生物法合成丙烯酸的研究进展

丙烯酸是一种重要的化工原料,被广泛应用于涂料、超吸附材料等领域。目前丙烯酸的获得主要通过丙烯氧化,但由于石油资源日渐枯竭以及生产过程造成的环境问题,利用生物质资源生产丙烯酸已成为研究热点。介绍了丙烯酸的性质及其在工业上的应用,并详细综述了生物法制备丙烯酸的研究进展。根据丙烯酸生产中是否应用传统的化工过程,将其分为半生物合成和全生物合成。半生物法主要包括乳酸化学法脱水以及丙烯腈、丙烯酰胺的生物转化;全生物法主要包括乳酸生物法脱水、3-羟基丙酸途径、糖直接发酵法以及DMSP(二甲基巯基丙酸内盐)途径。由于乳酸发酵的工艺成熟、原料易得,因此对乳酸脱水进行了重点介绍,其中生物法脱水符合可持续发展的要求,对其进行了详细介绍。同时还分析了各种方法的优缺点,探讨了利用生物质资源生产丙烯酸的研究趋势。     

羧基化聚丙烯酸酯接枝邻甲酚环氧丙烯酸树脂的合成

采用JF-220环氧树脂和丙烯酸反应合成邻甲酚环氧丙烯酸树脂(JFA),再将其和羧基化聚丙烯酸酯进一步反应制备羧基化聚丙烯酸酯接枝邻甲酚环氧丙烯酸树脂(CAJFA)。研究了催化剂、阻聚剂和反应温度对合成反应的影响,确定了每步反应的最佳合成条件,并且对JF-220树脂、JFA树脂和CAJFA树脂的结构进行了IR表征。     

生物基乳酸生物转化研究进展

乳酸的发酵生产技术已取得了长足的进步,作为一种重要生物基化学品,乳酸除了可用于食品工业及生产聚乳酸外,亦可作为一种重要的平台化合物,用于生产丙烯酸、丙酮酸、1,2-丙二醇、乳酸酯等。文中重点综述了以生物基乳酸为原料经脱水、脱氢、还原及酯化反应生产乳酸衍生物的生物转化工艺,对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

共生乳酸乳球菌加速黑腹果蝇发育（英文）

为了从果蝇肠道内分离乳酸乳球菌,并研究它对宿主发育历期的影响,用MRS培养基从果蝇肠道内分离细菌,并经16S rRNA基因序列比对确定菌种;随后,检测果蝇的发育历期和生长速率。其中,免疫荧光染色和实时定量PCR分别用于检测肠道细胞增殖和促胸腺激素与胰岛素通路的激活;葡萄糖氧化酶法用于检测葡萄糖浓度。结果显示,从果蝇体内分离到一株乳酸乳球菌,该菌可以在果蝇肠道内有效定植,并通过生长速率促进果蝇的发育历期。在细胞水平上,乳酸乳球菌相关果蝇肠道内有丝分裂细胞约是无菌果蝇的6倍。在分子水平上,乳酸乳球菌激活荷尔蒙和胰岛素信号以刺激机体全身性增长。综上所述,乳酸乳球菌是果蝇的共生菌,可以通过荷尔蒙和胰岛素信号刺激果蝇的生长和发育。     

脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）的制备

在实验生物学的研究中,DNA的制备已 成为一种常用的方法。根据实验材料和研究目 的不同,所用的制备方法也不同。本文主要介 绍质粒DNA和其它（动物组织、细菌）DNA 常用的制备方法。     

木质纤维基L-乳酸生物制造的技术经济分析

L-乳酸因对人体安全无毒,应用领域广泛。为提高L-乳酸的产量、得率,降低其生产成本,选用制备L-乳酸的理想菌种米根霉,以低聚木糖生产废渣为底物,探究基于木质纤维原料生物转化L-乳酸的最佳工艺路线。采用纤维床生物反应器固定化米根霉进行同步糖化发酵,有利于解决低聚木糖工业加工中的大量废渣再利用问题,实现米根霉利用木质纤维原料低成本、高得率制备L-乳酸。在固定化米根霉发酵的基础上,从原料低聚木糖生产废渣到成品L-乳酸全工艺过程,利用Super Pro Designer进行评估核算,探讨其工业化可行性和经济效益,年产5.0万t L-乳酸的项目建设投资回收期为3.24年。     

乳链菌肽（Nisin）的研究进展

Nisin亦称乳链菌肽或乳酸链球菌素 ,源于 N群链球菌抑菌物质 (Group N Inhibitory Substance.Mattick,Hirsch1947) ,它是由一些乳酸链球菌产生的一种小分子多肽抗菌物质或细菌素。Nisin的作用范围相对较窄 ,它仅对大多数革兰阳性菌起抑制作用 ,如葡萄球菌、链球菌、乳球菌、微球菌、单核细胞增生利斯特菌、分枝杆菌、棒状杆菌等 ,并能抑制芽胞杆菌属或梭状芽胞杆菌属胞子的形成 ,但对真菌或革兰阴性菌没有作用 [1～ 4] 。最近研究表明 Nisin与某种物质连接 ,如EDTA二钠以及一些因素的协同下如降低作用时的温度、增加作用时的压力等 [5…     

基于酶电极的乳酸检测生物传感器

乳酸(C₃H₆O₃),又名2-羟基丙酸、丙醇酸,属于羟基酸的一种。乳酸在食品工业、临床医学、生物技术等行业具有极其重要的意义,因此如何高通量检测不同样品中的乳酸成为目前业界研究的重点。传统乳酸检测方法操作繁琐、费时费力或需要昂贵的检测设备,乳酸生物传感器可以克服这些限制,不需要样品制备,能够快速、简便、可靠地定量测定食品或血浆中的乳酸,具有广阔的应用前景。乳酸酶电极生物传感器主要有两种类型——基于L-乳酸氧化酶(L-LOD)和L-乳酸脱氢酶(L-LDH)的乳酸生物传感器。本文综述了L-LOD和L-LDH结构特征、来源及催化机理,讨论了改善基于酶电极的乳酸传感器性能的3种策略(电极材料改造策略、酶固定化策略、酶分子工程改造策略),还根据用于制造乳酸生物传感器的不同载体包括膜、透明凝胶基质、水凝胶载体、纳米颗粒等对乳酸生物传感器进行了归类分析,最后本文将目前商品化应用的酶电极乳酸生物传感器特点进行了对比总结讨论,阐述了乳酸生物传感器的未来应用方向,并对未来发展前景进行了展望。     

响应面试验优化红枣乳酸发酵饮料工艺

为获得红枣乳酸发酵饮料的最佳工艺条件,以乳酸发酵饮料中的总酸含量为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,应用Box Behnken试验设计和响应面分析法对红枣乳酸发酵工艺进行优化,并对乳酸发酵前后的活性物质含量进行了比较。结果表明：各因素对红枣乳酸发酵饮料中总酸含量的影响大小依次为接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间,最佳工艺条件为发酵温度43℃、发酵时间24h、接种量10%,在此条件下,活性成分得到了很好地保留,制备得到的红枣乳酸发酵饮料中的总酸含量可达0.897g/100g,得到的回归模型对试验拟合较好。     

马铃薯淀粉同步糖化发酵制备L-乳酸条件的统计学优化

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,采用同步糖化发酵方法制备乳酸。通过Plackett-Burman实验设计对影响乳酸产量的7个因子进行筛选,结果表明淀粉质量浓度、糖化酶用量和发酵温度3个因素对乳酸产量影响显著。利用最陡爬坡试验逼近最大响应区,采用中心复合实验设计及响应面分析法进行回归分析,建立影响乳酸产量的二次模型。模型求解得出最优淀粉质量浓度为271.89g/L,糖化酶用量为265.09U/g,发酵温度为39.05℃,最大理论乳酸产量为196.99g/L。3批验证实验结果平均值与预测值接近,表明该模型与实际情况拟合良好,实际最大乳酸产量为193.6g/L,较优化前提高了13.9%,L-乳酸的平均纯度达到95.2%。     

Biotechnological routes based on lactic acid production from biomass

Lactic acid, the most important hydroxycarboxylic acid, is now commercially produced by the fermentation of sugars present in biomass. In addition to its use in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, lactic acid can be regarded as a feedstock for the green chemistry of the future. Different potentially useful chemicals such as pyruvic acid, acrylic acid, 1,2-propanediol, and lactate ester can be produced from lactic acid via chemical and biotechnological routes. Here, we reviewed the current status of the production of potentially valuable chemicals from lactic acid via biotechnological routes. Although some of the reactions described in this review article are still not applicable at current stage, due to their “greener” properties, biotechnological processes for the production of lactic acid derivatives might replace the chemical routes in the future.     

Michael addition of imidazole with acrylates catalyzed by alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis in organic media

A new activity of alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis for Michael addition reactions of imidazole, 4-nitro-1H-imidazole and 2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole with acrylates and acrylic acid was investigated. The reactions were carried out in pyridine at 50 degrees C for 72 h. Five N-substituted imidazole derivatives were obtained using acrylate esters, but not acrylic acid, in yields from 62% to 76%.     

Detection of acrylic acid formation in Megasphaera elsdenii in the presence of 3-butynoic acid

Summary The formation of acrylic acid from lactic acid in the anaerobic rumen bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii was detected in the presence of 3-butynoic acid. While the major end products of lactic acid fermentation in the absence of the inhibitor were propionate, acetate, valerate, and butyrate, the presence of 3-butynoic acid led to the production of propionate, acetate, acrylate, and butyrate. An improvement in the chemical synthesis and purification of 3-butynoic acid was developed.     

微生物法生产丙烯酸的研究进展

目前,丙烯酸工业生产都是利用石油产品丙烯氧化得到,石油的不可再生性迫使人们寻找新的替代方法,利用微生物来生产丙烯酸是个有希望的选择。该文回顾了近期利用微生物法生产丙烯酸的研究和进展,介绍了利用不同原料生产丙烯酸的方法,并对微生物法生产丙烯酸的可行性进行了展望。     

电渗析发酵法生产乳酸的研究

在乳酸发酵过程中,所生成的乳酸对进一步发酵有抑制作用。采用电渗析法从发酵液中及时地分离出产物乳酸,使乳酸的生产量提高到86.4g/L,是不控制pH值发酵时的4倍多。结果表明:电渗析法能有效地消除产物乳酸的抑制作用,提高了乳酸生产率,且简化了提取工艺。     

Novel Method of Lactic Acid Production by Electrodialysis Fermentation

In lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus delbrueckii, the produced lactic acid affected the lactic acid productivity. Therefore, for the purpose of alleviating this inhibitory effect, an electrodialysis fermentation method which can continuously remove produced lactic acid from the fermentation broth was applied to this fermentation process. As a result, the continuation of fermentation activity was obtained, and the productivity was three times higher than in non-pH-controlled fermentation. In electrodialysis fermentation, the amount of produced lactic acid was 82.2 g/liter, which was about 5.5 times greater than that produced in non-pH-controlled fermentation. It was concluded that these good results were obtained on account of alleviating the lactic acid inhibitory effect by electrodialysis fermentation. However, the fouling of anion-exchange membranes by cells was observed in electrodialysis fermentation.     

Direct conversion of starch to L(+) lactic acid by amylase producing Lactobacillus amylophilus GV6

Lactobacillus amylophilus strain GV6, isolated from corn starch processing industrial wastes, was amylolytic and produced 0.96?g L(+) lactic acid per gram of soluble starch. The optimum temperature and pH for growth and L(+) lactic acid production were 37?°C and 6.5, respectively. At low substrate concentrations, the lactic acid production on corn starch was almost similar to soluble starch. The strain is fermenting various naturally available starches directly to lactic acid. The total amylase activity of the strain is 0.59?U/ml/min. The strain produced 49 and 76.2?g/l L(+) lactic acid from 60?g/l corn starch and 90?g/l soluble starch, respectively. This is the highest L(+) lactic acid among the wild strains of L. amylophilus reported so far.     

Production of lactic acid by direct fermentation of starchy wastes by an amylase-producing Lactobacillus

Lactobacillus cellobiosus, isolated from city wastes, produced an extracellular alpha-amylase and produced lactic acid by direct fermentation of waste potato mash. Using a 5% (w/v) potato mash with 3% (w/v) CaCO to neutralise the lactic acid produced, 50% conversion of starch to lactic acid occurred in 48 h without any other media supplement.