原料乳加工过程中嗜冷菌研究进展

原料乳低温储藏期间,嗜冷菌大量繁殖,对乳制品质量和保质期构成极大威胁.特别是嗜冷菌产生的胞外蛋白酶、脂肪酶和磷脂酶等酶类能耐受巴氏杀菌和高温瞬时灭菌,水解牛奶中的蛋白质、脂肪和卵磷脂等营养物质.本文重点介绍嗜冷菌及其胞外产物对原料乳加工的影响和常见的快速分析检测方法,以期为乳品安全加工提供理论依据.     

北极海泥菌群的分离鉴定及生物学特性的初步研究

对从北极冰川海面下1500-4000m处的海泥样品中分离的8株冷适应细菌进行了生理特征和分子生物学研究。其中5株嗜冷菌、3株耐冷菌,利用16SrDNA通用引物对5株嗜冷菌基因组DNA进行扩增,测序得到其部分16SrDNA序列。经Blast调出与菌株16SrDNA同源的序列,按照Neighbor-Joining方法构建16SrDNA系统发育树。对8株细菌进行酶检测试验,结果表明其中有部分细菌产低温酶:N014产淀粉酶,R151产明胶酶,P371产纤维素酶。研究结果为进一步开发利用冷适应微生物产物提供参考依据。     

嗜冷菌和耐热菌对奶粉品质的影响

嗜冷菌和耐热菌是奶粉加工过程中最主要的微生物污染菌群。嗜冷菌在原料乳低温储藏过程中大量繁殖,其生长过程中伴随着脂肪酶和蛋白酶的产生,不仅对原料乳和乳制品的风味品质有很大影响,也是导致原料乳和乳产品发生酸包、乳清分离等腐败变质的重要原因。在奶粉生产过程中,耐热菌不仅能在奶粉中长期存活,而且也能够产生大量的蛋白酶、脂肪酶等各种酶类,可显著降低奶粉的感官品质与营养价值。本文重点介绍奶粉加工过程中嗜冷菌和耐热菌的多样性、对奶粉品质的影响机制、及其检测方法和控制措施。     

南极乔治王岛土壤微生物的生物学特征及生物活性

从南极乔治王岛土壤分离出77株放线菌和丝状真菌,它们大多数是嗜冷菌或兼性嗜冷菌。它们能在0℃生长,适宜温度为5-15℃、15—20℃或l 5—28℃。用多种条件研究了77株菌的生物活性,发现32％的菌株有抗微生物活性(包括革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌、酵母、青霉等)。其中5株菌对精原细胞、10株对KB细胞有抗肿瘤活性。根据形态培养特征、细胞壁化学组分、放线菌大多数属链霉菌(Streptomyces),其次是诺卡氏菌(Nocardia)和类诺卡氏菌(Nocardioides)。 丝状真菌有5种不同的类型,它们都属金孢霉属(Chysosporium)。     

嗜冷酶及其工业应用

生物圈中超过 80 %的地方温度低于5℃ ,在生态学上低温环境的影响范围更广。生活在这些低温环境中的嗜冷菌对低温有特殊的适应性。相对于嗜温菌而言 ,嗜冷微生物在低温条件下调节其膜流动性和膜通透性的能力更强 ,含有更多的不饱和脂肪酸和短链脂肪酸 ,还可通过合成冷激蛋白来响应冷激作用。嗜冷菌也可通过基因调控和自身的抗生素作用来适应低温。近来有研究报道 ,南北极严寒地区的海洋鱼类依靠血液中的抗冻蛋白来适应低温。生物体内的大多数生化反应都是由酶催化而成的 ,所以考虑嗜冷微生物的适应机制时首先应研究嗜冷酶的适冷机制。1 .嗜…     

极端微生物及其适应机理的研究进展

极端微生物是生物对极端环境适应的特殊种类 ,研究极端微生物的特性对探索生命的起源、微生物的育种及开发利用等具有重要意义。从嗜热微生物、嗜冷菌和耐冷菌、极端嗜酸微生物、嗜碱微生物、嗜盐微生物、嗜压微生物等方面总结了极端微生物及其适应机理的多样性以及其研究进展 ,旨在为极端微生物的开发利用提供一定的参考依据。     

温度对嗜冷酵母糖代谢途径某些关键酶的活性效应

对嗜冷酵母Y18和酿酒酵母细胞中EMP途径和TCA循环中一些关键酶的温度特性进行了比较研究。Y18细胞中,1,6二磷酸果糖醛缩酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和己糖激酶对温度很敏感,符合Feller提出的冷活性的概念属于冷活性酶类。柠檬酸合成酶的温度特性类似于中温酶。Α酮戊二酸脱氢酶存在不同温度特性的同功酶。通过对嗜冷酵母和中温酶母细胞中琥珀酸脱氢酶的Km值进行比较,结果显示嗜冷酵母琥珀酸脱氢酶在20℃具有较低的Km值。另外还对嗜冷菌细胞中代谢酶类的一些特点进行了讨论。     

冰川细菌冷杆菌属的多样性研究进展

冰川作为地球主要的冰冻圈环境之一,蕴藏着丰富的低温微生物资源.1976年,Inoue&Komagata从南极分离出一株嗜冷细菌,直到1997年,以这株嗜冷菌为模式物种,建立了冷杆菌属(Cryobacterium),同时该菌株被命名为嗜冷冷杆菌(Cryobacterium psychrophilum).冷杆菌属物种主要分...     

气调包装生鲜冷却牛肉贮藏的微生物种类变化

在冷却牛肉的贮藏过程中,微生物的生长繁殖是导致其腐败变质的主要原因。在低温冷藏条件下,大多数微生物的生长受到抑制,但仍有一些嗜冷菌可以生长繁殖,从而对冷却肉的品质及人类健康安全造成威胁。因此,研究和分析生鲜冷却牛肉中菌群构成及其演替规律,不但具有重要的     

极端环境下的生命

极端微生物是依赖于一种或多种极端物化因子的特殊生命形式,在100℃以上或0℃以下、近饱和的盐度、pH>10或pH<2等极端环境下,具有极端的生命世界,已发现的极端生命形式包括嗜热菌、嗜冷菌、     

The neuronal zootype

We present an hypothesis, derived from the zootype concept of Slack, Holland and Graham. The main point of this hypothesis is to postulate that the primordial function of the zootype genes is to design an appropriate neuronal network in bilaterian animals, by controlling the genes involved in the specificity of the axon pathways. This would be the primary function of the zootype genes in development and their primitive function in evolution. The hypothesis is discussed in view of the current knowledge on the Hox genes, their evolution, their genomic organisation, their expression and their targets.     

The Color of My Skin: A Measure to Assess Children's Perceptions of Their Skin Color

The Color of My Skin is an instrument developed to assess children's internalized idea (abstraction) of the color of their skin; their satisfaction with that color; the desire, if any, to change the color of their skin; and their affect regarding their skin color. The assessment is part of a questionnaire utilized in a 3-year longitudinal study that examines psychosocial development, physical health, and behavioral adjustment of Puerto Rican children (N = 257) reared in the Greater Boston area. The results demonstrate that children's internalized representation of their skin color is a construct that can be reliably and validly measured. The children's ratings of their skin color were not associated with their sex, school grade, ethnic identity, the child's or the parent's nativity, or the racial or ethnic compositions of 3 social contexts: their neighborhood, their classmates, and their closest friends. Puerto Rican children did not show a preference for light-colored skin. Moreover, there were no significant differences in self-esteem based on the child's self-reported skin color. The lack of association between self-esteem and skin color was interpreted in light of a developmental tendency prevalent in early to middle childhood to place a positive value on different aspects of one's self. Whereas almost all children (96%) reported being happy or very happy with their color, 16% of the children would like to change their skin color if they could (51% to a lighter and 46% to a darker color).     

Fathers' Influence on Their Children's Cognitive and Emotional Development: From Toddlers to Pre-K

The Color of My Skin is an instrument developed to assess children's internalized idea (abstraction) of the color of their skin; their satisfaction with that color; the desire, if any, to change the color of their skin; and their affect regarding their skin color. The assessment is part of a questionnaire utilized in a 3-year longitudinal study that examines psychosocial development, physical health, and behavioral adjustment of Puerto Rican children (N = 257) reared in the Greater Boston area. The results demonstrate that children's internalized representation of their skin color is a construct that can be reliably and validly measured. The children's ratings of their skin color were not associated with their sex, school grade, ethnic identity, the child's or the parent's nativity, or the racial or ethnic compositions of 3 social contexts: their neighborhood, their classmates, and their closest friends. Puerto Rican children did not show a preference for light-colored skin. Moreover, there were no significant differences in self-esteem based on the child's self-reported skin color. The lack of association between self-esteem and skin color was interpreted in light of a developmental tendency prevalent in early to middle childhood to place a positive value on different aspects of one's self. Whereas almost all children (96%) reported being happy or very happy with their color, 16% of the children would like to change their skin color if they could (51% to a lighter and 46% to a darker color).     

植物源抗菌肽的研究进展

植物抗菌肽是植物自身合成的能够防御环境中微生物侵害的一类小分子多肽.它们大都是阳离子多肽,有较好的热稳定性.根据作用位点和抗菌机理的不同,植物抗菌肽可分为三大类:第一类通过干扰微生物细胞壁的合成来抑制微生物生长;第二类作用于质膜使其产生穿膜孔洞,从而导致微生物因细胞物质外泄受损;第三类则通过抑制某些细胞器的作用而起到抑菌的效果.本文从抗菌肽的作用机理及其分类等方面对植物源抗菌肽的研究进展进行了综述.     

Evolution in the pentastomids

The Pentastomida, or tongue worms, form an aberrant group of annulated endoparasites little known to most parasitologists and veterinarians. Although there is no doubt of their affiliation to arthropods, textbooks often rank the Pentastomida as a separate phylum. Riley's many publications on the group have 'promoted it from the realm of the completely unknown to the semi-obscure', but still much research is needed on their basic biology, as little is known about their biochemistry, ecology or their evolutionary relationships. This review by Rolf Haugerud is intended to inspire curiosity about the Pentastomida by discussing their evolution in relation to their phylogeny, host relationships, geographic distribution, transmission and impact.     

Alternative mating strategies,partial sibmating and split sex ratios in haplodiploid species

It is shown that when females can adjust their offspring sex ratios conditionally to the identity of their mates, i.e. sib or non-sib, split sex ratios are expected. These split sex ratios result from variation in relatedness between females and their daughters. Haplodiploid females' relatedness to their daughters increases as their relatedness to their mates increases. Therefore, sibmated females' optimal progeny sex ratio is more female biased than that of outbred females. Inbreeding depression that can result from complementary sex determination (CSD) is also considered. The genetic load caused by CSD can be so costly to sibmated females that they switch to the production of males only. The evolutionarily stable sex ratios for a sibmating model is found to be of a weak type. These weak equilibria and split sex ratios can lead to high variation about the mean and are an incentive for further studies on sex ratio variation in conjunction with mating behaviour. The occurrence of split sex ratios in haplodiploid taxa is important because it favours the evolution of eusociality. Partial local mating and alternative mating strategies can thus eventually lead to the evolution of eusociality.     

超滤法和盐析法粗提基因工程干扰素其比活的比较

我们的工作是应用ＹＦ２ＰＳＫ３１Ｒ型超滤器超滤粗提基因工程干扰素,并与盐析法对比。超滤法简便快速条件温和,超滤后干扰素平均收率为９３．９５％±２．４８％,盐析法则为７５．９３％±３．９％,前者比后者提高１８．０２％,差异显著。比活前为：４．４５５Ｅ６±７．５８Ｅ５ＩＵ／ｍｇ蛋白,后者为：１．６１１７Ｅ６±２．０７９Ｅ５ＩＵ／ｍｇ蛋白,差异也是显著的     

Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates

Data is presented from eight primates on the ground reaction forces on the limbs during locomotion. These subjects supported from 30 to 45% of their body weight on their forelimbs. Other quadrupedal mammals support 55-60% of their body weight on their forelimbs. The increase of peak vertical force with speed varies greatly between the subjects. The variation in weight supported by the forelimbs and the peak forces on the forelimbs is proposed to correlate with variation in locomotor adaptations. It is suggested that the occurrence of bipedalism in primates represents the extreme expression of the tendency in primates to reduce the compressive forces on their forelimbs.