Atg16L2, a novel isoform of mammalian Atg16L that is not essential for canonical autophagy despite forming an Atg12–5-16L2 complex

A large protein complex consisting of Atg5, Atg12 and Atg16L1 has recently been shown to be essential for the elongation of isolation membranes (also called phagophores) during mammalian autophagy. However, the precise function and regulation of the Atg12–5-16L1 complex has largely remained unknown. In this study we identified a novel isoform of mammalian Atg16L, termed Atg16L2, that consists of the same domain structures as Atg16L1. Biochemical analysis revealed that Atg16L2 interacts with Atg5 and self-oligomerizes to form an ~800-kDa complex, the same as Atg16L1 does. A subcellular distribution analysis indicated that, despite forming the Atg12–5-16L2 complex, Atg16L2 is not recruited to phagophores and is mostly present in the cytosol. The results also showed that Atg16L2 is unable to compensate for the function of Atg16L1 in autophagosome formation, and knockdown of endogenous Atg16L2 did not affect autophagosome formation, indicating that Atg16L2 does not possess the ability to mediate canonical autophagy. Moreover, a chimeric analysis between Atg16L1 and Atg16L2 revealed that their difference in function in regard to autophagy is entirely attributable to the difference between their middle regions that contain a coiled-coil domain. Based on the above findings, we propose that formation of the Atg12–5-16L complex is necessary but insufficient to mediate mammalian autophagy and that an additional function of the middle region (especially around amino acid residues 229–242) of Atg16L1 (e.g., interaction with an unidentified binding partner on phagophores) is required for autophagosome formation.     

人乳头瘤病毒16型L1和L2基因表达产物的鉴定

目的:构建人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)16型晚期基因L1及L2的原核表达质粒,并验证目的蛋白的表达.方法:用限制性酶切及连接的方法构建原核表达质粒pET3a-16 L1和pET3a-16 L2,通过SDS-PAGE及Westen blot检测目的融合蛋白的表达.结果:在大肠菌中诱导表达的L1蛋白分子量约为57 KD,L2蛋白分子量约为90 KD.结论:该实验结果为HPV16型预防性基因工程亚单位疫苗的研制和诊断试剂的研究开发奠定了基础.     

Atg11的功能研究进展

Atg11利用自身众多螺旋结构域作为支架蛋白,主要介导选择性自噬过程中自噬体的形成.选择性自噬可特异性清除损坏的生物大分子和细胞器,在真核生物的胞内物质周转及细胞器质量控制中起重要作用.本文首先介绍了Atg11的结构特点,其次重点介绍了Atg11在3种选择性自噬(细胞质到液泡靶向(Cvt)途径、过氧化物酶体自噬和线粒体自噬)中的作用,最后概括了Atg11的其他功能.本文系统总结了近几年关于Atg11的研究进展,以期为自噬体形成机制研究及Atg11在自噬体形成过程中的功能研究提供参考.     

人乳头瘤病毒16型L1和L2晚期蛋白在原核细胞中的表达

目的　HPV的某些型别尤其是HPV16 ,18型感染与宫颈癌的发生有密切的关系。宫颈癌在全球妇女癌症死亡原因中居第二位。在发展中国家 ,宫颈癌在妇女癌症死因中列第一位。尽管早期宫颈癌患者放疗及手术治疗效果较好 ,但对中晚期宫颈癌患者治疗效果却很差。因而 ,采取有效的措施预防HPV感染对于宫颈癌防治工作无疑是非常必要的。在对乳头瘤病毒结构和功能的研究中发现 ,以L1和L2为保护性抗原构建的疫苗株很可能在预防HPV感染及其引起的恶性肿瘤方面发挥重要作用。目前国际上常通过原核和真核表达系统获得L1和L2蛋白。本实验拟通过原核表…     

Atg5 but not Atg7 in dendritic cells enhances IL-2 and IFN-γ production by Toxoplasma gondii-reactive CD4+ T cells

The autophagy proteins (Atg) modulate not only innate but also adaptive immunity against pathogens. We examined the role of dendritic cell Atg5 and Atg7 in the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ by Toxoplasma gondii-reactive CD4⁺ T cells. T. gondii-reactive mouse CD4⁺ T cells exhibited unimpaired production of IL-2 and IFN-γ when stimulated with Atg7-deficient mouse dendritic cells that were infected with T. gondii or pulsed with T. gondii lysate antigens. In marked contrast, dendritic cells deficient in Atg5 induced diminished CD4⁺ T cell production of IL-2 and IFN-γ. This defect was not accompanied by changes in costimulatory ligand expression on dendritic cells or impaired production of IL-12 p70, IL-1β or TNF-α. Knockdown of Irg6a in dendritic cells did not affect CD4⁺ T cell cytokine production. These results indicate that Atg5 and Atg7 in dendritic cells play differential roles in the modulation of IL-2 and IFN-γ production by T. gondii-reactive CD4⁺ T cells.     

HPV-16L1植物表达载体的构建及HPV-16L1在转基因烟草中表达的鉴定

利用PCR技术克隆人乳头瘤病毒HPV-16L1蛋白编码基因 ,将其重组于pUCmT和pBI12 1中 ,构建含HPV 16L1基因的植物双元表达载体pBI L1,L1基因由CaMV 35S启动子控制表达。采用叶盘共培育法经根瘤农杆菌介导转化烟草 (NicotianatobacumL .) ,获得HPV-16L1转基因烟草植株。经PCR及Southern杂交分析 ,HPV 16L1基因整合到烟草基因组中 ;Westernblot和ELISA分析检测显示转基因烟草叶片蛋白可与HPV 16L1单克隆抗体特异性反应 ,且定位于 5 5kD处 ,其最高表达量占烟草叶片总可溶蛋白的0.076 %。小鼠红细胞凝集试验 (HA)及小鼠红细胞凝集抑制试验 (HAI)显示转基因烟草叶片蛋白可引起小鼠红细胞凝集。结果表明已成功地构建了HPV-16L1的植物双元表达载体 ,并证实了利用转基因烟草植物能够表达出HPV-16L1蛋白 ,所表达的L1蛋白具有良好的抗原性并具有介导小鼠红细胞凝集的生物活性.     

HPV16 L2肽段偶联AP205 VLP的原核表达及免疫原性分析

目的:将编码HPV16衣壳蛋白L2的65～71、112～120免疫优势表位连接到RNA噬菌体衣壳蛋白AP205氮端,组装形成病毒样颗粒,通过在大肠杆菌中实现表达及纯化,对其免疫原性进行研究。方法:合成编码AP205衣壳蛋白基因和HPV16 L2的65～71、112～120位氨基酸表位的基因序列,PCR连接并克隆至pET30a(+)原核表达载体,构建重组表达质粒pET30-AP205-HPV16ΔL2,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DH3)感受态细胞,IPTG诱导表达。表达蛋白经凝胶层析纯化及SDS-PAGE、Western blot等理化性质检测,免疫接种ICR小鼠,通过间接ELISA法检测其免疫原性。结果:成功构建重组表达质粒,重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中以可溶性表达,透射电镜观察可见典型病毒样颗粒,该VLP在动物实验中表现出较好的免疫原性。结论:成功将HPV16 L2表位偶联AP205以形成VLP,在大肠杆菌中实现可溶性表达。     

HPV16L1核浆运输的动力学过程

利用增强型绿色荧光蛋白(Enhancegreenflurenscentprotein,EGFP)标记不同的截短型HPV16L1蛋白(Humanpapillomavirustype16L1protein,HPV16L1),分析HPV16L1蛋白核定位信号(Nucleuslocationsignal,NLS)的作用。构建重组pFB-EGFP、pFB-EGFP-HPV16L1、pFB-EGFP-HPV16L1△NLS和pFB-EGFP-NLSHPV16L1p转移载体;在DH10Bac宿主菌内经Tn7转座子介导的同源重组后转染Sf-9细胞,获得重组Ac-EGFP、Ac-EGFP-HPV16L1、Ac-EGFP-HPV16L1△NLS和Ac-EGFP-NLSHPV16L1杆状病毒,感染Sf-9昆虫细胞表达相应截短型HPV16L1融合蛋白;利用荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜观察不同融合蛋白的荧光特性和核浆转运动力学过程。结果发现Ac-EGFP杆状病毒感染的Sf-9细胞内明亮的绿色荧光均匀分布;重组Ac-EGFP-HPV16L1和Ac-EGFP-NLSHPV16L1杆状病毒感染的Sf-9细胞,明亮的绿色荧光主要位于细胞核内;重组Ac-EGFP-HPV16L1△NLS杆状病毒感染的Sf-9细胞,绿色荧光局限于细胞浆内,细胞核内无绿色荧光。说明HPV16L1蛋白羧基端的23个氨基酸(GKRKATPTTSSTSTTAKRKKRKL)具有完全核定位作用,能引导HPV16L1蛋白和EGFP突破核膜屏障进入Sf-9细胞核内。     

自噬新蛋白Atg101的相关研究进展

自噬是真核细胞特有的生命现象,它控制着细胞内蛋白质和细胞器的降解,并在机体的生长发育和维持能量平衡中起重要的作用。目前在酵母中已被鉴定的自噬相关基因有40余种。Atg101是一种全新的自噬相关蛋白,近年来,其分子结构及功能逐步被阐明,其在疾病发展中的作用也引起了广泛关注。该综述总结了近年来Atg101在分子生物学和病理生理领域的相关研究进展。     

HPV16L1抗原表达肿瘤模型的建立

应用基因重组技术,构建pcDNA-L1真核表达载体,经限制性内切酶和序列分析,用脂质体转染技术将其转入B16细胞,G418稳定筛选后IFA法检测其表达,RT-PCR法检测HPV16L1 mRNA 的生成,并将转染细胞接种小鼠皮下,观察成瘤情况及RT-PCR法检测HPv16L1 mRNA的生成。结果,酶切鉴定证实重组质粒中插入的目的基因片段及载体大小、方向和插入位点均正确,在转染的 B16细胞中可见绿色荧光并检测到HPV16L1 mRNA的生成,接种的转染细胞在小鼠皮下可成瘤, 接种后1月在肿瘤组织中可检测到HPV16L1 mRNA的生成,B16细胞转染L1后其致瘤性与转染空载体组和野生型B16细胞组无明显差异。     

应用LC3B-PLA2研究Atg4B对LC3B的切割作用

目的:构建带Myc标签的LC3B-PLA2基因的真核表达质粒,获得LC3B-PLA2融合蛋白,并应用LC3B-PLA2研究Atg4B对LC3B的切割作用。方法:以本实验室保存的乳腺文库为模板,PCR扩增获得LC3B序列,与PLA2G10拼接后插入pCMV-Myc载体,用构建的重组质粒转染HEK293T细胞,Western印迹检测融合蛋白的表达,用LC3B-PLA2与Atg4B共转染的方法检测Atg4B对LC3B的切割作用。结果:菌液PCR、重组质粒双酶切及测序均表明重组质粒构建成功,Western印迹结果表明融合蛋白在HEK293T细胞中获得表达,LC3B-PLA2真核表达蛋白能够应用于Atg4B对LC3B切割作用的研究。结论:构建了pCMV-Myc-LC3B-PLA2真核表达质粒,LC3B-PLA2融合蛋白在Atg4B对LC3B切割作用的研究中至关重要,为进一步研究Atg4B在自噬过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

Selective Transport of α-Mannosidase by Autophagic Pathways: STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR CARGO RECOGNITION BY Atg19 AND Atg34*

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a precursor form of aminopeptidase I (prApe1) and α-mannosidase (Ams1) are selectively transported to the vacuole through the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway under vegetative conditions and through autophagy under starvation conditions. Atg19 plays a central role in these processes by linking Ams1 and prApe1 to Atg8 and Atg11. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of cargo recognition by Atg19. Here, we report structural and functional analyses of Atg19 and its paralog, Atg34. A protease-resistant domain was identified in the C-terminal region of Atg19, which was also conserved in Atg34. In vitro pulldown assays showed that the C-terminal domains of both Atg19 and Atg34 are responsible for Ams1 binding; these domains are hereafter referred to as Ams1-binding domains (ABDs). The transport of Ams1, but not prApe1, was blocked in atg19Δatg34Δ cells expressing Atg19^ΔABD, indicating that ABD is specifically required for Ams1 transport. We then determined the solution structures of the ABDs of Atg19 and Atg34 using NMR spectroscopy. Both ABD structures have a canonical immunoglobulin fold consisting of eight β-strands with highly conserved loops clustered at one side of the fold. These facts, together with the results of a mutational analysis, suggest that ABD recognizes Ams1 using these conserved loops.     

利用重组HPV16L1抗原检测宫颈癌抗L1或VLP抗体的对比

为了评价重组大肠杆菌表达的HPV16L1蛋白和重组腺病毒表达的HPV16L1-VLP两种抗原在检测宫颈癌抗16 L1或VLP抗体及在宫颈癌血清学诊断意义上的差别,应用PCR技术从宫颈癌组织的DNA中扩增出全长1535bp的HPV16L1基因片段,克隆至pUC18-T载体中,进行DNA测序鉴定.然后,将HPV16L1基因克隆至pGEX-2T表达载体中,并诱导表达HPV16L1融合蛋白,分子量为83kD,能被HPV16L1单克隆抗体所识别.经GST柱层析法纯化后,与重组腺病毒表达的HPV16L1-VLP分别经酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测12份宫颈癌患者和35份献血员血清.12例宫颈癌血清标本中,抗HPV16L1蛋白的抗体阳性率为7例(占 58.3%);抗HPV16L1-VLP的抗体阳性率为8例(占 66.7%).经大肠杆菌表达的重组抗原HPV16L1检测为HPV16抗体 IgG(+)的 7份患者血清,利用HPV16L1-VLP试剂盒检测均阳性;经大肠杆菌表达的重组抗原检测为HPV16抗体 IgG(-)的5 份患者血清,利用HPV16L1-VLP试剂盒检测有1份阳性.两者对HPV16抗体的阳性检出率并无显著差异(P>0.05).本实验结果说明HPV16与宫颈癌高度相关,利用大肠杆菌表达的重组抗原HPV16L1和HPV16L1-VLP重组抗原检测抗体的敏感性并不受影响.利用重组抗原HPV16 L1对宫颈癌的抗体进行定性、定量分析有助于该疾病的诊断.     

利用重组HPV16L1抗原检测宫颈癌抗L1或VLP抗体的对比

为了评价重组大肠杆菌表达的HPV16L1蛋白和重组腺病毒表达的HPV16L1 VLP两种抗原在检测宫颈癌抗 16L1或VLP抗体及在宫颈癌血清学诊断意义上的差别 ,应用PCR技术从宫颈癌组织的DNA中扩增出全长15 35bp的HPV16L1基因片段 ,克隆至 pUC18 T载体中 ,进行DNA测序鉴定。然后 ,将HPV16L1基因克隆至pGEX 2T表达载体中 ,并诱导表达HPV16L1融合蛋白 ,分子量为 83kD ,能被HPV16L1单克隆抗体所识别。经GST柱层析法纯化后 ,与重组腺病毒表达的HPV16L1 VLP分别经酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA)法检测 12份宫颈癌患者和 35份献血员血清。 12例宫颈癌血清标本中 ,抗HPV16L1蛋白的抗体阳性率为 7例 (占 5 8.3% ) ;抗HPV16L1 VLP的抗体阳性率为 8例 (占 6 6 .7% )。经大肠杆菌表达的重组抗原HPV16L1检测为HPV16抗体IgG( )的 7份患者血清 ,利用HPV16L1 VLP试剂盒检测均阳性 ;经大肠杆菌表达的重组抗原检测为HPV16抗体IgG( )的 5份患者血清 ,利用HPV16L1 VLP试剂盒检测有 1份阳性。两者对HPV16抗体的阳性检出率并无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。本实验结果说明HPV16与宫颈癌高度相关 ,利用大肠杆菌表达的重组抗原HPV16L1和HPV16L1 VLP重组抗原检测抗体的敏感性并不受影响。利用重组抗原HPV16L1对宫颈癌的抗体进行定性、定量分析有助于该疾病     

HPV16L1晚期基因阳性表达重组菌株的筛选

HPV16与宫颈癌的发生发展关系密切。其基因功能区包括早期区（E区）、晚期区（L区）及调节区。E区与细胞转化、致癌有关;L区分为L1和L2,L1区主要编码病毒衣壳蛋白,表达的蛋白能刺激机体产生保护性抗体,因此通过对HPV16L1基因的克隆及表达,可为制备基因工程疫苗和诊断试剂盒打基础。本实验通过甲醇诱导培养法及SDS－PAGE电泳对本室已立了HPV16L1－ρPIC3．5／GS115重组菌株进行了筛选,获得了1株HPV16L1晚期基因的GS115酵母菌重组表达株,所表达的蛋白质分子量为80KD。与预计相同,并证明第3天时L1蛋白的表达量最大。     

不同佐剂对人乳头瘤病毒16型L2E7E6蛋白免疫效果的影响

目的:研究CpG佐剂、弗氏佐剂、聚肌胞苷酸佐剂及左旋咪唑、西米替丁作为佐剂对人乳头瘤病毒16型L2E7E6融合蛋白在小鼠体内产生的免疫效果的影响。方法:以单独蛋白组、蛋白加各佐剂组分别肌肉注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠,检测不同佐剂诱发小鼠产生的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答水平,并观察其对小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制作用。结果:各免疫组均能检测到高滴度的抗L2、E7、E6蛋白IgG抗体(以IgG1为主),其中弗氏佐剂能显著提高E6蛋白的IgG和IgG1抗体水平和E7蛋白的IgG1抗体水平(P<0.05),CpG佐剂明显提高了E7蛋白的IgG2a抗体水平(P<0.01);而西米替丁佐剂则降低了E7抗原的IgG抗体水平(P<0.05);同时可以检测到CpG佐剂组能诱发小鼠产生针对E7、E6较强的细胞免疫反应,且能抑制70%的荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长;此外弗氏佐剂与聚肌胞苷酸佐剂可产生较弱的针对E7肽的细胞免疫反应,能延缓荷瘤小鼠肿瘤形成时间,与单纯蛋白组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:CpG佐剂、弗氏佐剂和聚肌胞苷酸佐剂都能提高人乳头瘤病毒16型L2E7E6融合蛋白的细胞免疫反应水平和抑制肿瘤生长能力,其中CpG佐剂效果较好,为促进该蛋白作为疫苗的研发提供了实验依据。     

Atg4b-Dependent Autophagic Flux Alleviates Huntington’s Disease Progression

The accumulation of aggregated mutant huntingtin (mHtt) inclusion bodies is involved in Huntigton’s disease (HD) progression. Medium sized-spiny neurons (MSNs) in the corpus striatum are highly vulnerable to mHtt aggregate accumulation and degeneration, but the mechanisms and pathways involved remain elusive. Here we have developed a new model to study MSNs degeneration in the context of HD. We produced organotypic cortico-striatal slice cultures (CStS) from HD transgenic mice mimicking specific features of HD progression. We then show that induction of autophagy using catalytic inhibitors of mTOR prevents MSNs degeneration in HD CStS. Furthermore, disrupting autophagic flux by overexpressing Atg4b in neurons and slice cultures, accelerated mHtt aggregation and neuronal death, suggesting that Atg4b-dependent autophagic flux influences HD progression. Under these circumstances induction of autophagy using catalytic inhibitors of mTOR was inefficient and did not affect mHtt aggregate accumulation and toxicity, indicating that mTOR inhibition alleviates HD progression by inducing Atg4b-dependent autophagic flux. These results establish modulators of Atg4b-dependent autophagic flux as new potential targets in the treatment of HD.     

2型糖尿病候选基因TCF7L2的研究进展

自发现转录因子7类似物2(TCF7L2)基因多态性与成人2型糖尿病(T2D)相关以来,该结论在不同人种中得到广泛证实.研究认为它可能通过影响肠胰岛素轴Wnt信号传导通路的胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)的表达或通过在胰岛β细胞的表达,或参与胰岛素的合成、加工、分泌,影响胰岛素敏感性等方式导致糖尿病发生.本文对该基因目前的研究成果及趋势进行相关论述.     

A role for Atg8–PE deconjugation in autophagosome biogenesis

Formation of the autophagosome is likely the most complex step of macroautophagy, and indeed it is the morphological and functional hallmark of this process; accordingly, it is critical to understand the corresponding molecular mechanism. Atg8 is the only known autophagy-related (Atg) protein required for autophagosome formation that remains associated with the completed sequestering vesicle. Approximately one-fourth of all of the characterized Atg proteins that participate in autophagosome biogenesis affect Atg8, regulating its conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), localization to the phagophore assembly site and/or subsequent deconjugation. An unanswered question in the field regards the physiological role of the deconjugation of Atg8–PE. Using an Atg8 mutant that bypasses the initial Atg4-dependent processing, we demonstrate that Atg8 deconjugation is an important step required to facilitate multiple events during macroautophagy. The inability to deconjugate Atg8–PE results in the mislocalization of this protein to the vacuolar membrane. We also show that the deconjugation of Atg8–PE is required for efficient autophagosome biogenesis, the assembly of Atg9-containing tubulovesicular clusters into phagophores/autophagosomes, and for the disassembly of PAS-associated Atg components.     

鳞翅目昆虫中自噬相关分子Atg8的研究进展

自噬是细胞通过溶酶体自主降解以实现细胞内物质循环利用的过程,在昆虫细胞分化和个体发育中起着重要作用。鳞翅目昆虫属于完全变态昆虫,会通过自噬和凋亡完成蜕变重建过程,是研究自噬机制的模式生物。自噬相关蛋白Atg8是哺乳动物微管相关蛋白1轻链3的同系物,是自噬相关蛋白的核心蛋白家族,对自噬小体形成、膜的延伸、特定物质识别等具有重要意义。文中就鳞翅目昆虫Atg8在自噬信号通路中的作用、Atg8结构特点、Atg8表达分布及Atg8-PE/Atg8水平与自噬活性关系进行了综述。Atg8-PE是自噬信号通路中两个类泛素结合系统之一,在自噬中起着关键作用。序列分析表明,鳞翅目昆虫Atg8与其他真核生物同源蛋白的整体结构相似,尤其与其他昆虫同源蛋白的氨基酸序列高度一致,体现了Atg8的高度保守性。鳞翅目昆虫发育不同阶段,Atg8在中肠、唾液腺、卵巢、脂肪体、丝腺等器官中的表达分布各不相同。并且,Atg8在核质中分布也存在差异,Atg8在细胞核与细胞质之间的穿梭可能存在蛹化前阶段的某些细胞中。通过检测Atg8-PE在细胞内的表达水平或Atg8含量的变化,可以评价细胞自噬的发生程度。