Establishment ofGoniozus emigratus andGoniozus legneri [Hym: Bethylidae] on navel orangeworm,Amyelois transitella [Lep: Phycitidae] in California and biological control potential

The external larval parasites,Goniozus emigratus (Rohwer) andGoniozus legneri Gordh, which were dominant on navel orangeworn,Amyelois transitella (Walker) in south Texas and in Uruguay and central Argentina, respectively, were successfully established at experimental irrigated almod orchard in California's Central Valley in 1979. Both species had been released for 4 months at rates of ca. 2.500 per ha., and both persisted into the 1980 and 1981 harvests, albeit at lower frequencies than were recorded in 1979. Coexistence with an earlier introduced parasite,Pentalitomastix plethorica Caltagirone, occurred at all experimental sites. Separate k-value analyses indicated significant regulation of their navel orangeworm host during the warm summer season. No such tendency was measured withP. plethorica during June, August, and December samples, indicating the need for further examination of this parasite's potential regulative role in different seasons such as mid-spring and autumn.     

Censusing primate populations in the reserved area of the Pacaya and Samiria Rivers,Department Loreto,Peru

Four expeditions were made from February 1973 through March 1974 to the Samiria and Pacaya Rivers, which drain the zone between the Lower Ucayali and Huallaga/Marañón, principal constituents of the Amazon. This area is protected as part of the management program for the fishing ofArapaima gigas; however, there has been chronic hunting pressure from poachers, the government's guardians, and sailors, and, recently and most importantly, the petroleum exploration workers. Strip-censusing is extensively discussed. We employed a combination of three techniques: observations from our boat, observations from canoe or on foot, and intensive work in an area with mapped trails (Maldonado Peninsula, Samiria River). The Middle Samiria and Middle Pacaya were faunally the most rewarding. Relatively abundant wereSaimiri sciureus, Alouatta seniculus, probablyPithecia monachus, andSaguinus (probablyfuscicollis illigeri); somewhat less so wereCebus apella (often associated withSaimiri) andC. albifrons; Lagothrix lagotricha required deeper penetration, andAteles is seriously threatened (A. paniscus was seen andA. belzebuth was reported present). Also reported present wereAotus trivirgatus, Cebuella pygmaea, andCallicebus moloch andC. torquatus, though the latter two species may have been confused. Crude density estimates were developed from the Maldonado Peninsula data.     

Fungi of certain stored vegetable seeds in relation to pre- and post-emergence effects

A number of fungi were found associated with stored cauliflower, common bean, and pea seeds, but onlyHelminthosporium sp. on cauliflower,Fusarium sp. on common bean, andAlternaria sp. on pea were proved pathogenic. Artificial inoculation tests withHelminthosporium sp.,Fusarium sp., andAlternaria sp. resulted in 30, 16.6, and 26.6 % pre-emergence injuries to cauliflower, common bean, and pea respectively. Also, these fungi were responsible for considerable post-emergence mortality of seedlings.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine Anzahl von Pilzen sind mit dem Samen von Karfiol, Bohnen und Erbsen vergesellschaftet gefunden worden.Helminthosporium sp. nur an Karfiol,Fusarium sp. nur an Bohnen undAlternaria sp. nur an Erbsen haben sich als pathogen erwiesen. Küristliche Einimpfung mitHelminthosporium sp.,Fusarium sp., undAlternaria sp. gab positive Resultate in 30, 16.6, und 26.6 % bezw. in Karfiol, Bohnen und Erbsen. Diese Pilzen waren auch für das Absterben junger Pflanzen verantwortlich.

---

---

Portion of a thesis submitted by the senior author to the Agra University, Agra, India, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc. (Ag.).     

Hexamermis glossinae [Nematoda: Mermithidae] parasitizing tsetse [Diptera: Glossinidae] in Kenya

Glossina pallidipes Austen,G. brevipalpis Newstead andG. austeni Newstead were collected from 5 sites along the south Kenyan coast over a 2 year period. They were dissected and examined for nematodes. Three of the sites yielded tsetse parasitized by juvenile mermithids identified asHexamermis glossinae Poinar et al. Glossina pallidipes andG. brevipalpis are new host records for this parasite, whileG. austeni was captured infrequently and only at a site that failed to yield other parasitized tsetse. Parasite prevalence was low (0.16–0.61 %) and did not differ between male and female hosts. More tsetse than expected by chance harboured nematodes during the long rains season (April–August) than during the short rains (September–November) or dry season (December–March). Early juvenile stages (0.5–2.5 mm long) were recovered mainly from tsetse less than 50 days old, while late juvenile stages (35–85 mm long) were only found in flies older than 30 days. Late stages occurred singly while early ones usually occurred as two or more per host.     

祁连山青海云杉树干液流密度的优势度差异

以祁连山排露沟小流域青海云杉林为研究对象,选取有代表性的优势木、亚优势木、中等木和被压木各3—5株,2015年6月16日至10月14日应用热扩散技术对不同优势度青海云杉树干液流密度进行测定,并同步测定相关的林外气象因子。结果表明:(1)青海云杉液流密度呈昼高夜低趋势,晴天液流密度变化幅度较大,而阴雨天变化幅度较小。(2)晴天树木优势度越大,其液流在日内的启动越早,结束越晚,峰值也越大;优势木的平均液流密度为(0.0758±0.0475)m L cm~(-2)min~(-1),是亚优势木的1.5倍,是中等木和被压木的1.68倍。(3)青海云杉平均液流密度基本呈现6月份最大,其次是8月份,9、10月份明显减小,且优势木亚优势木中等木被压木。(4)相关性分析和逐步回归表明,青海云杉日均液流密度与太阳辐射强度、饱和水气压差和空气温度呈正相关关系,与空气相对湿度和降雨量呈负相关关系。影响优势木、亚优势木和中等木液流密度的主要气象因子是太阳辐射强度,被压木液流密度主要受空气相对湿度的影响。     

Interspecific hybridization in the grain legumes—a review

The current position regarding reports in the literature on interspecific hybridization in the pulses is confused. Two major reasons can he advanced in explanation. The first is that frequently conspecific wild and cultivated forms have received different binomials and crosses between such are frequently regarded as interspecific hybrids. The second arises from mistaken interpretation of results of attempted interspecific hybridization when progeny strongly resembling the maternal parent are produced. It is suggested that these progeny might have been produced by failures in emasculation or rare accidental apomixis. All cultigens of the generaArachis, Cajanus, Cicer, Phaseolus andPisum are able to some extent to produce viable true interspecific hybrids as are the Asiatic forms ofVigna. True interspecific hybrids have not been produced withVicia faba nor withVigna unguiculata the cowpea.     

Diatom Succession and Interaction in Littoral Periphyton and Plankton

Periphyton and plankton samples were collected at four littoral stations in a relatively shallow, eutrophic lake (Elk Lake, B.C., Canada) over a six month period from August 1967 to January 1968. The most abundant planktonic diatoms demonstrated a pattern of seasonal succession typical of temperate lakes, and all were present in the periphyton. This pattern was identical at all stations:Fragilaria crotonensis was dominant from August to October,Asterionella formosa in November and December, andMelosira italica (plusM. varians) in January.F. virescens, although never dominant, peaked in October. Periphyton communities were dominated byAchnanthes minutissima, Cocconeis placentula, F. crolonensis andF. virescens. Considerable station variation in successional patterns occurred over different exposure periods; station differences were least in those samples immersed for monthly intervals, and greatest in those immersed for a cumulative four-month period. Interaction between the phytoplankton and periphyton was illustrated by the occurrence of species common to both habitats. A decrease in cell numbers and percent abundance of these species in planktonic populations coincided with their increase in the periphyton, a relationship which appeared dependent on the breakdown of thermal stratification in November. For example, following turnover,F. crotonensis andA. formosa settled out of the plankton and correspondingly increased in percent abundance in the periphyton. This interdependence was less evident in the four-month samples, whereA. minutissima andC. placentula dominated throughout the entire period and appeared to out-compete the more typical planktonic components for diminishing substrate area. Species interaction or competition was accentuated as exposure duration and periphyton total cell standing crops increased and species diversity decreased, and appeared to account in part, for station differences in successional patterns.     

The establishment ofRhyzobius forestieri [Col.: Coccinellidae] in greece and its efficiency as an auxiliary control agent against a heavy infestation ofSaissetia oleae [Hom.: Coccidae]

Introduction releases of the exotic coccinellid predatorRhyzobius forestieri Mulsant were made in 22 localities throughout Greece. The releases were made on olive, citrus, fig and almond trees infested with differentCoccidae scales. In 9 of these localities,R. forestieri was recovered 2–5 months later. The most important factor for the successful establishment ofR. forestieri seems to be an abundance of scales on the trees. To study the ability ofR. forestieri to enhance overall predation, 3 releases were made in an olive grove heavily infested withSaissetia oleae Olivier on Chios island during 1982 and 1983. The experiment began in June 1982. By April 1983, theS. oleae infestation was clearly in the process of being controlled by the coccinellid. A native coccinellid,Exochomus quadripustulatus L., contributed little during this period because of its obligatory estival diapause. The other main coccinellid,Chilocorus bipustulatus L., made an appreciable contribution toward achieving control during the summers of 1982 and 1983, but it was affected from July onward by increasing parasitism of its larvae. Both species are quiescent during the winter months. The introduced speciesR. forestieri was readily established in the olive grove and multiplied quickly. One month after the initial release,R. forestieri larvae made up most of the coccinellid larval population in the field. Thereafter until April 1983,R. forestieri larvae and adults comprised the dominant coccinellid population in the olive grove. During the winter months,R. forestieri remains active as long as temperature exceeds 8 °C. The important increase inR. forestieri's population size between July 1982 and April 1983 coincided with the increased rate of predation onS. oleae. This suggests thatS. forestieri played a key role in bringing theS. oleae infestation under control during this period. After April 1983, however, theR. forestieri population diminished rapidly andC. bipustulatus became the dominant coccinellid in the olive grove. It is believed that scarcity of prey was the cause of this reversal: by April 1983, the density ofS. oleae in the olive grove had already been reduced by about 100 times.     

Coexistence of three canopy tree species in a riparian forest in the Chichibu Mountains, central Japan

Three canopy tree species (Fraxinus platypoda, Pterocarya rhoifolia, andCercidiphyllum japonicum) coexist in riparian forests in the Chichibu Mountains of central Japan. We compared the forest structure and the reproductive characteristics of these species.F. platypoda was the dominant canopy species. It produced many saplings and grew in abandoned channels and floodplains, and was able to invade both large and small disturbance sites.P. rhoifolia was a subdominant species that occurred on the deposits of large-scale landslides and grew in patches containing even-aged trees.C. japonicum was the other subdominant species that produced few saplings and invaded large disturbance sites together withP. rhoifolia. Establishment sites ofC. japonicum were restricted to fine mineral soils and fallen logs. We found tradeoffs in reproductive characteristics (seed size, seed number, irregular seed production, and sprouting) among the three canopy species.F. platypoda andP. rhoifolia had large seeds and produced fruits irregularly.C. japonicum produced many small seeds every year and sprouted prolifically around the main stem. The causes of the coexistence mechanism of the three riparian canopy tree species may be both niche- and chance-determined to varying degrees. In riparian areas, the three canopy species were well-adapted to disturbances throughout their life-history.     

Rocky Mountain species of Paronychia (Caryophyllaceae): A morphological,cytological, and chemical study

Data derived from a morphological, cytological, flavonoid, and greenhouse study indicate thatParonychia pulvinata (2n = 32) andP. sessiliflora (2n = 64) should be distinguished in specific rank rather than in subspecific rank as recently proposed. Additionally, new evidence is brought to bear onP. depressa var.brevicuspis, which is shown to be synonymous withP. sessiliflora.     

Pollen capture media: a comparative study

Research laboratories, part of international aerobiological networks are often using different collection media on their exposed tape (or slides). However, their relative pollen capture efficiency has rarely been tested. A single Hirst-trap was used, in Bologna, in February and March 1993, for this experiment. Melinex tapes were divided longitudinally in two equal parts, so that two different media could be tested simultaneously. The tested media were: gelatine/glycerine, hexane/vaseline, silicone/carbon tetrachloride, and paraffin. Each comparisons were repeated on 4 different days. At the time of the sampling, the dominant airborne particles were Cupressaceae andCladosporium. The differences between the different media were non-significant (meanF of different days of 1.720, mean probability of 0.241 (min. of 0.077, max. of 0.356)). The highest probabilities of a significative difference all involved glycerine/gelatine either in comparison with paraffin (0.76), with silicone (0.75), or with vaseline (0.75), while the lowest was for the couple silicone-vaseline (0.59). In general, even if these differences were non-significant, gelatine underestimated spore counts in comparison to silicone, but overestimated them if compared to vaseline or paraffin. However, vaseline looked more efficient then silicone for spore capture. For pollen counts, the same ratios were found, except for the couple silicone-gelatine, which has given similar results. The lowest differences were found withAlternaria andDreschlera, while the highest were found withCladosporium andEpicoccum. The relationship between spore diameter and differences between media was highly significant (τ=?0.786,P=0.027). This was not the case for pollen, withPopulus andAlnus giving the highest differences, andBetula andUlmus the lowest (τ=0.048,P=0.873).     

花椒园节肢动物群落特征与气象因子的关系

分析了云南永善县金沙江畔花椒园节肢动物群落特征与园内最低温度、平均温度、最高温度、最低湿度、平均湿度、最高湿度及月降雨量等7个气象因子的关系。结果表明:节肢动物群落个体数、物种数受最低湿度变化影响最大,表现为正相关的变化趋势;群落多样性、均匀度、丰富度指数变化与最高温度、最高湿度变化的关联度较大,表明节肢动物群落在相对较高的温、湿度环境下具有更高的群落多样性、丰富度及均匀度;优势集中性及优势度指数变化与最高温度、最低湿度变化的关联度较大,表明优势种类在高温或低湿环境下更易出现;稳定性S_s/S_i、S_n/S_p指数与平均湿度的关联度较大,表明适度的湿度变化范围更利于增强群落物种间数量上的制约作用。降雨量对群落特征的影响最小,在月均降雨量小于99.3 mm的3-6月、9月-翌年2月,节肢动物群落特征指标与降雨量成正相关关系,7、8月份月均降雨量大于164.5 mm,群落特征与降雨量表现为负相关性。综合分析表明,气象因子对节肢动物群落特征的影响较大,而温、湿度及降雨量的测量和分析较为方便,研究气象因子与节肢动物群落特征的关系,对了解节肢动物群落特征变化规律和主要害虫种群数量的发生规律具有实际意义。     

Seasonal changes in the content of lipids and photosynthetic pigments in a brown alga Saccharina cichorioides

Seasonal changes in the contents of lipids and photosynthetic pigments (PSP) were investigated in a brown alga Saccharina cichorioides Miyabe (Phaeophyceae, the family Laminariaceae). The content of lipids varied from 0.27 to 0.60% of the algal fresh weight. The content of glyceroglycolipids (GL) was much greater in the time of spore formation (June–July and September–October), phospholipids — in the spring and in September–October, and the content of neutral lipids — in the spring and in November. In the period of spore release (August and October), the level of GL and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) sharply decreased. A high level of PUFA was observed from March to July and in November. In August and October, the same as in the spring, the proportion of saturated fatty acids (FA) was great. The content of chlorophylls from March to November varied from 20.3 to 26.9%, and the level of carotenoids — from 10.7 to 16.1%. Total content of PSP was relatively high in March and in August–September. Free sterols accounted for 3.4–7.3% of total lipids; their proportion was greater in spring than in summer and autumn.     

Learning and perception of oddity problems by lemurs and seven species of monkey

Eight nonhuman primate species were compared in three experiments utilizing the oddity paradigm. The sample included 4 lemurs (Lemur catta), 26 Old World Monkeys (Macaca mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. speciosa, andCercopithecus nictitans) and 21 New World Monkeys (Cebus apella, Lagothrix humboldti andSaimiri sciurea). EveryS was first trained 60 days on “outside oddity” problems. Next,Ss solved “outside” oddity problems constituted from two short and two tall cylinders, and were tested for their perception of oddity withDavis andMcDonald's (1962) technique of varying the height of the centerplaced but nonreinforced stimulus. In the final experiment,Ss were given ambiguous oddity problems that could be solved either for form or color cues, andEs recorded preference. Cebus and woolly monkeys formed oddity learning sets as well as or better than any of the Macaque monkeys, but relatively poor performances were made by squirrel monkeys, spotnose monkeys, and lemurs. Woolly monkeys were outstandingly accurate in their perception of oddity based on changing stimulus height, no other species approaching them in this skill. Old World Monkeys were much more likely than New World Monkeys to use color as a cue.     

Die lichtabhängige Besiedlung von Hafenstützpfeilern durch sessile Tiere und Algen aus dem Korallenriff bei Eilat (Rotes Meer)

The influence of light on coral reef communities has been studied in the merchant harbour of Eilat (Red Sea), where other parameters of the local ecosystem remain relatively constant. The harbour pier is supported over a length of about 550 m by eight rows of concrete pillars. Water current is parallel to the pillar rows. Benthic animals and algae settle on the pillars, between the sun-exposed first and the extremely shadowy eighth row, according to the light gradient (about 13 – 0.1% of the light intensity above the surface). The observations were carried out from January, 1970 to March, 1971. In the most common species (28 animals and five algae), four settlement zones can be distinguished: (a) “bright zone” (13 – 3% of the light intensity measured above the water surface) withTridacna maxima, T. squamosa andPadina pavonia and some stone corals as indicators; (b) “dim-light zone, bright” (3 – 1%) withSiphonochalina siphonella andDendronephthya species as indicators; (c) “dim-light zone, dark” (1 – 0.4%) withAcabaria biserialis andClathraria rubrinodis as indicators; (d) “dark zone” (0.4 – 0.1%) with violetLithothamnion andLithophyllum species as indicators. The distribution of animals in the horizontal light gradient (rows 1–8) corresponds to that in the vertical light gradient in coral reefs; this has been verified by SCUBA diving to 40 m depth near Eilat, Dahab, and Sharm el Sheikh on the Sinai coast, and Aqaba on the Jordanian coast of the Gulf. Light intensity is the dominant ecological factor which affects the distribution of the majority of species in the reef.     

A genetic study of tolerance and resistance to colicin A inCitrobacter freundii

Colicin A-insensitive mutants ofCitrobacter freundii were isolated and grouped into six phenotypic classes characterized by sensitivity, insensitivity or partial insensitivity to the bacteriocins S6, DF 13 and colicin A, and sensitivity or insensitivity to deoxycholate (DOC) and ampicillin. Mapping by the gradient-of-transmission method revealed the chromosomal regions in which the responsible genes are situated. Res-3 mapped nearpur betweenpur andthr; Tol-5 mapped betweenaro andilv and Tol-4 betweengal andpyr; Tol-1, Tol-2 and Tol-3 are situated close togal. All the mutations that mapped neargal rendered the bacteria more sensitive to DOC and ampicillin. Complementation analysis withE. coli plasmids showed that the three phenotypic groups that map neargal were complemented byE. coli plasmids and fall into three complementation groups. Two of these are equivalent with thetol A andtol B genes inE. coli.     

Parasites ofSpodoptera exigua,S. eridania [Lep.: Noctuidae] andHerpetogramma bipunctalis [Lep.: Pyralidae] collected fromAmaranthus hybridus in field corn

Three species of lepidopterous larvae were collected fromAmaranthus hybridus L. growing in field corn during 1975 and 1976 at Hastings, Florida.Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) was the predominant species in May.Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) was predominant in June andHerpetogramma bipunctalis (F.) in July and August. Nine native species of parasites, representing theBraconidae, Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae andTachinidae, emerged from these larvae.Meteorus autographae Muesebeck emerged from bothS. exigua andS. eridania. TheTachinidae, Winthemia rufopicta (Bigot),Eucelatori rubentis (Coquillett) andLespensia sp., emerged from mixtures ofS. exigua andS. eridania. Apanteles marginiventris (Cresson),Temelucha sp., andChelonus texanus Cresson emerged from bothS. exigua andH. bipunctalis larvae, andEuplectrus platyhypenae Howard andOphion sp. emerged fromS. eridania. All the species of parasites from the lepidopterous larvae that feed onAmaranthus hybridus are also reported as parasites ofS. frugiperda, a serious pest of corn. Therefore these larvae onA. hybridus may be a source of the parasites found attackingS. frugiperda.     

The identity and synonymy of Acacia guilandinae,Mimosa obovata,M. pseudo-obovata,and M. laticifera (Mimosaceae)

Acacia guilandinae DC. is recognized asMimosa guilandinae (DC.) Barneby, endemic to French Guiana and adjoining Amapá, Brazil;M. pseudo-obovata is subordinated as a Brazilian var.pseudo-obovata (Taub.) Barneby to CaribbeanM. ceratonia L.; andM. laticifera is found synonymous withM. obovata Benth. Diagnostic morphological characters of each taxon are presented in key form.     

Echinoparyphium elegans (Looss, 1899) (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): the life cycle and redescription of the adult with a revision of the 43-spined members of the genusEchinoparyphium

The adult morphology ofEchinoparyphium elegans is redescribed. The life cycle is described. The first intermediate host is the freshwater snail,Bulinus truncatus. This and other freshwater snails, such asBulinus globosus, Physa acuta and albinoBiomphalaria glabrata, serve as second intermediate hosts. Adult worms were obtained experimentally from canaries, chicks, pigeons and albino rats, but not from albino mice. The 43-spinedEchinoparyphium species with a collar spined arrangement 5-5-3-3-27,E. bioccalerouxi, E. ralphaudyi andE. combesi, are placed into synonymy withE. elegans after examination of the paratypes.     

Variability in airborne bacterial and fungal population in the tertiary health care centre

An investigation of the air quality and the quantity of airborne microbes was conducted in a private and a government tertiary health care centre of Davanagere in the month of November 2011 to assess the level of air borne pathogens. Using a Merck Microbial Air Sampler MAS-100NT, samples were collected in the morning and in the evening from the different environs of the private and government tertiary health care centre. The media used for the study of fungi was sabouraud dextrose agar. Aspergillus spp, Curvularia spp, Alternaria spp, Penicillium spp, Rhizopus spp, Nigrospora spp, and Fusarium spp were found in either of the tertiary health care centre. Aspergillus spp was dominant in the Government tertiary health care centre, and Alternaria spp and Curvularia spp were dominant in the private tertiary health care centre. For the bacteria, quantitative enumeration was done using soyabean casein digest agar and selective media like Escherichia coli and coliform agar and urinary tract infection agar were used in qualitative enumeration. Selected pathogens like E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Entirococcus faecalis were found in either of the tertiary health care centre. Maximum number of fungi and bacteria were isolated from emergency ward and general ward of government and private health care centre. There was also considerable difference in the morning and in the evening.