Differences in glucose yield of residues from among varieties of rice,wheat, and sorghum after dilute acid pretreatment

Bio-refinery processes require use of the most suitable lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic saccharification and microbial fermentation. Glucose yield from biomass solid fractions obtained after dilute sulfuric acid (1%) pretreatment (at 180 °C) was investigated using 14, 8, and 16 varieties of rice, wheat, and sorghum, respectively. Biomass solid fractions of each crop showed similar cellulose content. However, glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis (cellulase loading at 6.6 filter paper unit/g-biomass) was different among the varieties of each crop, indicating genotypic differences for rice, wheat, and sorghum. Nuclear magnetic resonance method revealed that the high residual level of lignin aromatic regions decreased glucose yield from solid fraction of sorghum.     

白菜EST-SSR标记的通用性

EST-SSR是从表达序列标签(expressedsequencetag,EST)中开发的新型简单序列重复(simplesequencerepeat,SSR)标记。根据白菜EST设计了15对SSR引物,对白菜、油菜、玉米、高粱、水稻和茶树等进行了PCR,研究了白菜的EST-SSR标记在不同物种间的通用性。所设计的引物对不同白菜品种、近缘种油菜和远缘种玉米、高粱、水稻和茶树的扩增成功率分别为100%、93.3%、80%、93.3%、93.3%和86.7%。在15对引物中,有11对在远缘种中都有扩增产物,而且一些引物可显示多态性,多态性引物分别占了可扩增引物的33.3%、28.6%、28.6%和61.5%。这些结果表明,白菜EST-SSR引物具有较高的通用性,这对于比较基因组学研究有重要意义。     

Hormonal Regulation of Morphogenesis and Cold-resistance: I. MODIFICATIONS BY ABSCISIC ACID AND BY GIBBERELLIC ACID IN ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.) SEEDLINGS.

Seedlings of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) cv. Ranger and cv.Hairy Peruvian were grown under conditions of long day and hightemperatures or short day and low temperatures. Under long daysand high temperatures, both varieties developed an elongatedshoot and exhibited relatively low cold-resistance, as measuredby the extent of leakage of cellular substances, after beingexposed to sub-zero temperature. Under short days and low temperatures,Ranger seedlings developed a rosette growth and exhibited animproved response to sub-zero temperature. In contrast, HairyPeruvian seedlings developed an elongated shoot and did notacquire cold-resistance. Hairy Peruvian grown in a nutrientsolution containing abscisic acid, however, developed a rosetteand acquired an improved response to sub-zero temperature, likecv. Ranger under short days and low temperatures. Addition ofgibberellic acid to Ranger seedlings grown under these conditionsnullified the environmental effects, since they developed anelongated shoot and did not acquire cold-resistance. It is concludedthat abscisic acid and gibberellic acid are involved in theinterrelationship between morphogenesis and cold-resistancein the seedlings of the two alfalfa cultivars.     

The role of biotechnology for agricultural sustainability in Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa could have a shortfall of nearly 90Mt of cereals by the year 2025 if current agricultural practices are maintained. Biotechnology is one of the ways to improve agricultural production. Insect-resistant varieties of maize and cotton suitable for the subcontinent have been identified as already having a significant impact. Virus-resistant crops are under development. These include maize resistant to the African endemic maize streak virus and cassava resistant to African cassava mosaic virus. Parasitic weeds such as Striga attack the roots of crops such as maize, millet, sorghum and upland rice. Field trials in Kenya using a variety of maize resistant to a herbicide have proven very successful. Drought-tolerant crops are also under development as are improved varieties of local African crops such as bananas, cassava, sorghum and sweet potatoes.     

桂北油梨抗寒性的观测

寒害是影响桂北引种油梨的重要因子。油梨品种间的抗寒性差异较大,以富尔特的抗寒性最强。油梨随着植株的生长其抗寒力显著增强。     

Demand for Assimilates Determines the Productivity of Intensive and Extensive Rice Crops in Primorskii Krai

Intensive and extensive rice crops (Oryza sativa L.), regionally cultivated in Primorskii krai (maritime territory), were grown under full and 50% attenuated solar radiation. Plants of different varieties were used to examine the supply of newly synthesized and reutilized ¹⁴C-assimilates to caryopses and to estimate the dry weight dynamics of whole plants, vegetative organs, and grains. Cultivar-specific differences were revealed with respect to the sink capacity of caryopses, the export of photosynthates from the upper leaf and their delivery to the panicle, and the contributions of newly produced and reutilized assimilates to grain filling. In rice plants of all varieties grown under full insolation, the amount of photosynthates produced during grain filling was insufficient to satisfy the demand of caryopses; one-fourth or one-fifth of this demand was satisfied at the expense of mobilization of stored metabolites. The mobilization was accelerated by the elevated demand for assimilates and by attenuated insolation. In artificially shaded plants of intensive varieties, the pool of newly produced assimilates was lower and reutilization of previously gained assimilates started earlier than in shaded plants of extensive varieties. It is concluded that the higher grain yield of intensive rice varieties, cultivated in Primorskii krai, is determined by a higher demand for assimilates and by a higher production and accelerated supply of newly formed photosynthates to caryopses during the first half of the grain-filling stage. The potential productivity of these varieties is constrained by the deficit of assimilates during the second half of grain-filling stage. The low grain productivity of extensive varieties is caused by the insufficient number of grains in panicles and by low demand for assimilates throughout the period of grain filling.     

Mapping genes on an integrated sorghum genetic and physical map using cDNA selection technology

Sorghum is an important target of plant genomics. This cereal has unusual tolerance to adverse environments, a small genome (750 Mbp) relative to most other grasses, a diverse germplasm, and utility for comparative genomics with rice, maize and other grasses. In this study, a modified cDNA selection protocol was developed to aid the discovery and mapping of genes across an integrated genetic and physical map of the sorghum genome. BAC DNA from the sorghum genome map was isolated and covalently bound in arrayed tubes for efficient liquid handling. Amplifiable cDNA sequence tags were isolated by hybridization to individual sorghum BACs, cloned and sequenced. Analysis of a fully sequenced sorghum BAC indicated that about 80% of known or predicted genes were detected in the sequence tags, including multiple tags from different regions of individual genes. Data from cDNA selection using the fully sequenced BAC indicate that the occurrence of mislocated cDNA tags is very low. Analysis of 35 BACs (5.25 Mb) from sorghum linkage group B revealed (and therefore mapped) two sorghum genes and 58 sorghum ESTs. Additionally, 31 cDNA tags that had significant homologies to genes from other species were also isolated. The modified cDNA selection procedure described here will be useful for genome-wide gene discovery and EST mapping in sorghum, and for comparative genomics of sorghum, rice, maize and other grasses.     

黑龙江省水稻品种跨积温区种植的产量和品质变化

采用在不同积温区布置田间试验的方法,比较研究了黑龙江省5个水稻主栽品种产量和品质随积温的变化.结果表明： 水稻产量随积温呈二次曲线变化,其相关程度因水稻品种而异;水稻穗数、穗粒数与积温呈极显著二次曲线关系,而千粒重与积温之间相关关系不显著;水稻籽实空瘪率从适宜积温区到低积温区显著增加,而从适宜积温区到高积温区变化不明显;水稻垩白率、整精米率与积温均呈极显著二次曲线关系,即垩白率和整精米率在适宜积温区分别有最小值和最大值存在;稻米蛋白质、直链淀粉含量和食味随积温变化不明显.根据对温度敏感程度的不同,可将水稻品种划分为温敏型、中间型、温钝型3类,其适宜栽培积温带宽度和允许栽培积温带宽度分别为300 ℃和420 ℃、360 ℃和440 ℃、380 ℃和520 ℃.根据积温因地制宜地选种水稻品种对于提高水稻产量、改善稻米品质十分重要.     

水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量的生态模型研究

在中国、日本和泰国不同生态环境下进行了多品种籼稻和粳稻的种植试验,通过分析水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量与纬度、海拔、温度、太阳辐射等气候生态因子的相互关系,确立了影响水稻籽粒直链淀粉积累的主要气候因子函数,并使用权重系数进一步修订各个气候生态因子对籽粒直链淀粉的作用,构建出基于生态效应(综合气候因子函数)的水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量预测模型.利用不同年份、不同生态点和不同品种类型的试验资料对所建模型进行了检验,籼稻和粳稻籽粒直链淀粉含量的预测误差(RMSE)平均分别为0.4%和0.5%;籼稻和粳稻种植区的预测误差(RMSE)平均为0.39%和0.50%,表明模型具有较好的预测性和实用性.     

应用电导率探讨邓恩桉不同优株的抗寒性

本文通过测定邓恩桉不同优株在常温下电导率日变化与不同低温胁迫处理电导率的变化,探讨不同处理条件下,电导率变化与个体抗寒性的关系。结果表明,不同个体在常温下电导率存在日波动变化,但日波动性与抗寒性没有直接联系。在不同低温胁迫处理下, 不同优良个体电导率随抗寒能力不同而变化,抗寒能力越强,电导率发生骤变的低温区间越滞后,且变化幅度也较小。由不同处理下的电导率,分别求得不同个体的logistic方程, 经回归分析得出各不同个体的半致死温度,定量评价不同个体抗寒能力,为抗寒-速生优株筛选提供科学依据。     

Physiology of the cold-resistance of maize during Germination. the reaction of maize (Zea mays L.) to low temperature during germination and its cold-resistance

Attempts to elucidate the physiological basis of cold-resistance during germination led to the investigation of the germination of seeds at low temperature, the effect of pathogenic and parasitic microorganisms being excluded. At the various experimental temperatures (4°, 6°, 8°, 10° and 14°C) it was found that seed samples of different varieties of maize respond to conditions close to the temperature minimum for germination in three quantitatively different ways. Firstly, caryopses germinate considerably later than at higher temperatures, secondly, the kernels will not germinate even after a prolonged period, without losing their viability and, thirdly, in some of the caryopses the embryos perish. The lower the temperature used the greater the inhibition of germination and the higher the mortality of the embryos. The increase in mortality with decreasing temperature indicates that the mortality is primarily due to the actual effect of the low temperature. Samples of seeds displayed quantitative difference in the above mentioned response. Only when fungicide-treated seed material was used for the cold-resistance experiments was a significant relationship found to exist between this property and the general germinating capacity or mortality at the same low temperature.     

辽宁水稻品种抗灰飞虱鉴定及其抗性机制研究

为探明辽宁地区水稻品种对本地灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)的抗性水平及其抗虫机制,本研究利用改进的苗期集团鉴定法,以IR36为抗虫对照品种、武育粳3号为感虫对照品种,对42份辽宁地区主栽水稻品种和研究待推广品种进行了水稻苗期对灰飞虱抗性鉴定,并从中选取20份不同抗性水平的品种进行了排趋性和抗生性的测定。结果表明:从42份水稻材料中仅筛选出1份抗虫材料辽优5218,中抗品种11份,其余均为感虫或高感品种。在不同水稻类型中,杂交稻的抗虫性普遍较常规稻强,而从水稻株型上看,抗性品种大多为披散型。抗虫机制研究发现,抗虫品种辽优5218和中抗品种港育129兼具排趋性和抗生性,是非常理想的抗性种质资源,中抗品种港源8号和粳优558具有很强的排趋性,也是较为理想的抗性资源,为抗性机制的深入研究提供了材料。但大部分省内主栽主推品种不具备对灰飞虱的抗性,应引起重视。     

Identification of salt treated proteins in sorghum using gene ontology linkage

Sorghum bicolor (L.) is an important crop of arid and semi arid zones with most of its varieties tolerant to drought, heat and salt stress. Functional identification of many salt tolerant proteins has been reported in Arabidopsis, rice and other plants, however only little functional information has been predicted in sorghum till date. A 2-D gel electrophoresis based proteomic approach with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer was utilized to analyze the salt stress response of sorghum. Major changes in protein complement were observed at 200 mM NaCl in hydroponic culture after 96 h of salt-stress. Highly expressed five proteins were excised for functional identification. We developed shortest path (SP) analysis based method on Gene Ontology (GO) hierarchy using sum of GO-term’s semantic similarities. In this study, we observed that majority of expressed proteins belonged to the functional category of energy production and conversion, signal transduction mechanisms and ribosome maturation. These identified functions suggest a distinct mechanism of salt-stress adaptation in sorghum plant. The proposed method in this paper potentially has great importance to further understanding of newly identified proteins that can help in plant development.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12298-012-0121-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Food-grade sorghum varieties and production considerations: a review

Abstract

Sorghum has been grown as a food crop for many centuries in Africa and India. Food-grade sorghum is becoming an increasingly important crop in the developed world, especially as a cereal grain option for people with celiac disease. The highest quality sorghum flours and food products are produced using grain from food-grade sorghum varieties. Food-grade sorghum varieties differ from conventional varieties in several key traits. The objective of this review article is to describe and summarize these differences and important considerations for food-grade sorghum production.     

Comprehensive molecular cytogenetic analysis of sorghum genome architecture: distribution of euchromatin, heterochromatin, genes and recombination in comparison to rice

Cytogenetic maps of sorghum chromosomes 3-7, 9, and 10 were constructed on the basis of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of approximately 18-30 BAC probes mapped across each of these chromosomes. Distal regions of euchromatin and pericentromeric regions of heterochromatin were delimited for all 10 sorghum chromosomes and their DNA content quantified. Euchromatic DNA spans approximately 50% of the sorghum genome, ranging from approximately 60% of chromosome 1 (SBI-01) to approximately 33% of chromosome 7 (SBI-07). This portion of the sorghum genome is predicted to encode approximately 70% of the sorghum genes ( approximately 1 gene model/12.3 kbp), assuming that rice and sorghum encode a similar number of genes. Heterochromatin spans approximately 411 Mbp of the sorghum genome, a region characterized by a approximately 34-fold lower rate of recombination and approximately 3-fold lower gene density compared to euchromatic DNA. The sorghum and rice genomes exhibit a high degree of macrocolinearity; however, the sorghum genome is approximately 2-fold larger than the rice genome. The distal euchromatic regions of sorghum chromosomes 3-7 and 10 are approximately 1.8-fold larger overall and exhibit an approximately 1.5-fold lower average rate of recombination than the colinear regions of the homeologous rice chromosomes. By contrast, the pericentromeric heterochromatic regions of these chromosomes are on average approximately 3.6-fold larger in sorghum and recombination is suppressed approximately 15-fold compared to the colinear regions of rice chromosomes.     

Application of a rice simulation model in high temperature sensitivity study

以调试校正较高精度的ORYZA2000模型参数及高温敏感性模拟验证为目的, 为模型适应性和本地化提供依据, 利用江苏省9个试验点5个水稻(Oryza sativa)品种的田间观测数据及当地逐日气象数据, 采用ORYZA2000最新版本(V2.13)水稻生长模型, 首先挑选出5个试验点3个品种的观测数据进行模型参数适应性调试校正, 确定了水稻发育生长阶段的各项参数, 然后用该参数对独立样本的4个试验点2个水稻品种地上部分各器官生物量、叶面积指数动态变化过程及最终产量进行了动态模拟。通过t检验和质量评价指标对模拟结果进行了显著性检验。利用通过检验的模型及其参数在假设环境温度不同时间段的持续升高条件下, 开展了高温对水稻生物量及产量影响的模拟研究, 模拟结果的影响幅度与实际高温处理结果的影响幅度进行了比较。结果表明: 1)经过调试校正获得较高精度的水稻发育阶段各参数, 较准确地模拟了水稻生物量和叶面积指数的动态累积过程, 模拟值与观测值基本一致, 说明校正后参数的合理性和有效性; 2)调整参数后高温敏感性模拟结果表明, 孕穗期到开花期温度连续3天、5天、7天升高到35 ℃时, 总生物量、穗生物量和总产量与对照(CK)相比分别下降了12%-25%; 不同时间段连续升高到38 ℃时下降18%-31%; 不同时间段升高到41 ℃时, 各生物量与对照相比分别下降了20%-38%。模型模拟值与控制试验室的观测数据的下降幅度基本一致, 表明经过参数校正的ORYZA2000可以应用于水稻对气温升高响应的预测。     

水稻模拟模型在高温敏感性研究中的应用

以调试校正较高精度的ORYZA2000模型参数及高温敏感性模拟验证为目的, 为模型适应性和本地化提供依据, 利用江苏省9个试验点5个水稻(Oryza sativa)品种的田间观测数据及当地逐日气象数据, 采用ORYZA2000最新版本(V2.13)水稻生长模型, 首先挑选出5个试验点3个品种的观测数据进行模型参数适应性调试校正, 确定了水稻发育生长阶段的各项参数, 然后用该参数对独立样本的4个试验点2个水稻品种地上部分各器官生物量、叶面积指数动态变化过程及最终产量进行了动态模拟。通过t检验和质量评价指标对模拟结果进行了显著性检验。利用通过检验的模型及其参数在假设环境温度不同时间段的持续升高条件下, 开展了高温对水稻生物量及产量影响的模拟研究, 模拟结果的影响幅度与实际高温处理结果的影响幅度进行了比较。结果表明: 1)经过调试校正获得较高精度的水稻发育阶段各参数, 较准确地模拟了水稻生物量和叶面积指数的动态累积过程, 模拟值与观测值基本一致, 说明校正后参数的合理性和有效性; 2)调整参数后高温敏感性模拟结果表明, 孕穗期到开花期温度连续3天、5天、7天升高到35 ℃时, 总生物量、穗生物量和总产量与对照(CK)相比分别下降了12%-25%; 不同时间段连续升高到38 ℃时下降18%-31%; 不同时间段升高到41 ℃时, 各生物量与对照相比分别下降了20%-38%。模型模拟值与控制试验室的观测数据的下降幅度基本一致, 表明经过参数校正的ORYZA2000可以应用于水稻对气温升高响应的预测。     

高粱抗高粱蚜的生化基础

高粱中的可溶性总氮、可溶性总糖和绝大部分游离氨基酸,特别是必需氨基酸,在感性品种中的含量显著地比抗性品种中的含量高.感性品种叶液微偏酸,抗性品种近中性.多元回归分析表明,高梁对高粱蚜Melanaphis sacchari(Zehntner)的抗性与可溶性总氮、可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸的含量呈反相关.     

Bright Greenish-Yellow Fluorescence and Aflatoxin in Agricultural Commodities

The corn milling industry has widely accepted the presence of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence under a black light as a presumptive indicator of aflatoxin (a poison produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus). This test was applied to wheat, oats, barley, rice, coconut, white corn, yellow corn, peanuts, sorghum, and soybeans, and evaluated in the laboratory. Our study supported the use of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence as a presumptive test for aflatoxin in wheat, oats, barley, corn, and sorghum.     

六种寄主植物对二点叶蝉生长发育和繁殖的影响

在25℃恒温条件下,以盆栽玉米、小麦、高粱、水稻、谷子、大麦及虮子草为食料,研究了食物对二点叶蝉实验种群生长发育及繁殖的影响．结果表明,二点叶蝉在虮子草上不能完成世代发育．在其余6种寄主植物上各虫态的发育历期、存活率、雌成虫寿命及单雌平均产卵量存在显著差异．从卵到若虫期的发育历期在高粱上最短(24．1d),玉米上次之(24．2d),小麦上最长(25．5d);取食水稻时。若虫的存活率(40．8％)最低,成虫寿命最短(12．2d),单雌平均产卵量(12．3粒)也显著低于其它5种寄主植物．用生命表参数综合评价表明,6种寄主植物中,谷子和玉米最适合二点叶蝉生长发育及繁殖。其次分别为高粱、大麦、小麦、水稻。