类菌体提供了一个适应范围较大的气体扩散屏障。而在根瘤的中心区,3种豆科植物超微结构差异较大,未发现一种普遍的能与周围干旱生态环境直接相关的根瘤中心区结构特征,表明根瘤皮层结构的改变足以抵御外界干旱的条件。     

氮素形态和铁营养对玉米苗期生长及体内铁分布的影响

以玉米(Zea mays)品种‘豫玉-22’为材料,采用营养液培养方法,研究了低铁和正常供铁条件下供应不同形态氮素对玉米苗期生长及体内铁分布的影响。结果表明:(1)与低铁介质相比,常铁介质增加了各氮素处理玉米幼苗的株高、地上部干重、全株干重,降低了根冠比,其中硝态氮处理表现得尤其突出;与供应硝态氮(NO3--N)相比,增施铵态氮(1/2 NO3--N 1/2 NH4 -N,NH4 -N)能明显促进低铁介质中玉米生长,但在常铁介质下作用不明显。(2)相比于低铁介质,正常供铁显著提高了相应处理玉米新叶叶绿素含量及净光合速率;2种供铁介质中,NH4 -N处理的新叶叶绿素含量以及净光合速率均高于其它氮素处理。(3)相比于低铁介质,正常供铁处理总体上增加了玉米各部分活性铁含量和全铁含量,对NO3--N处理的新叶活性铁含量增加尤其明显;2种供铁介质中,NH4 -N均有利于提高新叶活性铁含量和植株地上部全铁含量。(4)玉米新叶活性铁含量不仅与其叶绿素含量显著正相关(r=0.979**),也与叶片净光合速率显著正相关(r=0.950**)。研究发现,供铁状况显著影响玉米新叶的叶绿素含量及其净光合速率且与供氮形态存在互作;供应铵态氮有利于提高缺铁条件下玉米新叶活性铁含量,增强玉米植株的光合能力,进而促进其正常生长。     

玉米秸秆还田对石灰性土壤Zn形态及其有效性的影响

采用尼龙网袋田间填埋的方法,研究了玉米秸秆还田对石灰性土壤Zn形态及其生物有效性的影响.结果表明：与施用Zn肥相比,秸秆还田对提高土壤全Zn含量贡献较小;施Zn肥和添加秸秆处理均显著增加土壤有效Zn(DTPA-Zn)含量,且施Zn肥处理增加的幅度更大;高锌秸秆还田后释放的Zn更易转化为土壤DTPA-Zn,转化率达49.0%,秸秆还田后土壤DTPA-Zn转化率呈先减小后增大的趋势,而施Zn肥处理的变化不大.土壤交换态Zn(Ex-Zn)、碳酸盐结合态Zn(Carb-Zn)、氧化锰结合态Zn(OxMn-Zn)、紧结有机态Zn(Sbo-Zn)和残渣态Zn(Min-Zn)含量在各处理中差异不大,施Zn肥处理的土壤松结有机态Zn(Wbo-Zn)含量显著大于对照和只添加秸秆处理.尽管玉米秸秆的含Zn量较低,但秸秆Zn释放后更易转化为DTPA-Zn,秸秆还田同时施用Zn肥是提高石灰性土壤供Zn能力的有效方法.     

妊娠早期膳食铁营养指导对妊娠中、晚期孕妇血红蛋白含量的影响

目的探讨妊娠早期膳食铁营养指导对妊娠中、晚期孕妇血红蛋白含量的影响。方法选取在我院接受初次产检的妊娠早期孕妇100例,随机分为观察组和对照组各50例。对照组给予常规孕妇学校教育指导,观察组在对照组基础上给予膳食铁营养指导,观察两组孕妇妊娠各阶段膳食铁摄入量及血红蛋白含量。结果妊娠中、晚期,观察组膳食铁摄入量与血红蛋白含量均优于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论妊娠早期进行膳食铁营养指导,能降低妊娠中、晚期血红蛋白下降幅度,预防贫血的发生,保障母婴健康。     

气候变暖对华北平原玉米叶片形态结构和气体交换过程的影响

未来全球变暖对农田生态系统产生的影响不仅可能改变整个陆地生态系统的碳平衡状态,更重要的是还关系到全球的粮食安全问题。然而,目前有关农作物对全球变暖响应和适应性机理的研究还很少见,尤其是缺少通过农田原位增温实验探讨作物叶片形态结构及其气体交换过程对增温的响应和适应性机理的研究。利用典型农田生态系统的实验增温平台,研究了未来全球气候变暖对我国华北平原重要农作物玉米叶片的形态、结构特征(解剖及亚显微结构)以及气体交换参数所可能产生的影响。研究结果显示,实验增温分别使玉米叶片的宽度和厚度减少了4%(P=0.017)和10%(P0.001)。然而,实验增温却导致叶绿体长度和宽度显著增加46%(P0.001)和50%(P0.001),从而使叶绿体的剖面面积显著增加了141%(P0.001)。另外,研究结果还显示,实验增温分别增加了玉米叶片的净光合速率52%(P=0.019)、气孔导度163%(P=0.001)以及蒸腾速率81%(P=0.017);同时,实验增温使玉米叶片的暗呼吸速率显著降低了24%(P=0.006),但却并没有对细胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率产生显著的影响。因此,研究结果表明,未来气候变暖不仅会直接改变玉米叶片的形态和结构特征,同时还可能对玉米叶片的功能(例如光合和呼吸等关键生理生化过程)产生显著的影响。     

珍贵固氮树种降香黄檀与二代巨尾桉混交种植对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响

该研究以二代巨尾桉/降香黄檀混交林(MP)作为研究对象,并以邻接的二代巨尾桉纯林(PP)作为对照(CK),采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)和土壤酶活性分别表征土壤微生物群落结构和功能,重点探究南亚热带PP引入降香黄檀混交种植对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响.结果表明:(1)与PP相比,MP的土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN...     

Effects of Mixed Cropping on a Soil Nematode Community in Honduras

Nematode-resistant tropical legumes are effective in reducing populations of plant-parasitic nematodes when used in rotation systems. Mixed cropping is a common practice of many small farmers in Central America, but little is known about the effects of tropical legumes on nematode communities under these systems. To examine the effects of intercropping on the nematode fauna associated with squash (Cucurbita pepo) and cucumber (Cucumis sativa) in Honduras, two field experiments were conducted to compare nematode density and diversity in soil under cucurbits grown as a monocrop with that in soil under cucurbits intercropped with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) or hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta). A parallel series of field tests compared soil nematode communities associated with a cucurbit monocrop and a cucurbit intercropped with marigold (Tagetes patula), which may decrease nematode populations through the production of toxic root exudates. Among all four tests, over a period of 90 days, there were no consistent differences in densities of various nematode genera or trophic groups in intercropped versus monocropped plants, nor were there consistent differences in community diversities among treatments.     

哈茨木霉发酵液中肽类物质对豇豆根瘤结构和功能的影响

通过树脂吸附、离子交换、薄层层析、高效液相色谱系统等分离、纯化方法,从哈茨木霉(Trichoderm aharzianum)T2-16菌株发酵液中分离得到一种对豆科作物生长具促进作用的物质,通过质谱等方法鉴定为肽类物质。为探明该活性物质对豆科作物的促生机制,用该活性物质对豇豆种子浸种处理后,进行盆栽实验,通过对盆栽实验中根瘤结构与固氮活性变化的研究,结果显示,该活性物质可增加根瘤侵染组织的面积和根瘤细胞中类菌体的数量,降低根瘤细胞液泡化程度,促进根瘤中公共细胞周膜较多形成,加快类菌体的发育成熟,提高根瘤豆血红蛋白的含量,从而提高根瘤的固氮活性。     

NO-3态氮对花生结瘤与固氮作用的影响

NO- 3 - N是环境介质中影响豆科植物共生固氮的重要因素。通过土培方法研究了 NO- 3 - N对花生根瘤生长发育和固氮功能的影响 ,结果表明 ,随着 NO- 3 - N施用量的增加 ,花生根瘤原基、根瘤数和根瘤干重明显降低。当 NO- 3 - N施用量为 5 0、1 0 0 mg·kg- 1时花生单株和单位根瘤固氮酶活性升高 ,而施用 NO- 3 - N为1 5 0、2 0 0 mg·kg- 1时花生的固氮酶活性较低。结果分析表明 ,环境介质中较高浓度的 NO- 3 - N可能是通过影响根瘤菌 -花生间的识别侵染 ,从而抑制根瘤原基形成并导致可见根瘤的数量减少 ;花生根瘤生长发育主要受环境中 NO- 3 - N浓度和其根系含氮量的影响 ,而与植株吸氮量关系不大。     

Effects of Allelochemicals on Root Growth and Pod Yield in Response to Continuous Cropping Obstacle of Peanut

Continuous cropping (CC) obstacle is a major threat in legume crops production; however, the underlying mechanisms concerning the roles allelochemicals play in CC obstacle are poorly understood. The current 2-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of different kinds and concentrations of allelochemicals, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (H), cinnamic acid (C), phthalic acid (P), and their mixtures (M) on peanut root growth and productivity in response to CC obstacle. Treatment with H, C, P, and M significantly decreased the plant height, dry weight of the leaves and stems, number of branches, and length of the lateral stem compared with control. Exogenous application of H, C, P, and M inhibited the peanut root growth as indicated by the decreased root morphological characters. The allelochemicals also induced the cell membrane oxidation even though the antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly increased in peanut roots. Meanwhile, treatment with H, C, P, and M reduced the contents of total soluble sugar and total soluble protein. Analysis of ATPase activity, nitrate reductase activity, and root system activity revealed that the inhibition effects of allelochemicals on peanut roots might be due to the decrease in activities of ATPase and NR, and the inhibition of root system. Consequently, allelochemicals significantly decreased the pod yield of peanut compared with control. Our results demonstrate that allelochemicals play a dominant role in CC obstacle-induced peanut growth inhibition and yield reduction through damaging the root antioxidant system, unbalancing the osmolytes accumulation, and decreasing the activities of root-related enzymes.

     

NO3-态氮对花生结瘤与固氮作用的影响

NO     

Effects of Oxygen Concentration and Leghemoglobin on Organic Acid Degradation by Isolated Soybean Nodule Bacteriods

Bacteroids retaining high acetylene reduction activity (nitrogenase activity) were prepared anaerobically from soybean nodules. Addition of succinate (or of both leghemoglobin and succinate) to the acetylene reduction assay system greatly increased the activity of the isolated bacteroids.

When various organic acids were incubated with the bacteroids at 2% oxygen concentration, an optimum condition for bacteroid acetylene reduction, the organic acid degradation by bacteroids was very slow, and both lactate and acetate were accumulated in the incubation system, suggesting the operation of fermentative pathway in bacteroids under such low oxygen conditions.

With 20% oxygen, the added organic acids were degraded rapidly by bacteroids without addition of leghemoglobin to the incubation system.

With leghemoglobin in the incubation system, the organic acid degradation by bacteroids was accelerated extensively even at 2% oxygen, and the formation of lactate and acetate were negligible. No significant difference in the organic acid degradation rate was observed between the 2% and 20% oxygen concentrations when the leghemoglobin was present in the incubation system. Addition of acetylene to the assay system slightly inhibited the organic acid degradation.

This data suggests that bacteroids are unable to oxidize organic acid in low oxygen concentration and that the leghemoglobin allows the rapid organic acid dagradation by bacteroids even in such low oxygen concentrations.     

Effects of high temperature on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Screening of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strains showed some that were able to nodulate common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at high temperatures (35 and 38°C/8 h/day). The nodulation ability was not related to the capability to grow or produce melanin-like pigment in culture media at high temperatures. However, nodules formed at high temperatures were ineffective and plants did not accumulate N in shoots. Two thermal shocks of 40°C/8 h/day at flowering time drastically decreased nitrogenase activity and nodule relative efficiency of plants otherwise grown at 28°C. Recovery of nitrogenase activity began only after seven days, when new nodules formed; total incorporation of N in tops did not recover for 2 weeks. Non-inoculated beans receiving mineral N were not affected by the thermal shock, and when growing continuously at 35 or 38°C had total N accumulated in shoots reduced by only 18%.     

连作改变土壤性状对甜叶菊产量和品质的影响

为了解连作障碍的产生机理,对甜叶菊(Stevia rebaudiana)连作后的土壤性状变化进行了研究,并探讨土壤性状与叶片干质量和甜菊糖苷之间的相关性。结果表明,连作2 a和3 a的土壤pH值、有机质、速效磷、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和甜叶菊叶片干质量及甜菊糖苷组分含量均无显著差异。连作4 a后,土壤pH值、全氮和速效钾含量显著下降,分别比对照降低了10.07%、14.38%和24.79%,土壤电导率(EC)和速效磷含量显著增加,是对照的2.57和1.70倍;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性、微生物量碳和微生物量氮在连作4 a降到最低,比对照分别降低了63.68%、72.03%、47.43%、78.35%和41.07;多酚氧化酶则在连作4a达到最高,是对照的4.22倍;与对照相比,连作4a的叶片干质量和甜菊苷含量降低了29.51%和16.00%,莱鲍迪苷A含量则增加了22.19%。叶片干质量及甜菊糖苷含量与土壤性状间存在着相关性。因此,连作通过改变土壤性状影响甜叶菊产量和品质,生产中最大连作年限不宜超过3 a。     

消毒、伴生和微生物菌对连作基质性质及黄瓜生长发育的影响

以连续种植2茬的连作基质为对象,采用室内盆栽试验,设置连作基质太阳能消毒、热水消毒、多菌灵消毒、大蒜伴生栽培和施入微生物菌处理以及新基质对照,在种植黄瓜后观测基质理化性质、养分含量、酚类物质含量、相关酶活性的变化以及黄瓜结果期生长发育、光合作用和果实产量的变化,探究不同处理对连作基质栽培黄瓜生长发育影响的机制,以期在生产上为废旧基质重复利用提供新的思路和方法。结果表明:在连作基质栽培黄瓜后,太阳能消毒和热水消毒处理均能显著提高连作基质的pH,同时降低电导率;施入微生物菌处理的基质EC值、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和总酚含量均显著低于连作基质,而其基质磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于连作基质。热水消毒还显著降低连作基质的总酚含量和复合态酚含量。黄瓜生长至结果期,太阳能消毒、热水消毒、多菌灵消毒、大蒜伴生栽培和施入微生物菌均显著增强黄瓜的根系活力和株高;其中热水消毒和施入微生物菌处理的产量增加最为显著,分别比连作基质栽培提高了16.56%和18.40%。可见,连作基质进行热水消毒处理和施入微生物菌处理均能降低基质盐分积累,减少总酚含量,进而显著提高黄瓜的根系活力和光合作用,从而增加产量。