广西红树植物桐花树种群遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD-PCR方法探讨广西3个不同生境下桐花树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化。结果表明:3个不同生境桐花树RAPD扩增多态百分率为20.2%,3个不同生境桐花树种群两两之间的遗传距离分别为0.195、0.169、0.26,平均遗传距离为0.208。同一种群不同个体的扩增多态百分率最高为37.28%,其次为20.93%,最小的为19.32%。Shannon’s遗传多样性指数3个种群分别为0.331、0.225和0.17,其大小顺序与多态百分率的结果一致。种群内遗传多样性比率为62.3%,种群间遗传多样性比率为37.7%。说明广西3个不同生境的桐花树种群的遗传变异大部分存在种群内,种群间遗传变异较小。     

红树植物改造桐花树次生灌木林效果的研究

通过对16a生的木榄、红海榄、海莲红树植物在桐花树次生灌木群落中进行人工改造的形成的新群落调查与分析,结果表明:海莲、红海榄和木榄都能成功在桐花树灌木林群落定居,其中以木榄的地径、树高生长量较大;红海榄、海莲的造林的株行距为1m×1m或0.8m×1m,木榄的株行距为1.5m×2m为宜;引入红树林乔木树种海莲、红海榄、木榄小苗16年后,桐花树密度呈不同程度的减少,其中木榄的引入较不利于桐花树次生灌木群落的发展;海莲、红海榄各自生物量或群落总生物量均比桐花树群落总生物量增加,以红海榄的生物量增加量最大,为桐花树群落总生物量的1.9倍;海莲、木榄具有良好的更新状况,特别在海莲群落中,平均每方米超过2株幼苗,说明该群落开始步入发育盛期,可以预见未来的15年内,可使红树林群落茂密复生。     

Polyketides from Penicillium sp. JP-1, an endophytic fungus associated with the mangrove plant Aegiceras corniculatum

Four polyketides, leptosphaerone C (1), penicillenone (2), arugosin I (3) and 9-demethyl FR-901235 (4), as well as five known compounds, bacillosporin A (5), bacillosporin C (6), sequoiamonascin D (7), sequoiatone A (8), and sequoiatone B (9) were isolated from the Penicillium sp. JP-1, an endophytic fungus isolated from Aegiceras corniculatum. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, mainly by 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against A-549 cells with an IC50 value of 1.45 microM, while compound 2 showed cytotoxicity against P388 cells with an IC50 value of 1.38 microM.     

Development of microsatellite markers in a mangrove tree species Aegiceras corniculatum (Myrsinaceae)

Aegiceras corniculatum is an ecologically important mangrove tree species. We isolated 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci from this species. These loci provided microsatellite markers with polymorphism of two to eight alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.050 to 0.550, and from 0.097 to 0.736, respectively. These markers will contribute to research on the conservation, genetic diversity and mating patterns of A. corniculatum.     

红树植物桐花树叶片多酚提取物对酪氨酸酶活性抑制及抗自由基和抗菌活性分析

采用超声波辅助-乙酸乙酯提取方法获得桐花树〔Aegiceras corniculatum(Linn.)Blanco〕叶片多酚提取物,研究了该提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用及其动力学特征,并分析了该提取物对DPPH·自由基的清除作用及其抗菌活性。结果显示:多酚提取物得率约为(122.0±31.4)mg·g-1,提取物中多酚含量约为(521.8±17.2)mg·g-1。该提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用呈明显正相关的量效关系,IC50为0.650 g·L-1,与阳性对照槲皮素对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制能力相近;该提取物通过降低酶活性实现对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制,且该抑制作用具有可逆性;随提取物质量浓度的提高酶促反应Km值增大、vm值减小,其动力学特征符合混合Ⅰ型抑制类型;对游离酶的抑制常数Ki为0.833 g·L-1,对酶-底物络合物的抑制常数Kis为1.823 g·L-1,表明该提取物与游离酶的亲和力大于其与酶-底物络合物的亲和力。随质量浓度提高,该提取物对DPPH·自由基的清除率逐渐增大并在0.000~0.600 g·L-1范围内呈明显量效关系,且IC50为0.304 g·L-1,与0.036 g·L-1槲皮素等效,显示该多酚提取物对自由基的清除能力较强。随质量浓度提高,该提取物对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的抑菌圈直径均逐渐增大,显示该提取物对3种供试菌均有抑菌作用,最小抑菌浓度均为25 g·L-1。结果表明:通过深入的开发研究,桐花树叶片多酚提取物可作为兼具辅助防腐抑菌功能的新型酪氨酸酶抑制剂。     

红树植物秋茄和桐花树抗寒力的越冬变化

采用电导法定量测定了福建省九龙江口红树植物秋茄和桐花树抗寒力的越冬变化 ,探讨了抗寒力与水分、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量及过氧化物酶活性的相关性 .结果表明 ,1 988年 9月至 1 989年 4月越冬期间 ,秋茄和桐花树抗寒力随气温下降而增强 ,分别于1月和 1 2月达到最大 ,低温处理 1h ,半致死温度为 - 9.3℃和 - 9.0℃ ;其后 ,抗寒力随气温回升而迅速下降 .冬季秋茄和桐花树抗寒力的提高与束缚水含量增加或自由水含量减少密切相关 ,并伴随可溶性蛋白质含量的增加和过氧化物酶活性的增强 .束缚水与自由水、叶绿素a与b含量的比值变化可以反映红树植物抗寒力变化 :两种比值越高 ,抗寒力越强 .     

Effect of NaCl on leaf salt secretion and antioxidative enzyme level in roots of a mangrove, Aegiceras corniculatum

Short-term salt (NaCl) treatment on Aegiceras corniculatum in roots and leaves showed no change in fresh and dry weight of leaves, roots and leaf area. There was no significant change in total soluble root protein, photosynthetic pigments of leaves and spectral characteristics of thylakoids. However, the activity of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase) in roots decreased by 72, 58 and 80% respectively after 96 hr of treatment (300 mM of NaCl). Secretion of salts from the leaf salt glands and salt accumulation on upper surface of the leaves were quantified that revealed linear increase of salt secretion of leaf with increase in period of salt treatment. It was concluded that loss of activities of antioxidative enzymes at high salt treatment, caused leaf senescence in spite of high rates of salt secretion by Aegiceras corniculatum.     

Mixing source populations increases genetic diversity of restored rare plant populations

The genetic diversity of germplasm used in reintroduction and restoration efforts can influence how resulting populations establish, reproduce, and evolve over time, particularly in disturbed and changing conditions. Regional admixture provenancing, mixing seeds derived from multiple populations within the same region as the target site, has been suggested to produce genetically diverse germplasm. Yet little empirical evidence shows how genetic diversity in germplasm resulting from this approach compares to source populations, or how it varies in restored populations. Here, we use neutral molecular markers to follow genetic diversity through production and use of germplasm when mixing multiple source populations in nursery production beds. Castilleja levisecta is a rare species experiencing inbreeding depression in remaining populations, with a federal recovery plan requiring the re‐establishment of populations in areas where it has been extirpated. Specifically, we track diversity from wild‐collected source populations through different production approaches and reintroductions using two propagule types. We show that measures of genetic diversity, inbreeding, and relatedness change during the production and use of material produced with a regional admixture provenancing approach, with the step at which source populations are mixed and germplasm type used influencing whether all source populations are equally represented. While genetic diversity increased throughout the process, inbreeding and relatedness increased in nursery production beds but decreased in reintroductions, with the lowest inbreeding and relatedness in populations restored using seeds rather than plugs. The results highlight the importance of taking an integrated approach informed by research when planning and implementing reintroductions with mixed‐source germplasm.     

不同种群海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus mannii)遗传多样性研究

采用垂直板型凝胶电泳技术 ,对海南粗榧 5个种群的遗传多样性进行了研究 ,结果表明 :海南粗榧遗传多样性水平低 ,多态位点比率 P=0 .3 3 ,等位基因平均数 A=1 .3 3 ,平均期望杂合度为 He=0 .1 3 5 ,观察杂合度 Ho=0 .1 3 9,黎母山种群所具有的相对丰富的遗传多样性使其成为保护和科研的重点     

The structure of the salt gland of Aegiceras corniculatum

Summary The salt glands of Aegiceras corniculatum have been examined by light- and electron-microscope techniques. A gland consists of a large number of abutting secretory cells and a single, large basal cell. The secretory cells and basal cell are joined by well defined plasmodesmata. The glandular cuticle shows differences between the top and sides of the gland, which may indicate a variation in the nature or quality of wax deposited. These variations may be significant in the secretion process, in view of the lack of evidence for the presence of pores. In ultrastructure, the secretory cells are generally similar to others that have been described, though there is no evidence of any particular association of vacuoles within these cells.     

广西石灰岩地区蜈蚣蕨居群的遗传多样性研究

采用等位酶分析方法 ,研究了广西石灰岩地区蜈蚣蕨居群的遗传多样性 ,分析了其空间变化趋势。检测了 8个酶系统 ,1 5个酶位点。分析结果表明 :广西石灰岩地区蜈蚣蕨居群遗传多样性程度较高 ,每个位点的等位基因平均数为 1 .6 7,多态位点为 5 7.78% ,平均期望杂合度为 0 .2 4 9。蜈蚣蕨居群的遗传组成在居群间有一定的差异 ,但差异的程度并不与空间距离成正比     

Drivers of genetic diversity in plant populations differ between semi-natural grassland types

Biodiversity and Conservation - The conservation of genetic diversity requires a deeper understanding of the processes shaping intraspecific variation. In recent decades, numerous studies...     

NaCl胁迫下高纬度移植桐花树幼苗的生理生态效应

通过砂培试验,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、100、200、300和400 mmol·L-1)处理对高纬度移植桐花树幼苗生物量、离子吸收、碳氮代谢、叶片光合色素和叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理对桐花树生长有轻微的促进作用,当NaCl浓度达到300mmol·L-1时,桐花树根、茎、叶器官的干鲜质量、根冠比、株高和基径均显著下降.高盐胁迫抑制了叶片抗氧化系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,提高了丙二醛含量,降低了叶片中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素总量以及根茎叶的可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸总量.不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,桐花树根茎叶中Na+含量快速上升,K+含量相对下降,K+/Na+快速下降,导致各器官中离子平衡失调.当NaCl浓度高于300 mmol·L-1时,桐花树根茎叶的碳氮代谢运转失调,抑制了植株的正常生长,导致各器官的生物量显著下降.     

多氯联苯对桐花树幼苗生长及膜保护酶系统的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究了不同浓度(180、900、1 800和2 700 μg·kg^-1)多氯联苯(PCBs)对红树植物桐花树幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、膜质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）以及膜保护酶系统的影响.结果表明：PCBs对桐花树幼苗的生长有一定的促进作用,随着PCBs浓度的提高,桐花树幼苗的茎高、茎径和茎体积均呈升高趋势;在试验PCBs浓度范围内,桐花树幼苗叶片能保持相对正常的叶绿素水平和相对稳定的叶绿素a/b值,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量虽然有所降低,但均未低于对照的75%;叶绿素a/b值有所升高,但均未超过对照的10％.随着PCBs浓度的提高,桐花树幼苗叶片SOD活性呈单峰曲线变化,而POD活性和MDA含量呈单谷曲线变化.红树植物桐花树可通过生理生化机制适应一定浓度的PCBs污染,对PCBs有较强的耐受性和适应性,可用于PCBs污染的植物修复.     

Wood structure of Aegiceras corniculatum and its ecological adaptations to salinities

We describe the wood structure of Aegiceras corniculatum and its differences under various soil salinities. This species had diffuse-porous wood with poorly defined growth rings. Vessels which had single perforations occurred abundantly and in multiples and were storeyed. Intervascular pits between contiguous vessels were alternate bordered ones while half-bordered pit-pairs existed between both vessel-ray and vessel-parenchyma. Homogenous xylem rays were multiseriate and uniseriate. Fiber-tracheids with bordered pits often had thinner walls. Xylem parenchyma cells were scant and distributed diffusely and paratracheally. Differences in the structural and quantitative characters of vessels, xylem rays and fiber-tracheids under diverse soil salinities are described. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

桐花树种群遗传变异与环境变量的关系

研究了９个桐花树（Ａｅｇｉｃｅｒａｓ　ｃｏｒｎｉｃａｌａｔｕｍ）种群遗传变异与环境变量的关系。结果表明环境因子与桐花树种群的Ａａｔ—２Ａ,Ｅｓｔ—２Ａ,Ｅｓｔ—２Ｂ　Ｍｄｈ－１Ａ,Ｍｄｈ－２Ｂ　Ｍｄｈ－２Ｃ　Ｍｄｈ－２Ｄ等８个等位基因相关性显著,尤其是前４个等位基因,说明环境因子对这八个等位基因具有选择压力,他们的变化与环境变量有关。     

盆栽桐花树对不同遮光度的生理生态响应

盆栽红树植物桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)1年生幼苗,研究了在浇灌淡水和人工海水2种情况下不同遮光度(透光率25%、45%和100%)处理对盆栽桐花树生理生态的影响.结果表明,处理360 d后,在相同盐度处理下植株的茎高年增量随光照强度减弱而增大,3种光照强度处理之间差异极显著,而茎径年增量则与茎高年增量相反.平均每株分枝数、叶片数、叶面积和叶片厚度存在显著差异.在相同盐度处理下,光照强度25%和45%处理的植株叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量无显著差异,但均显著高于100%光照强度,而6种处理植株叶片叶绿素a/b比值没有显著差异.在相同盐度处理下,随着光照强度的降低,净光合速率、可溶性糖含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和根系活力均呈下降趋势,且不同光照强度处理间存在极显著差异.在同一光照强度下,淡水组的可溶性糖含量、NR活性和根系活力均比人工海水组低.试验表明,遮光对盆栽桐花树的生理生态有显著影响.     

Isolation and characterization of chloroplast microsatellite markers in four mangrove species,Aegiceras corniculatum,Avicennia marina,Acanthus ilicifolius and Lumnitzera racemosa

One, three, seven, and six of polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers were developed from four mangrove species, Acanthus ilicifolius, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, and Lumnitzera racemosa, respectively. Characterization of 229, 509, 369, and 216 individuals of A. ilicifolius, A. corniculatum, A. marina, and L. racemosa, collected from different natural mangrove populations (A. ilicifolius, 6; A. corniculatum, 14; A. marina, 10; L. racemosa, 6) in the southern coastline of China showed that these loci provide cpSSR markers with polymorphisms ranging from two to four alleles per locus and gene diversity between 0.005 and 0.675. Combining the polymorphic cpSSR loci of each species, 3, 5, 11, and 4 of cpSSR haplotypes were separately detected in populations of A. ilicifolius, A. corniculatum, A. marina, and L. racemosa in the southern coastline of China. These cpSSR markers will be useful for analyzing the maternal lineage distributions and population genetic structures of these four species.     

Response of Aegiceras corniculatum to synthetic sewage under simulated tidal conditions

Young plants of Aegiceras corniculatum, a dominant mangrove species, were collected from Futian Mangrove Swamp in Shenzhen, The People's Republic of China, and grown in simulated tide tanks containing mangrove sediments. After acclimatisation in the greenhouse for 6 months, the plants were irrigated with either synthetic sewage of various strengths (NW,FW and TW) or artificial seawater (as control). NW had the characteristics and strength equivalent to municipal wastewater, while FW and TW contained 5 and10 times the nutrient and heavy metal concentrations of the NW, respectively. Results showed that the young plants of A. corniculatum were able to tolerate the wastewater (TW) with highest concentration of nutrients and heavy metals after one year treatment. The growth of TW treated plants,measured in terms of stem height, basal diameter and biomass, was comparable to that found in the control. The plants treated with NW and FW had significantly greater growth than the control, indicating that the nutrients contained in sewage are beneficial to mangrove plants. Physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content, the ratio of chlorophyll a and b, proline concentration and root activity did not show any significant changes among plants treated with wastewater of various strengths and the control, suggesting that sewage addition did not cause any apparent physiological impact on growth of A. corniculatum. Nevertheless, the plants which received sewage with highest levels of heavy metals (TW treatment) appeared to have lower content of free water but higher amount of bound water than FW, NW and the control. Higher electric conductance was also found in plants treated with TW. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Reproductive biology and genetic diversity of a cryptoviviparous mangrove aegiceras corniculatum (Myrsinaceae) using allozyme and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis

Mangroves consist of a group of taxonomically diverse species representing about 20 families of angiosperms. However, little is known about their reproductive biology, genetic structure, and the ecological and genetic factors affecting this structure. Comparative studies of various mangrove species are needed to fill such gaps in our knowledge. The pollination biology, outcrossing rate, and genetic diversity of Aegiceras corniculatum were investigated in this study. Pollination experiments suggested that the species is predominantly pollinator-dependent in fruit setting. A quantitative analysis of the mating system was performed using progeny arrays assayed for intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The multilocus outcrossing rate (tm) was estimated to be 0.653 in a wild population. Both allozyme and ISSR were used to investigate genetic variation within and among populations. The combined effects of founder events and enhanced local gene flow through seedling dispersal by ocean currents apparently played an important role in shaping the population genetic structure in this mangrove species. Both allozyme variation (P = 4.76%, A = 1.05, HE = 0.024) and ISSR diversity (P = 16.18%, A = 1.061, HE = 0.039) were very low at the species level, in comparison with other woody plants with mixed-mating or outcrossing systems. Gene differentiation among populations was also low: allozyme GST = 0.106 and ISSR GST = 0.178. The unusually high genetic identities (0.997 for allozyme and 0.992 for ISSR loci), however, suggest that these populations are probably all descended from a common ancestral population with low polymorphism.