辛硫磷在稻田土壤中的残留检测方法

稻田土壤经石油醚震荡提取,加PSA、C18、无水硫酸镁净化后,经UPLC农药残留检测,外标法定量,方法回收率在73.20-94.55%、变异系数4.31-8.37%、最低检出浓度分别为0.02mg/kg。     

水胺硫磷在香蕉及土壤中的残留动态

通过田间试验,采用气相色谱法检测水胺硫磷在香蕉及其土壤中的残留消解动态。结果表明,水胺硫磷在香蕉中的原始沉积量及残留量与施药剂量密切相关,施用加倍剂量处理的原始沉积量为推荐剂量的148%。水胺硫磷在香蕉及土壤中的消解规律符合一级动力学关系,在香蕉中的相关系数︱r︱= 0.9465～0.9490(P＜0.01),消解系数(︱k︱) = 0.1606±0.0035,半衰期(T1/2)为4.3～4.5 d,消解99%所需要时间(T0.99)为28.1～29.4 d;在土壤上︱r︱= 0.9552(P＜0.01),︱k︱= 0.2107,T1/2为3.3 d、T0.99为21.9 d。距末次施药后58~65d,在香蕉最终产品及蕉园土壤均未检出水胺硫磷残留。     

辛硫磷在茶叶中残留消解动态的研究

本文介绍了有机磷杀虫剂辛硫磷在茶树上的残留消解动态。试验是1973年在杭州进行,用50%辛硫磷乳剂800倍稀释液喷洒在遮荫条件和自然日照条件下的茶树上,每天采摘鲜叶,并制成成茶,用薄层层析法测定鲜叶及成茶中的辛硫磷残留量。本文还介绍了在室内条件下进行的辛硫磷光敏性试验结果。 根据室内试验结果表明,辛硫磷是一种光敏性极强的农药。在紫外光源照射下,4小时后光解99%左右。在自然漫射光下,4小时后光解50%以上,但在黑暗条件下较稳定,8小时仅分解17.5%。根据三种农药测定结果的比较,光敏性依如下次序递减:辛硫磷>马拉硫磷>乙硫磷。田间残留量测定资料进一步证实了这一实验结果。在自然日照条件下,根据实验结果,喷后4小时鲜叶中辛硫磷残留量下降85%以上,二天后即为痕迹量到无残留。成茶中一天后一般残留量降至0.5 ppm以下,二天后即无残留;但在遮荫条件下辛硫磷消解速度显著变慢,喷药后4小时鲜叶中残留量下降63%,为自然日照条件下的2.9倍,二天后仍有4.12 ppm,五天后仍有痕迹量残留。成茶中残留量一天后为4.02 ppm,五天后仍有痕迹量残留。 鲜叶中辛硫磷残留量经加工后消失50—80%左右。 本文提出了茶园中喷施50%辛硫磷800倍液后距采摘的安全间隔期为3天(晴天)和5—6天(阴天)。     

氰戊菊酯在茶叶和茶汤中的残留动态及最大残留限量评价

在生长均匀的茶园喷施氰戊菊酯(fenvalerate),采摘施药后2 h和1 h、2 h、3 h、5 h、7 h、9 h、14 h、21天的茶树鲜叶加工成绿茶,用气相色谱法测定成茶、茶汤和茶渣中反式氰戊菊酯和顺式氰戊菊酯的含量,研究了氰戊菊酯在成茶、茶汤中的残留动态。结果表明:反式氰戊菊酯和顺式氰戊菊酯在成茶中的残留水平随施药间隔天数的增加呈下降趋势,20 mL/667 m2施药剂量下,分别由施药当天2 h的9.40 mg/kg和17.51 mg/kg减小到第21天的1.07 mg/kg和1.53 mg/kg,消解幅度为88.62%和91.26%,40 mL/667 m2施药剂量下,分别由施药当天2 h的20.37 mg/kg和38.67 mg/kg减小到第21天的1.94 mg/kg和3.06 mg/kg,消解幅度为90.49%和92.09%。茶汤中氰戊菊酯含量(y)与成茶中氰戊菊酯含量(x)呈二项式函数关系,反式氰戊菊酯的函数关系为y=-0.0007x2 0.0242x,顺式氰戊菊酯的函数关系为y=-0.0002x2 0.0114x。按我国标准饮茶摄入的氰戊菊酯占每日允许摄入量的0.049%,足以达到保护人体健康水平的要求。而按欧盟的标准,饮茶摄入的氰戊菊酯占每日允许摄入量的0.0019%,即在10-5水平上,这样的风险水平已接近对非阈效应化学物质的风险控制水平(10-6)。     

鸭儿湖地区六氯环己烷的残留动态与长期归宿

在１９９０－１９９３年期间,研究了历史上曾被ＨＣＨ严重污染的鸭儿湖地区的水生态系统和陆生生态系统中ＨＣＨ的残留动态与时宿,获得了ＨＣＨ在各种不同环境条件下的残留动态方程与环境半衰期。结果表明：鸭儿湖底泥是ＨＣＨ长期残留的主要归宿。尽管ＨＣＨ已禁用十几年,目前该地区环境中ＨＣＨ的残留已降至亚ｎｇ／ｇ级水平,然而它在淡水食物链中仍然存在很高的生物积累。残留的ＨＣＨ在各种环境中的分布和转移均与该地区有机     

硫丹在茶叶中的残留动态与用药安全性评价

硫丹在茶叶中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,在茶叶中的残留量随着施用剂量的增加而增加。硫丹在乌龙茶中的消解速率显著低于绿茶,同一环境下,35％硫丹乳油500倍、1000倍、1500倍、2000倍液处理在乌龙茶和绿茶中的半衰期分别为2．15-2．84d和1．65-1．98d,药后7d残留量分别为4．21mg／kg-12．04mg／kg和2．81mg／kg～8．98mg／kg。同时,由于气候差异,同一浓度处理的残留量和半衰期不同地区间的差异也较大。不同茶区,无论乌龙茶或绿茶品种,药后7d,1000倍、1500倍、2000倍液处理的残留量均在10．0mg／kg以下,而500倍的个别超过10．0mg／kg,但在20．0mg／kg以下,所以,按欧盟最高限量30．0mg／kg标准计,目前茶园施用该药安全间隔期为7d是合理的。本分析方法采用微型层析柱法净化,具有操作时间短,试剂用量省、净化效果好的优点,最低检出量为0．0006ng,最小检出浓度为0．0064g／g,该技术指标完全满足残留分析的要求。     

氯氰菊酯在香蕉、土壤上的残留动态及安全性评价

采用气相色谱法及田间试验法研究氯氰菊酯在香蕉及蕉园土壤上的残留降解动态。结果表明,氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的原始沉积量较低,不同施药剂量有明显的差异。氯氰菊酯在香蕉及蕉园土壤上降解速度较缓慢,残留降解规律均符合一级动力学关系,在香蕉上两种施药剂量的降解速率相接近,半衰（T1/2）为12.1～12.8 d、降解99%需时（T0.99）为80.3～85.1 d;在蕉园土壤上T1/2、T0.99分别为8.0 d、52.9 d。在香蕉上距第2次施药后62～70 d最终产品残留量＜0.01 mg/kg。在福建蕉区氯氰菊酯按常规施药方法,间隔期7 d连续施用有效剂量56.25 g/hm2两次,施药安全间隔期可推荐为＞7 d,最终产品质量符合NY/T 750-2011规定的MRL要求。     

新疆石河子地区棉田土壤中地膜残留研究

以新疆石河子棉区作为研究对象,对连续20 a覆膜单作棉花、棉花-西红柿轮作和连续10 a单作棉花棉田的地膜残留状况进行了调查,研究结果显示石河子地区棉田地膜残留污染十分严重,土壤中平均残留量高达(300.65±49.32) kg·hm-2.土壤中残膜量与覆膜年限有关,覆膜年限越久,残留量越高.连续覆膜20 a和10 a棉田中地膜残留量分别为(307.9±35.84) kg·hm-2和(259.7±36.78) kg·hm-2,同时,种植模式对残膜量也存在一定的影响,连续20 a覆膜种植棉花-西红柿的土壤中残留量最高,达到(334.4±47.88) kg·hm-2,且层间分布均匀.3种种植模式下棉田土壤中残留地膜的片数都非常多,在1000～2000万片/ hm2之间,主要集中在0～10cm的表层土壤中.研究结果还显示大多数残膜面积较小,集中在1～25 cm2之间,小于25cm2的片数超过总片数的80%以上.     

磷酸酯酶与乙酰胆碱酯酶在棉铃虫对辛硫磷抗药性中的作用(英文)

利用人工选育的方法 ,获得了棉铃虫对辛硫磷的抗药性品系和相对敏感品系 ,其对辛硫磷的LD50分别为 1 1 .0 574μg/虫和 0 .9790 μg/虫。以生物测定与生化测定的方法 ,比较了两品系的差异。增效剂活体试验测定结果表明 ,磷酸三苯酯、增效磷对棉铃虫三龄幼虫均表现出一定的增效作用 ,但在两品系间的增效作用存在差异 ,对相对敏感品系的增效倍数分别为 2 .2 7倍、2 .1 3倍 ,对抗性品系的增效倍数分别为 6.93倍和 6.43倍。磷酸酯酶活性测定结果表明 ,抗性品系的酶活力分别是相对敏感品系的1 6.67倍 (碱性 )和 1 .89倍 (酸性 ) ,Km 和Vmax则分别为 0 .76倍、2 .64倍 (碱性 )和 1 .38倍、1 .78倍 (酸性 ) ;而羧酸酯酶的活性则差异不大。对靶标酶乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性测定表明 ,与相对敏感品系相比 ,抗性品系酶活性显著增强 ,并且对杀虫剂的亲和力降低 ,说明乙酰胆碱酯酶在棉铃虫对辛硫磷的抗药性中也有着重要的作用     

敌敌畏在3种豆类蔬菜及其土壤中残留降解研究

对敌敌畏在毛豆、豌豆、豇豆等豆类蔬菜及在豌豆田土壤中的残留降解动态进行田间测定。结果表明,80%敌敌畏乳油500~2000倍液施用1 d后的降解率均达93%以上;3 d后残留量≤0.02 mg/kg,降解率均达99%以上;5 d后未能检测到残留(检出限<0.005 mg/kg)。敌敌畏农药在豌豆田土壤中的降解规律符合一级动力学关系,半衰期(DT₅₀)为4.3 d。     

淡水小球藻分离培养及其对水体辛硫磷的降解功能研究

为了研究微藻对水体有机磷农药的降解和积累效果,从自然水体中富集纯化得到一株蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa),以该藻细胞为研究对象,以水产养殖中常用的有机磷杀虫剂辛硫磷为实验药物,通过高效液相色谱法研究了蛋白核小球藻对辛硫磷的富集和降解效果。结果显示,富集纯化藻细胞通过显微镜检与分子生物学检测鉴定为蛋白核小球藻,命名为MH-1。急毒性试验表明,辛硫磷浓度在高于2.0μg/mL时才会对MH-1生长产生显著抑制作用,表现在叶绿素含量与生物量显著下降。在2.0μg/mL及以下浓度辛硫磷存在的水体中,MH-1具有降解辛硫磷的功能,在0.2μg/mL和2.0μg/mL浓度组中,5 d内的辛硫磷净降解率分别为49.66%和39.61%,日平均降解速率分别为0.02μg/mL和0.38μg/mL。MH-1对辛硫磷也有一定的富集能力,72 h内MH-1对辛硫磷的富集呈现先升高后降低的趋势,120 h时MH-1对0.2μg/mL和2.0μg/mL的辛硫磷富集量分别为0.16 mg/g FW(Fresh weight, FW)和0.25 mg/g FW。结果表明,MH-1对辛硫磷具...     

柚类种质资源研究与保护概况

结合近年来对柚类种质资源的研究工作及资料,对柚类种质资源的生物生态学特征、生产利用、起源演化、遗传相互关系及遗传多样性、分类鉴定、资源保护等方面作了简单介绍,以明确进一步研究的方向与重点.     

柚类种质资源分类鉴定初步研究

结合柚的形态与生理生化指标进行主成分分析,对柚的传统分类进行了综合评价,证明传统分类的内在合理性;参照RAPD分子标记研究结果,将传统分类与分子系统分类相对照,对柚类种质资源的分类鉴定进行了初步讨论与分析,可以看出,将传统分类方法与分子标记技术结合起来,更能科学有效地分类鉴定柚类种质,指导生产实践.     

Phoxim and manure enhanced the population rebound and preservation of Metarhizium anisopliae applied in soil

We investigated the population dynamics of Metarhizium anisopliae during peanut growth and the effect of phoxim and manure on population dynamics. The applied population of M. anisopliae initially decreased rapidly, then slowly, and finally stabilised or revived. The 50% decline in the original three rates of treatment appeared at 41.8–57.6 days; however, the populations decreased towards similar levels at harvest time. Phoxim clearly inhibited the fungal growth and conidiation on the medium. Germination was reduced by half or was completely absent when conidia were inoculated on media containing 25 or 100 ppm phoxim. The colony number decreased by 20–65%, and the colonies grew more slowly, conidiated less and faded in colour on media containing 25–200 ppm phoxim. However, normal growth and enhanced conidiation were restored when they were subsequently subcultured on normal media. Adding phoxim or manure to the fungal treatment in potting soil caused the population to decrease faster within the first 16 days but rebound and level off after 30 days. In the field, the M. anisopliae populations at peanut harvest dropped to approximately 10% of their initial levels, regardless of whether the fungus was applied alone or with phoxim or manure. We speculated that low concentrations of phoxim might stimulate M. anisopliae sporulation and proliferation, and that manure might increase space and nutrient competition between soil microbes and increase M. anisopliae proliferation.     

菠萝渣纤维素降解菌的筛选及鉴定

为了加快菠萝渣快速发酵,通过利用多种选择性培养基,从自然发酵的菠萝渣中分离到多种纤维素分解菌,经过初筛和复筛,获得了降解菠萝渣纤维素的菌株c3b1-3,其最适合的培养基为蛋白纤维素培养基;通过形态、生理生化特征和分子综合鉴定得出c3b1-3为金黄杆菌属（Chryseobacterium sp.）。     

Adsorption and Degradation of Metolachlor and Metribuzin in a No-Till System Under Three Winter Crop Covers

The objective of this study was to quantify adsorption and degradation of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1 -methylethyl) acetamide] and metribizun [4-amino-6-(1,1 -dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-trazine-5(4H)-one] in a soil planted to winter covers clover (Trifolium sp.), vetch (Vicia villosa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Surface soil samples (0 to 5?cm) from Memphis silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalf) were collected and equilibrated with herbicide at initial concentrations ranging from 0 to 20?mg L^?1 that were then applied for a batch experiment. Soils were treated either with a single herbicide or a mixture of the two herbicides. For the degradation experiments, herbicides at a concentration of 10?mg kg^?1 soil were applied and incubated for 21?d at ～23°C. Metolachlor and metribuzin adsorptions were described by the Freundlich isotherm. Average Freundlich distribution coefficient (K_f) for metolachlor was significantly higher (p≥0.05) than that of metribuzin in soils under the three crop covers irrespective of method of application. The K_f for metolachlor ranged from 18.38 to 11.18?L kg^?1, and K_f for metribuzin ranged from 1.80 to 0.93?L kg^?1. Average normalized distribution coefficient (K_oc) for metolachlor was significantly higher (p≥0.05) than average K_oc for metribuzin irrespective of crop cover. After 21 days of incubation, average half-life of metolachlor across soil under the three crop covers was significantly higher than the average half-life of metribuzin (p≥0.05). Half-life values ranged from 20.6 to 24.9 days for metolachlor, and 4.4 to 12.4 days for metribuzin. In soils treated with metribuzin, the half-life was highest for soil under wheat and lowest for soil under clover (p≥0.05).     

中药渣降解特性及养分资源循环利用研究

中药渣是药效成分在提取加工过程中产生的中药废弃物，若作为一种新的资源应用于其他领域，不仅能充分利用其中残留的有效成分，还能解决传统药渣处理方式造成的环境污染问题。本文围绕不同种类药渣的降解特性，综述其养分资源的综合利用途径，探讨药渣处理过程中存在的问题及理论可行的处理方法，从而为中药废弃物资源化利用提供参考，为中医药事业的可持续发展提供新的思路。     

氰化物在土壤中的自然降解模拟实验

通过对3种含不同氰化物浓度的粘黄土泥样的测定,探索氰化物在粘土中的降解规律。结果表明：粘黄土对氰化物（CN^-）有较强的吸附与净化作用;CN^-浓度随时间的变化符合一级动力学模式;制备土样中CN^-的初始浓度高降解慢,初始浓度低降解快。     

Degradation of Metolachlor in Tobacco Field Soil

The extensive use of metolachlor to control weeds in tobacco fields in China has aroused concern about its environmental fate. The aim of this study was to investigate the degradation and residue fate of metolachlor in tobacco field soil (silt loam) under laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory experiments, metolachlor in bulk soil exhibited fast degradation in a temperature range from 10 to 35°C and a soil moisture level of 20–80%, with half-lives (T_1/2) from 66.7 to 28.8 days. The degradation rate of metolachlor decreased as the application dose increased. Owing to higher microbial populations and enzymatic activities, metolachlor rapidly dissipated in rhizosphere soil as compared to bulk soil. Field persistence of metolachlor was evaluated in the same soil during the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum K326) growing season in 2012 and 2013. The dissipation of metolachlor followed the first-order kinetics and its T_1/2 values were 11.7–13.5 days in soil and 9.0–9.6 days in green tobacco leaves, respectively. At harvest time, the residual levels of metolachlor in soil and green tobacco leaves were in the range of 0.626–1.623 and 0.083-0.481 mg kg^?1, respectively. These findings might have practical implications for the fate of metolachlor residue in tobacco fields. Environmental factors, especially temperature and moisture, should be considered in combination with the appropriate application dose of metolachlor for achieving satisfactory weed-control efficacy, reducing runoff, and minimizing effects on environmental quality.