江西中南部观光木种群及所在群落特征研究

采用样地调查法,对赣中南观光木种群及群落特征进行了研究。结果表明:观光木种群分布格局呈集群分布,径级结构为衰退型。观光木所在群落有维管植物60科94属112种,植物生活型以高位芽植物为主,占总种数的69.64%。植物区系起源古老,成分复杂,具有明显的热带性质。群落除Pielou指数较高外,其它各种多样性指数偏低,各样地间多样性指数有一定的差异;测度观光木所在群落物种多样性时,4种多样性指数未表现出相同的趋势,Simpson指数和Pielou指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>草本层>乔木层,Shannon-wiener指数和物种丰富度指数在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>乔木层>草本层。观光木本身的生物学特性和人类掠夺式的破坏是导致观光木种群濒危的主要原因。     

观光木群落优势树种生态位和种间联结

为了解君子峰自然保护区极小种群观光木群落的种间关系和生态联系,加强观光木野生资源的保护,对群落优势树种的生态位特征和种间联结性进行研究。结果表明: 观光木、浙江润楠、木荷、赤杨叶的生态位宽度优势明显,是主要建群种;20个优势树种的190组种对中,有50.5%的种对生态位重叠值大于0.5,物种间生态位分化程度一般;观光木与其他19个物种生态位重叠度普遍较高,当资源不足时,有竞争风险;优势树种的总体联结性表现为显著正联结,群落处于相对稳定的演替后期;χ²检验、联结系数和Pearson相关系数检验结果均显示,种间联结性的显著率极低,种间独立性较强;种间联结性与生态位重叠之间呈正相关。君子峰观光木群落较为成熟,资源利用充分,种间关系稳定,为促进观光木种群恢复和壮大,可适当限制与观光木生态位重叠度大、有显著负联结的种群规模,提高与之有正相互作用的物种比例,为观光木营造良好的生境。     

Comparative Anatomical Studies on the Vessel Elements of Chinese Magnolia and Michelia

This paper deals mainly with comparative studies on elements of secondary xylem in 39 species of Chinese Magnolia and Michelia. The former plants present longer and slender vessels. Most of them have simple perforation and only a few scalariform perforation plates. In contrast, most of the Michelia species possess scalariform perforation plates and only one with simple perforation. The scalariform perforation plates of Magnolia species, if present, exhibit more bars than that of Michelia With few exceptions, there is no spiral thickening on the vessel wall in Magnolia, whereas in Michelia it is lust the opposite. In addition, some other differences in vessel elements between these two genera are also discussed.     

鼎湖山五种植被类型群落生物量及其径级分配特征

根据鼎湖山自然保护区14次群落样地调查数据和生物量估算方程,研究了5种植被类型的乔木(DBH≥1cm)生物量及其径级分配特征。结果显示:(1)最近一次群落调查中,沟谷雨林、山地常绿阔叶林、南亚热带常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林的生物量分别为472.9t·hm^-2,165.1t·hm^-2,290.4t·hm^-2,164.1t·hm^-2和122.5t·hm^-2;(2)生物量径级分配的结果表明,鼎湖山14次植被调查的生物量径级分配总体上存在3种主要的分布类型,分别为递减分布、倒钟型分布和递增分布。鼎湖山生物量径级分配特征规律与其他地区研究结果一致。     

反硝化除磷菌筛选及其特性研究

【目的】研究反硝化除磷菌特性。【方法】通过微生物筛选和生物学特性研究方法,从对虾养殖池塘中筛选出多株可在有氧条件下同时具有反硝化除磷功能的菌种。【结果】菌株LY-1可在18 h内将初始量为10 mg/L的亚硝酸盐氮降低至0.04 mg/L,PO43?-P降低至0.05 mg/L。在DO浓度为5.0?5.9 mg/L时,该菌反硝化除磷率近100%。试验选取具有反硝化除磷功能的枯草芽孢杆菌为阳性对照菌,大肠杆菌为阴性对照菌,比较研究了菌株LY-1在不同pH、温度、盐度、PO43?-P浓度、亚硝酸盐浓度时反硝化除磷的强弱,在pH为5?9范围时,该菌亚硝酸盐氮去除率近99%,PO43?-P去除率86%;温度为30°C时,该菌反硝化除磷率近100%;盐度为5‰?15‰、PO43?-P浓度为10 mg/L、亚硝酸盐氮浓度为20 mg/L时,该菌亚硝酸盐氮和PO43?-P去除率均可达99%。【结论】菌株LY-1反硝化除磷性能显著高于对照菌(P<0.05)。通过菌株LY-1形态学观察、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

非光合固碳微生物菌群的耐盐特性及其影响因素

从海洋中分离驯化得到的非光合固碳微生物菌群(NPMC)是无需光照和供氢的化能自养微生物,若能用于贫瘠盐碱地改良,实现其在盐碱土壤中的二次固碳,对于盐碱土壤的低碳化改良具有重要的意义.本实验初步验证了NPMC的耐盐特性,以及微量元素和磷酸盐缓冲液两单因素在次高盐条件下对NPMC固碳效率的影响.并通过响应面法研究了微量元素与盐浓度对NPMC固碳效率的交互作用.结果表明,非光合固碳微生物拥有耐受高盐浓度的特性,可耐受高达100g/L以上的总盐度,因此可用于重盐碱土壤的改良.微量元素和磷酸盐缓冲液浓度的增加,都可增强NPMC的固碳效率,微量元素的促进效应高于磷酸盐缓冲液.微量元素和盐度对NPMC固碳效率的影响存在交互作用.     

深圳马峦山及其邻近山地苏铁蕨群落特征分析

对深圳马峦山郊野公园、田头山自然保护区和排牙山自然保护区中苏铁蕨[Brainea insignis (Hook.)J. Sm.]群落的组成、种群垂直结构和年龄结构进行了调查分析,并对3个群落物种的频度、多样性和均匀度进行了比较.根据群落中优势种的重要值与乔、灌木的分层,马峦山郊野公园、田头山自然保护区和排牙山自然保护区的苏铁蕨群落可分别命名为鸭脚木-豺皮樟-苏铁蕨群落、山乌桕-毛棉杜鹃-苏铁蕨群落和红鳞蒲桃+鸭脚木-豺皮樟-苏铁蕨群落.3个群落中,中低层(高度小于10 m)的个体数均占群落个体总数的90%以上,随高度增加个体数量急剧减少.以胸径反映优势种群的年龄结构,除苏铁蕨种群外,3个群落的优势种群大都含有一定比例的Ⅰ级(DBH＜2.5 cm)幼树、Ⅱ级(2.5 cm≤DBH＜7.5 cm)小树和Ⅲ级(7.5 cm≤DBH＜22.5 cm)壮树,而Ⅳ级(DBH≥22.5 cm)大树较少,显示3个群落具有不断更新的趋势.马峦山郊野公园、田头山自然保护区和排牙山自然保护区苏铁蕨群落中频度级(FR)为A级(0%≤FR＜20%)的种类均占绝对优势,比例分别为57.50%、63.16%和61.70%,E级(80%≤FR≤100%)种类所占比例均较小,但马峦山郊野公园苏铁蕨群落E级种类比例大于D级(60%≤FR＜80%)种类,符合Raunkiaer群落频度分布定律.3个群落中,田头山自然保护区苏铁蕨群落的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数均最高,马峦山郊野公园苏铁蕨群落均最低.研究结果表明,3个苏铁蕨群落都处于演替中期,尚未达到顶极、亚顶极状态.     

江西井冈山地区沟谷季雨林及其超地带性特征

江西井冈山地区位于中国东部中亚热带地区南缘,属北半球湿润区。该地区地处罗霄山脉中段,地势高耸,沟谷深切,生境极富多样化,在其沟谷地区保存有典型亚热带季风常绿阔叶,常称季雨林。选择6个典型沟谷季雨林群落,开展群落生态学和生物地理学的研究,结果表明:(1)群落组成以典型的热带性科属为特征,如樟科Lauraceae、壳斗科Fagaceae、山茶科Theaceae、茜草科Rubiaceae、金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae等;种子植物属的地理成分以热带-亚热带成分占优势,占总属数的64.71%—77.94%,高于同纬度地区其他山体,接近甚至高于南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林中的热带性成分。(2)群落结构具有多优势种及明显的特征性标志种,与具单优势种或少数优势种的亚热带常绿阔叶林有明显差异。(3)Shannon-Wiener指数为4.44—5.46之间,物种多样性较丰富,表现出明显的南亚热带植被特征。(4)其它热带雨林性质的特征还包括:大型木质藤本,板根现象,绞杀现象,滴水叶尖,丰富的寄生、附生植物、兰科植物、树蕨等。整体上,井冈山地区亚热带沟谷季雨林群落具有热带雨林向亚热带常绿阔叶林过渡的明显特征,与南亚热带季雨林性质相似,在演替上常被称为侵入群落,或为历史时期长期演化形成的超地带性植物群落。     

肺炎克雷伯氏菌VBNC状态转化突变株的筛选与特性研究

采用双亲本接合法对从文山湖富营养化水体中分离得到肺炎克雷伯氏菌进行Tn5转座子插入诱变,在含四环素和卡那霉素的LB培养基上获得接合子,利用饥饿冷冻高渗透压法对接合子进行细菌VBNC状态转化突变株的筛选和特性的研究。结果表明,带有卡那霉素基因的Tn5成功地插入到了肺炎克雷伯氏菌的染色体中,在双抗性培养基上获得约2.3×104 cell/mL的接合子,转座效率为6.58×10-4。对多个接合子和对照肺炎克雷伯氏菌的诱导、筛选及比较,发现KPQT-7是最快进入VBNC状态的突变株,该突变株在胁迫诱导9d后超过30%的细胞都进入了VBNC状态,而对照的肺炎克雷伯氏菌至少要在诱导21d后才大部分进入VBNC状态。在此基础上,对VBNC转化突变株KPQT-7作进一步的遗传学分析将会为细菌VBNC状态分子机理的研究奠定坚实的基础。     

江西早稻高温热害等级动态判识及时空变化特征

构建考虑高温天气过程(包括发生时间、持续日数)的水稻高温热害指标,可以实现对水稻高温热害等级的动态判识,对精准监测、预警与评估水稻高温热害意义重大。以江西早稻为对象,利用气象资料、早稻高温热害灾情史料和生育期资料,反演历史早稻高温热害,采用K-S分布拟合检验和置信区间方法,构建基于高温天气过程的早稻高温热害动态指标,并采用预留的独立的早稻高温热害样本进行检验验证。在此基础上,计算江西各站点早稻高温热害指数(M),并分析水稻热害。结果表明: 高温天气过程起始时间、持续日数是影响早稻高温热害发生程度的关键因子,其中,起始时间的影响大于持续日数。3～5 d早稻轻、中、重度高温热害的起始时间阈值分别为抽穗后第10～12、5～9、2～4天;6～8 d早稻轻、中、重度高温热害的起始时间阈值为抽穗后第11～18、8～10和1～7天;>8 d早稻轻、中、重度高温热害的起始时间阈值为抽穗后第12～18、8～11和0～7天。指标验证完全一致的吻合率为73.7%,完全一致及相差1级的吻合率为89.5%。1981—2015年,M的线性倾向率为0.04·a^-1,1999年左右发生由低到高突变;M高值区域主要位于江西中部和东北部,M>0.18;江西中部、东北部和南部地区M值呈显著增加趋势,线性倾向率均大于0.04·a^-1。总体来说,本文构建的指标实现了基于高温天气过程的早稻高温热害动态判识,江西中部和东北部是早稻高温热害的高风险区域。     

辽东栎林林隙特征及其对群落更新的影响

通过对黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎(Ouercus liaotungensis)林林隙的定量研究,发现其林隙大小以20～40和40～60 m2的中小林隙居多,林隙的年龄结构以中期和后期数量居多,林隙形成方式以枯立和干基折断占总数的70.31%,林隙形成木多为1～3个,说明该地区辽东栎林隙多为自然干扰形成,林隙边缘木中辽东栎的株数占绝大多数.在林隙中,不同生活史阶段的辽东栎多度对林隙环境因子的响应不同.幼苗多度与林隙面积和边缘木高度间存在极显著相关关系(R2=0.429,P＜0.01),幼树多度与散射光的强度有极显著相关关系(R2=0.286,P＜0.01),而成树多度与林隙环境因子的关系并不明显,但与林隙内幼树的多度有显著的相关关系(R2=0.175,P＜0.05).     

深山含笑叶过氧化物酶对双酚A清除效应研究

深山含笑是一种常绿乔木,具有较好的园林观赏价值,其叶片在每年春天新旧叶交替时,会陆续凋落而不能实现其经济价值;我们前期研究发现深山含笑成熟叶片具有较高的过氧化物酶活性,而过氧化物酶在内分泌干扰物生物酶法降解途径中发挥着重要作用。为充分开发深山含笑叶的经济价值,提高资源的利用效率,我们对深山含笑叶过氧化物酶进行了纯化并初步研究了其性质;在此基础上,进一步研究了深山含笑叶过氧化物酶在降解环境污染物双酚A上的特性。结果显示,经过非离子表面活性剂(吐温-80)抽提、双水相萃取、DEAE-Sepharose离子交换层析,首次从深山含笑叶片中快速分离提纯结合态过氧化物酶,相对可溶性过氧化物酶纯化倍数为55. 2倍,回收率为19%。该酶的比活力为18 999 U/mg蛋白,以愈创木酚为反应底物的最佳pH值为4. 5,最适温度为50℃;具有较宽的pH稳定范围,热稳定性较好,60℃以下不易失活。深山含笑叶过氧化物酶对BPA具有良好的清除能力,在pH4～7,温度30～40℃,H2O2/BPA摩尔浓度之比达0. 8条件下,经过3 h,10 000 U/L POD对0. 2 mmol/L BPA清除率达90%以上,深山含笑过氧化物酶在酚类物质生物酶法催化降解途径中具有潜在的重大利用价值。     

江西齐云山自然保护区苔藓植物研究

通过野外考察和标本鉴定,江西齐云山自然保护区共有苔藓植物52科98属191种(包括2亚种和3变种),其中苔类植物22科27属46种1亚种,藓类植物30科71属140种1亚种3变种.报道江西新记录科3科:裸蒴苔科(Haplomitriaceae)、南溪苔科(Makinoaceae)和带叶苔科(Pallaviciniaceae);江西新记录属5属:裸蒴苔属(Haplomitrium)、南溪苔属(Makinoa)、带叶苔属(Pallavicinia)、黄角苔属(Phaeoceros)和细指苔属(Kurzia),以及24种苔类植物为江西新记录.     

Geographic distributions and physiological characteristics of co-existing Flaveria species in south-central Mexico

The genus Flaveria consists of 23 species with significant variation in photosynthetic physiologies. We tested whether photosynthetic pathway variation in seven co-existing Flaveria species corresponds to geographic distributions or physiological performance in C₃, C₄, and intermediate species growing under natural conditions in south-central Mexico. We found that Flaveria pringlei (C₃) was the most widely distributed species with multiple growth habits. Numerous populations of Flaveria kochiana (C₄), a recently described species with a previously unknown distribution, were located in the Mixtec region of Oaxaca. Flaveria cronquistii (C₃) and Flaveria ramosissima (C₃-C₄) were only located in the Tehuacán Valley region while Flaveria trinervia (C₄) was widely distributed. Only one population of Flaveria angustifolia (C₃-C₄) and Flaveria vaginata (C₄-like) were located near Izúcar de Matamoros. Midday leaf water potential differed significantly between Flaveria species, but did not vary according to growth habit or photosynthetic pathway. The quantum yield of photosystem II did not vary between species, despite large differences in leaf nitrogen content, leaf shape, plant size and life histories. We did not find a direct relationship between increasing C₄ cycle characteristics and physiological performance in the Flaveria populations examined. Furthermore, C₃ species were not found at higher elevation than C₄ species as expected. Our observations indicate that life history traits and disturbance regime may be the primary controllers of Flaveria distributions in south-central Mexico.     

中国特有植物四合木的昆虫群落与多样性特征

对中国特有植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)植株上昆虫群落进行调查和多样性特征分析,共采得四合木上昆虫标本1935号,隶属于8目42个科(或总科)136种。包括同翅目、膜翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、缨翅目、直翅目和脉翅目的种类。同翅目昆虫在数量上占有绝对的优势,达67.96%。膜翅目丰富度最高,有59种;优势类群(>10%)是叶蝉,常见类群(1%～10%)包括小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、天牛、蚂蚁、皮蝽、蚜虫和盲蝽等。调查所得昆虫群落中植食性昆虫有59种共1610只,丰富度和个体数量在群落中占有绝对的优势。其中尤以吸食类昆虫为最,其个体数量和优势度指数最大,但均匀度最低。寄生性天敌昆虫在群落中多样性最大,优势度最低,多为膜翅目种类。中性昆虫优势度指数较高。捕食性昆虫物种丰富度和个体数量较小,但多样性高,仅次于寄生性昆虫。     

Patterns of fish community composition along a river affected by agricultural and urban disturbance in south-central Chile

Patterns of fish community composition in a south-central Chile river were investigated along the altitudinal-spatial and environmental gradient and as a function of anthropogenic factors. The spatial pattern of fish communities in different biocoenotic zones of the Chillan River is influenced by both natural factors such a hydrologic features, habitat, and feeding types, and also by water quality variables which can reduce the diversity and abundance of sensitive species. A principal component analysis incorporating both water quality parameters and biomarker responses of representative fish species was used to evaluate the status of fish communities along the spatial gradient of the stream. The abundance and diversity of the fish community changed from a low in the upper reaches where the low pollution-tolerant species such as salmonid dominated, to a reduced diversity in the lower reaches of the river where tolerant browser species such as cypriniformes dominated. Even though the spatial pattern of fish community structure is similar to that found for the Chilean Rivers, the structure of these communities is highly influenced by human disturbance, particularly along the lower reaches of the river. Handling editor: C. Sturmbauer     

Studies on Karyotypes of 5 Species in Ranunculus from Jiangxi

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of 5 species in Ranunculus from Jiangxi. The result is shown in Table 1-2. The chromosome numbers of R. ternatus Thunb. (2n=4x=32; 2n=2x=16=8m+2sm+6st) , R. polii Franch. (2n = 2x = 16 = 8m+2sm+6st) and R. sieboldii Miq. (2n = 8x-1 = 63 = 15m+18sm+22st+8t) are first reported. The essential points are as follows: (1) The karyotypes of R. ternatus Thunb. and R. polii Franch. are rather similar, which shows a close relationship between the two species. (2) Polyploid complexes are common in Ranunculus. (3) According to the taxonomical system of Wang Wen-cai, the karyotypes of the two species investigated in Sect. Auricomus belong to “2A” of Stebbins; that of the only species in Sect. Hecatonia belong to “2B'; the karyotypes of the two species investigated in Sect. Ranunculus belong to “3A” or “3B”. The relationships among the three sections from thekaryotype are basically consistent with those based on morphology.     

贺兰山西坡植被群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

通过SPSS聚类分析和CANOCO排序研究了贺兰山西坡植被分布与环境因子的关系,结果表明:在海拔梯度上,贺兰山西坡植被大致可以划分珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina)-红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)群落、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)-大针茅(Stipa grandis)群落和蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica )-灰榆(Ulmus glaucescens)群落3种类型.从典范对应分析(CCA)排序结果来看,不同植被群落与环境因子的关系存在明显的分异.在珍珠猪毛菜-红砂群落,第一排序轴反映了土壤盐碱化梯度,沿着藏锦鸡儿群落-珍珠猪毛菜、猫头刺群落-珍珠猪毛菜、红砂群落序列,土壤盐碱化程度不断增强;第二排序轴则反映了土壤结构梯度,沿着藏锦鸡儿群落-珍珠猪毛菜、红砂群落-珍珠猪毛菜、猫头刺群落序列,土壤质地逐渐粗化;在短花针茅-大针茅群落,第一排序轴反映了土壤水分梯度,第二排序轴反映了海拔梯度上的水热组合梯度;在蒙古扁桃-灰榆群落,第一排序轴反映了土壤pH梯度,沿着灰榆、蒙古扁桃群落-蒙古扁桃、金露梅群落-蒙古扁桃群落序列,土壤pH值逐渐下降;第二排序轴主要反映了土壤结构梯度,沿着蒙古扁桃群落-灰榆、蒙古扁桃群落-蒙古扁桃、金露梅群落序列,土壤中粉粒、粘粒含量逐渐增加,土壤质地呈细化趋势.     

珙桐群落种间关系的研究

用方差比率法(VR)和在2×2联列表基础上应用Jaccard指数、Dice指数和Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数对卧龙自然保护区三江珙桐群落种间关系进行了分析,结果表明珙桐群落中主要种群在总体上表现出正关联,群落中种间联结的显著度较低,仅有7对联结显著,珙桐与总状山矾呈显著负联结,与稠李呈极显著负联结。大多数种对间关联程度较低,存在极大排斥性的种对较少,暗示目前珙桐群落处于较成熟阶段。研究种间关系时,种间关联性测定指标结合相关系数分析得出的结果较好,最后对珙桐的保护提出了一些建议。     

Some characteristics of the community of autotrophs of Lake Sevan in connection with its eutrophication

Eutrophication of Lake Sevan caused by the artificial lowering of water level was accompanied by changes in the structure and dynamics of the planktonic communities. A dominance of diatoms up to 1983 was changed to that of green algae in the last years. Primary production of plankton rose and then decreased in the process of eutrophication. The annual average primary production in 1982–1986 — 250 g C m^–2 yr^–1 — is evidently close to the steady state production under the present morphometry of the lake. The activity coefficient of phytoplanktonic photosynthesis changed within relatively narrow limits, in spite of significant changes in the concentrations of major nutrients and in the structure and productivity of the phytoplankton.