人工湿地的氮去除机理

湖泊等水环境的富营养化给人类带来诸多损害,如环境、生态和经济等方面的损害。富营养化的原因和控制途径引起了包括中国在内的很多国家的关注。我国针对水环境的富营养化问题开展了大量的工作。氮是引发水环境富营养化的主要营养物之一。外源氮负荷（分点源和非点源两部分）是水环境污染负荷的重要组成部分。传统污水处理技术应用于收集系统欠缺的非点源污染的治理时成本过高。人工湿地是有效削减水环境中外源氮负荷的重要技术手段,在处理非点源污染源带来的氮负荷时更是如此。人工湿地具有氮去除效果好、耐冲击负荷能力强、投资低和生态环境友好等优点。因此人工湿地非常适合于水环境富营养化的防治。阐明人工湿地中氮的去除机理对水环境的富营养化等具有重要的意义。防渗人工湿地的氮去除机理主要包括挥发、氨化、硝化／反硝化、植物摄取和基质吸附。未防渗的人工湿地中,周围水体与人工湿地的氮交换影响着人工湿地中氮的去除。一般情况下,人工湿地中硝化／反硝化是最主要的氮去除机理。pH值小于7．5时,氨挥发可忽略。pH值在9．3以上时,氨挥发很显著。处理生活污水的人工湿地中氮的去除主要是依靠微生物的硝化／反硝化作用。在进水负荷低、气候适宜、植物物种适宜和收割频率与时机适宜的条件下,植物收割可能成为主要的去氮途径。人工合理导向的湿地的氮去除效果通常优于天然湿地。合理的设计（填料的搭配、植物物种的配置以及布水和集水的优化）对人工湿地系统中氮去除的改善有重要影响。合理的运行,如有效的水位控制,正确的植物培育、合理的植物收割等,能有效地改善湿地中的氮去除。     

Nitrogen Loss and Denitrification as Studied in Relation to Reductions in Nitrogen Loading in a Shallow,Hypertrophic Lake (Lake Søbygård,Denmark)

A detailed mass balance on nitrogen was carried out in shallow and hypertrophic Lake Søbygård during 4.5 years before through 2.5 years after a 36 % reduction in nitrogen loading. Annual mean loss rate of nitrogen was 159–229 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ before the loading reduction and 125 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ after. In spite of a short hydraulic retention time (18–27 days) the proportion of nitrogen loading lost in the lake was high (38–53 %) and not affected by changes in loading. Calculated denitrification accounted for 86–93% of the loss rate, while 7–14% was permanently buried. Marked seasonal variations in the loss percentage were found during the season, ranging from 23 % in first quarter to 65 % in third quarter. The seasonal variation in the loss percentage of nitrogen showed a hysteresis like relationship to temperature, with a high percentage in fourth quarter. This suggests that the amount of available substrate, which mainly consists of sedimentated phytoplankton, accumulated during summer, is an important regulating factor. The ability of various published input-output models to predict the observed changes in in-lake nitrogen concentration in Lake Søbygård was tested. This study has further confirmed that small lakes with short retention and high nitrogen loading may significantly reduce the nitrogen loading of downstream aquatic environments.     

Nutrient ratios, differential retention, and the effect on nutrient limitation in a deep oligotrophic lake

Nutrient ratios have been related to nutrient limitation of algal growth in lakes. Retention of nutrients in lakes, by sedimentation and by denitrification, reduces the nutrient concentrations in the water column, thereby enhancing nutrient limitation. Differential retention of nitrogen and phosphorus alters their ratios in lakes and thereby contributes to determine whether nitrogen or phosphorus limits algal growth. We examined the relationships between differential nutrient retention, nutrient ratios, and nutrient limitation in Lake Brunner, a deep oligotrophic lake. The observed retention of nitrogen (20%) and phosphorus (47%) agreed with predictions by empirical equations from literature. As a result of differential retention with a much larger proportion of phosphorus retained than that of nitrogen, the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio was higher in the lake (69) than in the inflows (46). While the mean ratio in the inflows suggested no or only moderate phosphorus limitation, the lake appeared to be severely phosphorus limited. Combining empirical equations from literature that predict nitrogen and phosphorus retention suggests that the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio is enhanced by greater retention of phosphorus compared to nitrogen only in deep lakes with relatively short residence times, such as Lake Brunner. In contrast, in most lakes differential retention is expected to result in lower nitrogen:phosphorus ratios.     

Environmental conditions and phosphorus removal in Florida lakes and wetlands inhabited by Hydrilla verticillata (Royle): implications for invasive species management

Hydrilla verticillata is considered the most problematic aquatic plant in the United States. In south Florida, Hydrilla dominance has also been documented in treatment wetlands. This paper characterizes (1) environmental conditions which favor Hydrilla growth and (2) understand its nutrient removal capability. Despite its occurrence over a wide range of environmental conditions, Hydrilla abundance increased with increasing pH, alkalinity, total P and total N, and decreased with water depth in selected Florida lakes. No relationship was found between color, Secchi depth and Hydrilla abundance. In several Hydrilla-dominated lakes, mean total P concentration (126 μg/l) at inflow was reduced to 106 μg/l at outflow. The maximum inflow total P concentration in a lake with positive nutrient reduction was 148 μg/l. Total P removal efficiency by Hydrilla-dominated lakes and wetlands was comparable to or higher than systems dominated by emergent and other submerged plants. Mean total P settling rates for lakes and a constructed wetland dominated by Hydrilla were estimated at 19 and 34 m/year, respectively, which were higher than or comparable to similar systems dominated by other aquatic plants. Results from this study suggest that reduction of Hydrilla from constructed wetlands will not likely improve nutrient removal performance.     

Integrating vertical and horizontal approaches for management of shallow lakes and wetlands

Most lake restoration/rehabilitation schemes are biased toward vertical lake management practices generally applicable to deep lakes. Unfortunately, most schemes fail to or inadequately consider their actions within the context of horizontal lake management, an especially critical component when considering shallow lakes. Two Greek lakes, phytoplankton-dominated Koronia and macrophyte-dominated Chimaditida, are used to illustrate the importance of integrating vertical and horizontal considerations in the management of shallow lakes experiencing pronounced water level reduction. Attempting to manage the structure and function of fringing wetlands via vertical manipulations of the water column are doomed to failure without consideration of changes in physical and chemical aspects of the “memory” (sediments, soils). Fringing wetlands must not be considered as monotypic habitats interacting with lakes in direct proportion to their aerial extent. A predominately vertical lake management approach is probably valid for systems such as Lake Koronia without a history of significant submersed or emergent macrophytes. For those lakes embedded within significant wetlands like Lake Chimaditida, however, failure to consider horizontal lake management as a significant component of the overall system rehabilitation will likely diminish its successful outcome. Finally, definitions of wetlands currently used by Ramsar and aquatic scientists based primarily on structural aspects of ecosystems need to be modified to recognize the overriding importance of aerially differentiated functional aspects within vegetated communities as well as fundamental differences between vegetated and open-water habitats.     

The biogeochemistry of nitrogen in freshwater wetlands

The biogeochemistry of N in freshwater wetlands is complicated by vegetation characteristics that range from annual herbs to perennial woodlands; by hydrologic characteristics that range from closed, precipitation-driven to tidal, riverine wetlands; and by the diversity of the nitrogen cycle itself. It is clear that sediments are the single largest pool of nitrogen in wetland ecosystems (100's to 1000's g N m^-2) followed in rough order-of-magnitude decreases by plants and available inorganic nitrogen. Precipitation inputs (< 1–2 g N m^-2 yr^-1) are well known but other atmospheric inputs, e.g. dry deposition, are essentially unknown and could be as large or larger than wet deposition. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) is an important supplementary input in some wetlands (< < 1–3 g N m^-2 yr^-1) but is probably limited by the excess of fixed nitrogen usually present in wetland sediments.Plant uptake normally ranges from a few g N m^-2 yr^-1 to 35 g N m^-2 yr^-1 with extreme values of up to 100g N m^-2 yr^-1 Results of translocation experiments done to date may be misleading and may call for a reassessment of the magnitude of both plant uptake and leaching rates. Interactions between plant litter and decomposer microorganisms tend, over the short-term, to conserve nitrogen within the system in immobile forms. Later, decomposers release this nitrogen in forms and at rates that plants can efficiently reassimilate.The NO₃ formed by nitrification (< 0.1 to 10 g N m^-2 yr^-1 has several fates which may tend to either conserve nitrogen (uptake and dissimilatory reduction to ammonium) or lead to its loss (denitrification). Both nitrification and denitrification operate at rates far below their potential and under proper conditions (e.g. draining or fluctuating water levels) may accelerate. However, virtually all estimates of denitrification rates in freshwater wetlands are based on measurements of potential denitrification, not actual denitrification and, as a consequence, the importance of denitrification in these ecosystems may have been greatly over estimated.In general, larger amounts of nitrogen cycle within freshwater wetlands than flow in or out. Except for closed, ombrotrophic systems this might seem an unusual characteristic for ecosystems that are dominated by the flux of water, however, two factors limit the opportunity for N loss. At any given time the fraction of nitrogen in wetlands that could be lost by hydrologic export is probably a small fraction of the potentially mineralizable nitrogen and is certainly a negligible fraction of the total nitrogen in the system. Second, in some cases freshwater wetlands may be hydrologically isolated so that the bulk of upland water flow may pass under (in the case of floating mats) or by (in the case of riparian systems) the biotically active components of the wetland. This may explain the rather limited range of N loading rates real wetlands can accept in comparison to, for example, percolation columns or engineered marshes.     

Drought-induced changes in nutrient concentrations and retention in two shallow Mediterranean lakes subjected to different degrees of management

While extensive knowledge exists on the relationship between nutrient loading and nutrient concentrations in lakes in the cold temperate region, few studies have been conducted in warm lakes, not least in warm arid lakes. This is unfortunate as a larger proportion of the world’s lakes will be situated in arid climates in the future due to climate change and a larger proportion will suffer from a higher frequency of intensive drought. We conducted a comprehensive 11–13 year mass balance study in two interconnected shallow Mediterranean lakes in Turkey, covering a period with substantial changes in climate conditions. The upstream lake was only affected by natural changes in nutrient loading, while the downstream lake was additionally influenced by sewage diversion and restoration by fish removal. Contrasting to experience from north temperate lakes we found an increase in in-lake concentrations of total phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen (ammonia as well as nitrate) in dry years despite lower external nutrient loading, and submerged macrophytes did not increase the nitrogen retention capacity of the lakes. In contrast, fish removal modulated the nitrogen concentration as in north temperate lakes, but the effect was not long-lasting. Our results suggest that climate warming reduces the nutrient retention capacity of shallow lakes in the Mediterranean and exacerbates eutrophication. Lower thresholds of nutrient loading for shifting turbid shallow lakes to a clear water state are therefore to be expected in arid zones in a future warmer climate, with important management implications.     

模拟人工湿地中植物多样性对铵态氮去除的影响

为了研究植物多样性对人工湿地生态系统的氮去除功能和硝化作用的影响,在模拟人工湿地中配置了单种和4种植物混种2个处理,并以铵态氮为唯一入水氮源负荷。结果表明:混种系统出水中的无机氮浓度显著低于单种系统(分别为3.41和7.20mg·L-1,P<0.05),铵态氮浓度也显著低于单种系统(分别为1.35和4.11mg·L-1,P<0.05);而出水硝铵浓度比(NO3-∶NH4+=1.55)则高于(P<0.05)单种系统(0.80),说明多样性增强了系统的硝化作用;混种系统基质的无机氮存留量(1455mg·m-2)低于(P<0.05)单种(2235mg·m-2),说明混种系统中可能存在资源的互补利用;根据物质平衡法推算出混种系统中植物总的氮吸收量对无机氮去除的贡献率(48%)大于(P<0.05)单种(31%),植物的可移除部分(地上)对无机氮移除的贡献率也呈现此规律(混种和单种分别为33%和20%,P<0.05);基质氮存留在2种系统中的贡献率则与植物吸收规律相反(混种和单种分别为5%和9%,P<0.05);混种系统中的反硝化作用、氨挥发和微生物的氮固持等对氮去除的贡献率低于单种系统。     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on biomass and nutrients in the aquatic plant Littorella uniflora

1. It has been hypothesised that the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) leads to a higher uptake of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in aquatic plants, but it has never been shown experimentally without the use of fungicides. In particular, the symbiosis may be important for nutrient uptake by isoetids in oligotrophic lakes, where low concentrations of inorganic N and P both in the water and in the sediment limit the growth of plants and where symbiosis facilitates the uptake of nutrients from the sediment. 2. Plants of the isoetid Littorella uniflora were propagated under the sterile conditions without an AMF infection. The plants were then grown for 60 days with and without re‐infection by AMF, and with either high (150 μm ) or low (ambient concentration approximately 15 μm ) CO₂ concentration. 3. The study proved that the symbiosis between AMF and L. uniflora had a positive impact on the retention of N and P in the plants at very low nutrient concentrations in the water and on biomass development. Shoot biomass and standing stocks of both P and N were significantly higher in re‐infected plants. 4. Raised CO₂ concentration resulted in a fivefold increase in hyphal infection, but had no impact on the number of arbuscules and vesicles in the cross sections. There were significantly higher biomass and lower tissue P and N concentrations in the plants from high CO₂ treatments. This resulted in similar standing stocks of P and N in plants from low and high CO₂ treatments. 5. The results from this study showed that the symbiosis between AMF and L. uniflora is an important adaptation enabling isoetids to grow on nutrient‐poor sediments in oligotrophic lakes.     

N Retention in Urbanizing Headwater Catchments

Urbanization can potentially alter watershed nitrogen (N) retention via combined changes in N loading, water runoff, and N processing potential. We examined N export and retention for two headwater catchments (∼4 km²) of contrasting land use (16% vs. 79% urban) in the Plum Island Ecosystem (PIE-LTER) watershed, MA. The study period included a dry year (2001–2002 water year) and a wet year (2002–2003 water year). We generalized results by comparing dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations from 16 additional headwater catchments (0.6–4.2 km²) across a range of urbanization (6–90%). Water runoff was 25–40% higher in the urban compared to the forested catchment, corresponding with an increased proportion of impervious surfaces (25% vs. 8%). Estimated N loading was 45% higher and N flux 6.5 times higher in the urban than in the forested catchment. N retention (1 − measured stream export / estimated loading) was 65–85% in the urban site and 93–97% in the forested site, with lower retention rates during the wetter year. The mechanisms by which N retention stays relatively high in urban systems are poorly known. We show that N retention is related to the amount of impervious surface in a catchment because of associated changes in N loading (maximized at moderate levels of imperviousness), runoff (which continues to increase with imperviousness), and biological processes that retain N. Continued declines in N retention due to urbanization have important negative implications for downstream aquatic systems including the coastal zone.     

Water quality dynamics of oxbow lakes in young glacial landscape of NE Poland in relation to their hydrological connectivity

In this paper, the functioning of floodplain lakes was documented on the basis of water quality and hydrological data in a postglacial river floodplain representative of the temperate climatic zone. Nine oxbow lakes in the middle section of the River ?yna floodplain located in north-eastern Poland were investigated. Three groups of oxbow lakes distinguished on the basis of hydrological connectivity and retention time (lotic, semi-lotic and lentic) showed significant spatial and temporal differences in chemical parameters of water and matter cycling in relation to water table fluctuations, sediment character and aquatic plant diversity. Lotic habitats had parameters similar to river water, in particular to EC, main cation and anion concentrations. When the connection to a river is maintained, oxbow lakes prolong their existence due to multiple exchanges of matter. Very short-term water retention in lotic habitats is not favorable for sedimentation of such particles as Ca or SO₄, Na, K, Cl which are easily moved by river water. This is contrary to lentic (disconnected) water bodies, where retention time is incomparably longer and internal cycling limits ecosystem productivity. Disconnected oxbow lakes undergo the highest seasonal variations in nutrient availability related in summer to intensive development of free-floating phytocenoses that limit light and aeration conditions, whereas and in winter to long-term ice cover. The presented data indicate an important function of oxbow lakes that relies on the regulation of nutrient transfer towards rivers. The effectiveness of TIN withdrawal from lentic oxbow lakes is estimated as 75%, whereas and in other macroelements from 50% to 82%, when compared to the lotic type. The retention ability of natural riverine ecosystems should be considered in proper designs of created wetlands.     

NUTRIENTS IN AFRICAN LAKE ECOSYSTEMS: DO WE KNOW ALL?

SUMMARY

It is nearly sixty years since the first studies were undertaken on the nutrient chemistry of African lakes. There have been numerous studies on the chemical composition of African waters in the intervening years. Yet as recently as five years ago it was stated that little was known about nutrient cycling in lakes. Nutrient ‘species’ simply formed an additional list compiled along with lists of species of algae, zooplankton, aquatic plants and fish. A spate of monographs, papers and reports in recent years, however, has begun to fill some of the gaps in our knowledge of nutrient cycling in African lake ecosystems. This paper reviews the recent literature of nutrients in African lakes from the point of view of nutrient sources, in-lake nutrient kinetics and nutrient sinks, with particular reference to nitrogen and phosphorus, and their cycling rates into and out of various biotic and abiotic compartments. The principle conclusions that can be drawn from the review are as follows:

1. Allochthonous inputs, particularly in terms of external nutrient loading, have been relatively well-studied in recent years, but little is known of autochthonous nutrient inputs, despite numerous observations that nutrient regeneration is likely to be substantial in African lakes.

2. The rôle of microbial processes in nutrient cycling in African lakes is almost totally unknown, except in relation to nitrification and denitrification.

3. Recent studies have begun to examine the kinetics of the uptake of phosphorus by algae in African lakes; nitrogen uptake, other than nitrification, and nutrient release have only rarely been examined.

4. Nutrient uptake and release by aquatic macrophytes is reasonably well known, especially in the ‘nuisance’ weed species.

5. The role of zooplankton, zoobenthos and fish in nutrient cycling in African lakes has largely been ignored.

6. A great deal of study has been devoted to the rôle of abiotic process, particularly at the sediment-water interface, in the nutrient dynamics of African lakes.

As yet, little emphasis has been placed on inter-compartmental exchanges in studies on nutrient cycles but it would appear that these processes are now beginning to receive attention and, as nutrient cycling in African lake ecosystems becomes better known, research will tend toward a more numerical approach.     

Spatial scale and ecological relationships between the macroinvertebrate communities of stony habitats of streams and lakes

1. Comparative studies of distinct, but not ecologically isolated, systems such as lakes and streams may improve our understanding of the importance of ecological linkages in aquatic ecosystems. 2. In this study we compared the macroinvertebrate benthos of stony habitats in Swedish lakes and streams. Community composition was used to evaluate zoogeographic patterns and functional feeding guilds were used to identify mechanisms potentially affecting such patterns. 3. Stream communities were generally more diverse and species‐rich and had a higher proportion of grazers, shredders and passive‐filter feeders than lakes. Lake communities had a higher proportion of predators and collector‐gatherers. Of the 10 most common taxa, only Leptophlebia mayflies, clams (Sphaeriidae) and the isopod Asellus aquaticus were recorded in both lakes and streams. 4. Among‐site variance in macroinvertebrate communities accounted for by regional‐scale variables was low (6.4% for lakes and 10.1% for streams), compared with that by local‐scale variables (21% for lakes and 37.6% for streams). For lakes, the among‐site variance in macroinvertebrate communities was best explained by habitat‐scale characteristics followed by ecosystem, riparian, catchment, geographic position and ecoregion. For streams, the variance in macroinvertebrate communities was best explained by ecosystem characteristics followed by habitat, catchment, riparian, ecoregion and geographic position. 5. Conspicuous differences in spatial pattern were revealed between lakes and streams. For lakes, the most unequivocal differences in community composition and function occurred at the transition zone between the mixed forests in the south and the boreal coniferous forests in the north. Surprisingly, streams did not respond as strongly to profound landscape‐level differences in climate and vegetation cover. 6. The spatial differences noted between macroinvertebrate communities of lakes and streams may be because of differences in retention of detrital matter. Our findings imply that detrital inputs are qualitatively similar, but that the retention and processing of coarse particulate organic matter was presumably higher in lake littoral regions than in stream riffle habitats. 7. Although our findings support the conjecture that species distribution is determined fundamentally by conditions prevailing at the local‐scale, regional factors such as land use/type and the role of history were important and seemingly act as strong determinants of large‐scale patterns in biodiversity.     

Factors affecting nitrogen loss in experimental wetlands with different hydrologic loads

Constructed or restored wetlands have great potential for reducing nonpoint source contamination of surface and ground waters by agricultural chemical contaminants. The work reported here combines field and experimental studies of factors affecting nitrogen loss in the Des Plaines River Experimental Wetlands, northeastern Illinois, USA. These wetlands receive approximately 5–36 cm/week of pumped river water with significant but seasonally variable loads of nitrate and organic nitrogen. On an annual basis, the wetlands removed 78–95% of the nitrate and 54–75% of the total nitrogen received. At the low hydrologic loading rate, organic nitrogen exports approximately equalled imports. However at the higher hydrologic loading rate, the wetlands exported 22–31% more organic nitrogen than received. Seasonal variation in nitrate and organic nitrogen loads had significant effects on the effectiveness of the wetlands as sinks for total nitrogen. The wetlands were nitrogen sinks during periods of the nitrate loading and nitrogen sources during periods of low nitrate loading. Experimental studies demonstrated the effects of nitrate concentration, temperature, and location on rates of nitrate loss. Results suggest that nitrite loading rates might influence not only nitrate loss rates but also loss rate coefficients.     

Effects of vegetation state on biodiversity and nitrogen retention in created wetlands: a test of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning hypothesis

1. Nitrogen retention in wetlands provides an example of an ecosystem function that is desired by human society, and is a rationale for the creation of wetlands to decrease nitrogen fluxes from nitrate‐loaded river catchments to coastal waters. 2. Here, we tested the impact of different vegetation states on species diversity and nitrogen retention during 4 years in surface‐flow wetlands receiving nitrate‐rich water. Tall emergent vegetation or submerged vegetation was introduced to six experimental wetlands each and six wetlands were left as unplanted controls for free development of vegetation. This resulted in three vegetation states dominated by emergent vegetation, by a mixture of submerged vegetation and filamentous green algae or by filamentous green algae. 3. Species diversity (species richness and Shannon diversity) of plants was initially lowest in free development wetlands, but during the study became lower in the emergent vegetation wetlands than in the other wetlands. Diversity of macroinvertebrates was initially lower in the submerged vegetation wetlands than in the other wetlands, but this difference disappeared during the study. Nitrogen retention was consistently higher in emergent vegetation wetlands than in the other wetlands throughout the study. 4. We conclude that plant diversity in wetlands dominated by tall emergent vegetation gradually became lower than in other wetlands, due to dominant species competitively excluding other plants. However, these wetlands were more efficient at removing nitrogen than those dominated by filamentous algae or submerged macrophytes. 5. Management of wetlands often aims to decrease the dominance of tall emergent vegetation for the benefit of plant species diversity and habitat heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate a biodiversity benefit, but also show that this strategy may decrease the ability of wetlands to remove nitrogen. In this case, there is no support for the hypothesis that biodiversity enhances ecosystem function.     

Do top-down and bottom-up controls interact to exclude nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria from the plankton of estuaries? An exploration with a simulation model

Explaining the nearly ubiquitous absence of nitrogen fixation by planktonic organisms in strongly nitrogen-limited estuaries presents a major challenge to aquatic ecologists. In freshwater lakes of moderate productivity, nitrogen limitation is seldom maintained for long since heterocystic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria bloom, fix nitrogen, and alleviate the nitrogen limitation. In marked contrast to lakes, this behavior occurs in only a few estuaries worldwide. Primary production is limited by nitrogen in most temperate estuaries, yet no measurable planktonic nitrogen fixation occurs. In this paper, we present the hypothesis that the absence of planktonic nitrogen fixers from most estuaries is due to an interaction of bottom-up and top-down controls. The availability of Mo, a trace metal required for nitrogen fixation, is lower in estuaries than in freshwater lakes. This is not an absolute physiological constraint against the occurrence of nitrogen-fixing organisms, but the lower Mo availability may slow the growth rate of these organisms. The slower growth rate makes nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in estuaries more sensitive to mortality from grazing by zooplankton and benthic organisms.We use a simple, mechanistically based simulation model to explore this hypothesis. The model correctly predicts the timing of the formation of heterocystic, cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater lakes and the magnitude of the rate of nitrogen fixation. The model also correctly predicts that high zooplankton biomasses in freshwaters can partially suppress blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, even in strongly nitrogen-limited lakes. Further, the model indicates that a relatively small and environmentally realistic decrease in Mo availability, such as that which may occur in seawater compared to freshwaters due to sulfate inhibition of Mo assimilation, can suppress blooms of heterocystic cyanobacteria and prevent planktonic nitrogen fixation. For example, the model predicts that at a zooplankton biomass of 0.2 mg l^–1, cyanobacteria will bloom and fix nitrogen in lakes but not in estuaries of full-strength seawater salinity because of the lower Mo availability. Thus, the model provides strong support for our hypothesis that bottom-up and top-down controls may interact to cause the absence of planktonic nitrogen fixation in most estuaries. The model also provides a basis for further exploration of this hypothesis in individual estuarine systems and correctly predicts that planktonic nitrogen fixation can occur in low salinity estuaries, such as the Baltic Sea, where Mo availability is greater than in higher salinity estuaries.     

Lake‐type‐specific seasonal patterns of nutrient limitation in German lakes,with target nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations for good ecological status

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Nitrogen retention versus methane emission: Environmental benefits and risks of large-scale wetland creation

Coastal eutrophication by nutrient fluxes from agricultural land to marine recipients is presently combated by measures such as the implementation of watershed-scale wetland creation programs aimed at nitrogen removal. Such created agricultural wetlands - termed ‘nitrogen farming wetlands’ (NFWs) - receive nitrogen (N) loads predominantly as nitrate, facilitating N removal by denitrification. However, the conversion of agricultural soils into waterlogged wetland area is likely to increase climate gas emissions, particularly methane (CH₄). There is thus a need to evaluate the benefits and risks of wetland creation at a large, watershed-scale.Here we investigate N retention and CH₄ emission originating from watershed-scale wetland creation in South Sweden, the relation between both processes, and how CH₄ emission depends on individual wetland parameters. We combine data from intensively studied reference wetlands with an extensive wetland survey to predict N retention and CH₄ emission with simple models, to estimate the overall process rates (large-scale effects) as well as spatial variation among individual NFWs.We show that watershed-scale wetland creation serves targeted environmental objectives (N retention), and that CH₄ emission is comparably low. Environmental benefit and risk of individual wetlands were not correlated, and may thus be managed independently. High cover of aquatic plants was the most important wetland property that suppressed CH₄ net production, potentially facilitating N retention simultaneously. Further, differences between wetlands in water temperature and wetland age seemed to contribute to differences in CH₄ net production. The nationally planned wetland creation (12,000 ha) could make a significant contribution to the targeted reduction of N fluxes (up to 27% of the Swedish environmental objective), at an environmental risk equaling 0.04% of the national anthropogenic climate gas emission.     

长江中游浅水湖泊水生植物氮磷含量与水柱营养的关系

水生植物组织内氮和磷(N和P)含量受到水体营养状况和植物生长状况影响。对长江中游江汉湖群不同营养水平湖泊中大型水生植物的N和P含量3个季度的研究表明,在不同生活型水生植物中,沉水植物主要分布在中营养到中富营养湖泊中,在富营养湖泊均无分布,浮叶和挺水植物在不同营养类型湖泊的沿岸带均有分布。N和P含量以沉水植物最高,浮叶植物次之,挺水植物最低。水生植物的N和P含量都达到或超过生长所需最低N和P阈值,代表性浮叶植物和沉水植物的N和P含量随着湖泊营养水平提高呈现规律性变化。湖泊5种常见的水生植物N和P含量与水柱中不同种类N和P浓度具有季节性相关:菱(TrapabispinosaRoxb.)春夏季P含量都与TP(总磷)和TDP(总溶解磷)明显相关,春季N含量与NH4—N(氨氮)明显相关;春季黄丝草(PotamogetonmaackianusA.Benn.)的P含量与TP明显相关,夏季与TDP明显相关,春季和夏季黄丝草和穗花狐尾藻(MyriophyllumspicatumL.)的N含量与TN(总氮)和TDN(总溶解氮)显著正相关,秋季成负相关;夏季芦苇(PhragmitescommunisTrin.)P含量与TP和TDP显著相关;春季芦苇和香蒲(TyphaorientalisPresl.)N含量与NH4N和NO2N(亚硝态氮)显著相关。       

消落带生态系统氮素截留转化的主要机制及影响因素

消落带是陆地与水体(河流、湖泊、水库、湿地以及其他特殊水体)之间的生态过渡带,具有独特的生态水文学和生物地球化学过程,是截留和转化NH₄⁺、NO₃^-等非点源氮素进入水体的最后一道生态屏障.整合已有相关研究成果发现: 1)植物固持作用改变氮素在土壤-植被-土壤-大气中相对存在位置;2)微生物反硝化作用将氮素从系统内永久性地去除,是消落带生态系统氮素截留转化的主要机制,但其相对贡献率仍有很大的不确定性.在不同流域背景条件下,影响消落带生态系统氮素生物地球化学循环的主要生态因子变化较大,很难确定地下水位高低、植被状况、微生物属性和土壤基质等哪一个生态因子是驱动消落带生态系统氮素循环的关键因子.研究方法的局限性、大的时空尺度数据的缺乏及对植被宽度认识的模糊性,是导致消落带生态系统氮素截留转化结果变异性大的主要原因.因此,应在消落带生态系统具体研究区位环境因子基础上,利用数学模型、GIS、RS等分析方法及同位素示踪和气体联用测定等定量分析技术,从不同时空尺度研究消落带生态系统氮素的循环与转化规律,以实现消落带生态系统氮素截留转化最优化,为消落带生态系统的科学管理提供理论基础.