Nitrogen fertilizer rate and crop management effects on nitrate leaching from an agricultural field in central Pennsylvania

Eighteen pan lysimeters were installed at a depth of 1.2 m in a Hagerstown silt loam soil in a corn field in central Pennsylvania in 1988. In 1995, wick lysimeters were also installed at 1.2 m depth in the same access pits. Treatments have included N fertilizer rates, use of manure, crop rotation (continuous corn, corn-soybean, alfalfa-corn), and tillage (chisel plow-disk, no-till). The leachate data were used to evaluate a number of nitrate leaching models. Some of the highlights of the 11 years of results include the following: 1) growing corn without organic N inputs at the economic optimum N rate (EON) resulted in NO3--N concentrations of 15 to 20 mg l(-1) in leachate; 2) use of manure or previous alfalfa crop as partial source of N also resulted in 15 to 20 mg l(-1) of NO3--N in leachate below corn at EON; 3) NO3--N concentration in leachate below alfalfa was approximately 4 mg l(-1); 4) NO3--N concentration in leachate below soybeans following corn was influenced by fertilizer N rate applied to corn; 5) the mass of NO3--N leached below corn at the EON rate averaged 90 kg N ha(-1) (approx. 40% of fertilizer N applied at EON); 6) wick lysimeters collected approximately 100% of leachate vs. 40-50% collected by pan lysimeters. Coefficients of variation of the collected leachate volumes for both lysimeter types were similar; 7) tillage did not markedly affect nitrate leaching losses; 8) tested leaching models could accurately predict leachate volumes and could be calibrated to match nitrate leaching losses in calibration years, but only one model (SOILN) accurately predicted nitrate leaching losses in the majority of validation treatment years. Apparent problems with tested models: there was difficulty estimating sizes of organic N pools and their transformation rates, and the models either did not include a macropore flow component or did not handle macropore flow well.     

Denitrification capacity of a landfilled refuse in response to the variations of COD/NO3--N in the injected leachate

Effects of different chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrate concentration ratios in the injected leachate on the denitrification capacity of landfilled municipal solid waste were evaluated. Results showed that the 6-year-old refuse possessed high denitrification capacity. The nitrate reduction rate increased with the increasing COD concentration in the injected leachate. When the initial COD concentration increased to 6500 mg l(-1), nitrate reduction rate could reach up to 6.85 mg NO3--N l(-1) h(-1). At the initial biodegradable COD/NO3--N ratio lower than the stoichiometric ratio of heterotrophic denitrification, autotrophic bacteria was the dominant microbial communities for denitrification. With the increase of COD/NO3--N ratio, the primary functional denitrifier would shift from autotrophic Thiobacillus denitrificans to heterotrophic Azoarcus tolulyticus. These results suggested that the initial biodegradable COD/NO3--N ratio in the injected leachate should be adjusted to higher than 6.0 for rapid in situ denitrification of 500 mg NO3--Nl(-1).     

Water table management reduces tile nitrate loss in continuous corn and in a soybean-corn rotation

Water table management systems can be designed to alleviate soil water excesses and deficits, as well as reduce nitrate leaching losses in tile discharge. With this in mind, a standard tile drainage (DR) system was compared over 8 years (1991 to 1999) to a controlled tile drainage/subirrigation (CDS) system on a low-slope (0.05 to 0.1%) Brookston clay loam soil (Typic Argiaquoll) in southwestern Ontario, Canada. In the CDS system, tile discharge was controlled to prevent excessive drainage, and water was pumped back up the tile lines (subirrigation) to replenish the crop root zone during water deficit periods. In the first phase of the study (1991 to 1994), continuous corn (Zea mays, L.) was grown with annual nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs as per local soil test recommendations. In the second phase (1995 to 1999), a soybean (Glycine max L., Merr.)-corn rotation was used with N fertilizer added only during the two corn years. In Phase 1 when continuous corn was grown, CDS reduced total tile discharge by 26% and total nitrate loss in tile discharge by 55%, compared to DR. In addition, the 4-year flow weighted mean (FWM) nitrate concentration in tile discharge exceeded the Canadian drinking water guideline (10 mg N l(-1)) under DR (11.4 mg N l(-1)), but not under CDS (7.0 mg N l(-1)). In Phase 2 during the soybean-corn rotation, CDS reduced total tile discharge by 38% and total nitrate loss in tile discharge by 66%, relative to DR. The 4-year FWM nitrate concentration during Phase 2 in tile discharge was below the drinking water guideline for both DR (7.3 mg N l(-1)) and CDS (4.0 mg N l(-1)). During both phases of the experiment, the CDS treatment caused only minor increases in nitrate loss in surface runoff relative to DR. Hence CDS decreased FWM nitrate concentrations, total drainage water loss, and total nitrate loss in tile discharge relative to DR. In addition, soybean-corn rotation reduced FWM nitrate concentrations and total nitrate loss in tile discharge relative to continuous corn. CDS and crop rotations with reduced N fertilizer inputs can thus improve the quality of tile discharge water substantially.     

畜禽粪便堆肥过程中各种氮化合物的动态变化及腐熟度评价指标

对不同畜禽粪便在堆肥过程中各种含氮化合物的动态变化进行了研究,结合综合性腐熟度评价指标——种子发芽指数（GI）,探讨了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中与氮有关的腐熟度评价指标.结果表明：随着堆肥的进行,除奶牛粪外,其它畜禽粪便的全氮（TN）含量均呈先下降而后平稳变化趋势,奶牛粪则呈先增加而后平稳变化趋势;各种畜禽粪便中,碱解性氮（HN）含量先增后降;NH₄⁺-N含量先下降而后保持平稳;NO₃^- -N含量则持续增加;NH₄⁺ -N/NO₃^- -N迅速降低.堆肥腐熟度指标中,除综合性评价指标GI值外,HN/TN和NH₄⁺ -N/TN也可作为评价畜禽粪便腐熟程度的优选指标,而NO₃^- -N/TN只能作为一般性评价指标.根据综合性评价指标GI值达到腐熟要求的标准（GI>0.50）,除仔猪粪外,其它畜禽粪便在HN/TN<20.77％、NH₄⁺ -N/TN<10.06％及NO₃^- -N/TN>0.38％时基本达到腐熟要求.     

The potential of NO3--N utilization by a woody shrub species Lindera triloba: a cultivation test to estimate the saturation point of soil NO3--N for plants

Responses of seedlings of a shrub species, Lindera triloba, grown in perlite culture medium, to nitrate (NO3--N) supply were investigated to estimate the saturating point of available NO3--N for plant utilization. NO3--N concentration and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in leaves and roots were used as indicators of NO3--N uptake and assimilation by L. triloba. Root NRA increased with NO3--N supply when concentrations were low and reached a plateau at high NO3--N concentrations. On the other hand, root NO3--N concentration increased linearly with NO3--N supply; therefore, it is suggested that NO3--N uptake did not limit NO3--N assimilation by L. triloba. In contrast, leaf NRA and leaf NO3--N concentration were low and were not influenced by NO3--N supply. This may be caused by the lack of transport of NO3--N from roots to leaves. The NO3--N retained in perlite was compared with NO3--N pool sizes in soils from a forest where L. triloba occurs naturally to estimate the level of NO3--N availability to plants in the forest soil. The maximum NO3--N pool size in the forest soil was comparable to concentrations at which root NRA reached a plateau in perlite cultures. These results indicate that soil NO3--N availability is below the saturation point for NO3--N uptake by L. triloba, and it is the limiting factor of NO3--N utilization by L. triloba under field conditions in which this species naturally occurs.     

一株海洋好氧反硝化细菌的鉴定及其好氧反硝化特性

【目的】从处理海洋养殖循环水的生物滤器生物膜中分离到1株具有好氧反硝化活性的细菌(菌株2-8),并进一步研究了该菌的分类地位及反硝化特性。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行初步鉴定,采用好氧培养技术,探讨了碳源种类、起始pH、NaCl浓度、C/N、温度和摇床转速对菌株2-8好氧反硝化活性的影响。【结果】该菌株的16S rRNA基因序列与Pseudomonas segetis FR1439T(AY770691)的相似性最高,达到99.9%,因此初步鉴定菌株2-8属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.2-8)。碳源类型和C/N对其好氧反硝化作用的影响最为显著,以柠檬酸钠为唯一碳源,C/N为15时脱氮效率最高,低C/N导致亚硝酸盐的积累;其好氧反硝化的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.5;菌株2-8在摇床转速为160r/min下脱氮效果最好;NaCl浓度对其反硝化活性的影响不明显。【结论】在初始硝酸氮浓度为140mg/L,以柠檬酸钠为唯一碳源、C/N为15、pH为7.5、NaCl浓度为30g/L,30℃以及160r/min摇床培养的条件下,菌株2-8在48h内脱氮率可达92%且无亚硝酸盐积累。     

不同氮形态对AM真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

以Long-Ashton培养基为基础,采用NH4+-N、NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N 3种氮源,研究了不同氮形态对AM真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,孢子的萌发速度在NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N培养基上先快后慢,而NH4+-N培养基上先慢后快,但最终三者的萌发率没有差异,均达到50%左右;菌丝生长对3种氮形态的反应存在显著差异,NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N培养基上的菌丝生长速率和长度大于NH4+-N培养基上的相应值。本试验表明,与NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N 相比,NH4+-N虽然没有降低AM真菌孢子的萌发率,但是能够抑制萌发菌丝的生长。     

农田利用方式和冬灌对沙地农田土壤硝态氮积累的影响

研究了不同农田利用方式和冬灌对黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）积累的影响.结果表明：不同农田利用方式0～300 cm土层NO₃^--N含量平均值介于1.27～83.60 mg·kg^-1;受土壤结构、施肥及灌溉的影响,NO₃^--N含量在0～40 cm和135～300 cm土层含量较高,40～135 cm土层含量较低;不同农田利用方式下的土壤剖面NO₃^--N含量差异极为明显,大棚蔬菜地各土层NO₃^--N含量均显著高于其他农田利用类型,土壤NO₃^--N累积量表现为大棚蔬菜地>番茄地>棉花地>制种玉米连作田>小麦-玉米轮作田>小麦/玉米间作田>苜蓿地>枣树园;大棚蔬菜地0～300 cm土层土壤剖面NO₃^--N累积量高达2171.45 kg·hm^-2,对地下水污染的威胁较为严重,番茄地和棉花地土壤剖面NO₃^--N累积量次之,粮田、苜蓿地和枣树园土壤剖面NO₃^--N累积量较小,但其污染潜力仍不容忽视.冬灌前后NO₃^--N含量随土壤层次表现出不同的变化规律,0～80 cm土层冬灌后NO₃^--N含量低于冬灌前,并且随灌溉量的增加NO₃^--N含量呈明显降低趋势;80～300 cm土层基本表现为冬灌后NO₃^--N含量高于冬灌前,且随灌溉量的增加NO₃^--N含量呈增加趋势;冬灌前后0～80 cm土层土壤剖面NO₃^--N的损失量基本为正值,80～300 cm土层基本为负值,并且随灌水量的增加表层土壤NO₃^--N损失量增大,表明冬灌是造成土壤累积的NO₃^--N向深层淋溶的主要原因.从减少淋溶和地下水污染的角度考虑,需要合理地调整土地利用方式,适当减少高NO₃^--N积累作物的种植,并确定合理的冬灌方式和灌水量.     

Inorganic and organic losses of nitrogen from upland regions of Britain: concentrations and fluxes

The nitrogen (N) composition of streams draining eight upland regions of Britain was compared using monthly samples collected between April 1997 and April 1998. Stream samples were analysed for total N (TN), particulate N (PN), nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Concentrations of TN were small, generally less than 1.5 mg N l(-1), were dominated by dissolved forms of N, and varied significantly between regions. NO3 accounted for the majority of variability. Concentrations of DON also varied between regions but to a smaller extent than those of NO3. There were considerable variations in TN fluxes between upland regions, which ranged between 3.8 and 16.1 kg N ha(-1) year(-1). The majority of the variation was due to NO3 fluxes, which were largest in regions receiving largest inputs of atmospheric N deposition and ranged between 1.4 and 13.5 kg N ha(-1) year(-1). Fluxes of DON ranged between 1 and 3.5 kg N ha(-1) year( -1), while fluxes of PN were generally less than 0.5 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) , and NH4 fluxes ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 kg N ha(-1) year(-1). NO3 was the dominant fraction (47-84%) of N exported from all upland regions except the Highlands, where DON accounted for 52% of the TN flux. This study has shown that the DON fraction is an important component of the total N transported by upland streams in Britain.     

施用坡缕石对黄绵土中尿素氮的挥发和淋溶损失的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用吸收法和土柱淋溶法研究了施用坡缕石对黄绵土中尿素氮的挥发和淋溶的影响.结果表明：施用坡缕石+尿素处理能降低尿素氨挥发高峰期的挥发速率,比单施尿素处理的氨挥发损失减少了13.6%～15.0%.坡缕石施用量为0.3和0.6 g·kg^-1时,降低了NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋溶速率,无机氮淋溶损失比单施尿素处理分别减少13.7%和13.6%;而坡缕石施用量为0.9 g·kg^-1时,加快了NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋溶速率,无机氮淋溶损失比单施尿素处理增加了6.1%.施用低量（0.3 g·kg^-1）坡缕石+尿素处理土壤的NH₄⁺-N含量比单施尿素处理提高了0.20 mg·kg^-1,而施用高量（0.9 g·kg^-1）坡缕石+尿素处理土壤的NH₄⁺-N含量比单施尿素处理降低了0.42 mg·kg^-1;施用坡缕石+尿素处理土壤的NO₃^--N含量比单施尿素处理增加1.24～2.52 mg·kg^-1.表明施用坡缕石能减少土壤中尿素氨的挥发损失,在一定用量范围内能降低NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋失,提高土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量.     

Effects of ammonia nitrogen of H2 and CH4 production during anaerobic digestion of dairy cattle manure

A number of researchers have verified the inhibitory effects of elevated H2 concentrations on various anaerobic fermentation processes. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential for using hydrogen gas production to predict upsets in anaerobic digesters operating on dairy cattle manure. In an ammonia nitrogen overload experiment, urea was added to the experimental digesters to obtain increased ammonia concentrations (600, 1,500, or 3,000 mg N/l). An increase in urea concentration resulted in an initial cessation of H2 production followed by an increase in H2 formation. Additions of 600, 1,500, or 3,000 mg N/l initially resulted in the reduction of biogas H2 concentrations. After 24 h, the H2 concentration increased in the 600 and 1,500 mg N/l digesters, but production remained inhibited in the 3,000 mg N/l digesters. Both methane and total biogas production decreased following urea addition. Volatile solids reduction also decreased during these periods. The digester effluent pH and alkalinity increased due to the increased NH4 formed with added urea. Based on these results, changes in H2 concentration could be a useful parameter for monitoring changes due to increased NH3 in dairy cattle manure anaerobic digesters.     

The nitrogen and nitrate economy of butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa var capitata L)

Quantifying and simulating the relationships between crop growth, total-nitrogen (total-N) and nitrate-N (NO3--N) concentration can improve crop nutritional husbandry. In this study, the relationship between shoot relative growth rate (RGR) and shoot total-N, organic-N and NO3--N concentration of hydroponically-grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L. cv. Kennedy) was described and simulated. Plants were grown hydroponically for up to 74 d. Nitrogen was supplied throughout (control; T1), or removed at 35 d (T2) and 54 d (T3), respectively, after sowing. The organic-N and NO3--N concentration declined in the shoots of control plants with growth, until commercial maturity approached when organic-N and NO3--N concentration increased. There were sub-linear relationships between both total-N and organic-N concentration, and shoot RGR, in the N-limited treatments, i.e. shoot RGR approached an asymptote at high shoot N concentration. The proportional effects of total-N and organic-N concentration on shoot RGR were independent of plant age. A dynamic simulation model ('Nicolet'), derived previously under different conditions, was used to simulate the growth, dry matter content, organic-N, and NO3--N concentration of lettuce grown under the extreme N-stress conditions experienced by the plants. In view of the largely successful fitting of the model to experimental data, the model was used to interpret the results. Suggestions for model improvement are made.     

Removal of nitrogen from industrial wastewaters by three-step nitrification and denitrification.

The removal of nitrogen from industrial wastewaters carrying about 1,000 mg NH4-N and urea-N/l was investigated on a laboratory scale. The use of a three-step nitryfying activated sludge with adjustment of pH from step to step resulted in 99% oxidation of both forms of nitrogen to nitrites. The efficiency of nitrification was 18 mg N/l/h. Total time of wastewater aeration depended on nitrogen concentration and was 33-54 hours. Complete dentrification of NO2-N was obtained in packed-bed reactor with the use of acetic acid as a carbon source. Efficiency of denitrification was 361 mg N/l/h.     

氮素形态对树木养分吸收和生长的影响

由于NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N形态的差异,二者对树木养分吸收和生长发育的影响不同,树木常表现出对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的选择性吸收,树种对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N吸收的偏好特性可能与生长地的土壤pH有关,来自于酸性土壤的树种通常具有喜NHON的特性,而来自于中性或碱性土壤的树种常表现出喜NO₃^--N的趋势,由于NH₄⁺-N和NO3^--N所带电荷的差异,通常NH₄⁺-N有利于阴离子的吸收,而NO3^--N则促进阳离子的吸收,在有些情况下,NH₄⁺-N会抑制NO₃^--N的吸收,但抑制的机制目前还不清楚,树木吸收NH₄⁺-N时,引起根际pH下降,相反吸收NO₃^--N时根际pH升高,根际pH变化可以改变土壤养分的有效性,并影响树木对养分的吸收利用,树木对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的生长反应不同,有些喜NH₄⁺-N的针叶树在供应NH₄⁺-N时生长较好,多数植物在同时供应NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N时生长量最大,有些树种在同时供应NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N时也表现出最高的生长,但对于树木类似的研究还少,这一现象对于树木是否具有普遍性还需要大量试验证明。     

施加秸秆和蚯蚓活动对麦田N2O排放的影响

蚯蚓是农田生态系统的重要组成部分,对土壤的碳氮循环和N2O排放起着重要作用。为了研究接种蚯蚓（威廉腔环蚓,Metaphire guillelmi）对农田土壤特性及N2O排放通量的影响,分析蚯蚓在土壤N2O排放中的作用,于2007-2008年冬小麦生长季采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对施用秸秆（表施和混施）并接种蚯蚓后土壤N2O排放通量的变化进行了监测,结果显示接种蚯蚓增加了土壤N2O的排放量。在秸秆表施的情况下,接种蚯蚓处理N2O的排放量最大,全生育期达14.26 kg?hm-2,显著高于未接种蚯蚓处理11.59 kg?hm-2（p<0.05）。在秸秆混施时,接种蚯蚓与未接种蚯蚓的两个处理间N2O排放量在栽培后期差异不显著。接种蚯蚓处理土壤N的矿化作用加强,矿质N含量提高,铵态氮含量比较稳定,硝态氮含量显著提高,表施秸秆接种蚯蚓处理硝态氮含量比未接种处理提高了20.1% （p<0.05）,达到21.13 mg?kg-1,而混施秸秆后接种蚯蚓的硝态氮含量为21.21 mg?kg-1,较未接种处理提高了11.7%。分析表明,硝态氮含量与N2O排放密切相关,接种蚯蚓后N2O排放潜力的提高与蚯蚓活动促进土壤氮素矿化特别是硝态氮含量的增加有关,农田生态系统中蚯蚓对N2O排放的贡献主要体现在促进秸秆混入土壤,从而改变秸秆分解的微域环境,促进反硝化作用并增加N2O的排放。     

Monitoring the denitrification of wastewater containing high concentrations of nitrate with methanol in a sulfur-packed reactor

Biological denitrification of high nitrate-containing wastewater was examined in a sulfur-packed column using a smaller amount of methanol than required stoichiometrically for heterotrophic denitrification. In the absence of methanol, the observed nitrate removal efficiency was only about 40%, and remained at 400 mg NO(3)(-)-N/l, which was due to an alkalinity deficiency of the pH buffer and of CO(2) as a carbon source. Complete denitrification was achieved by adding approximately 1.4 g methanol/g nitrate-nitrogen (NO(3)(-)-N) to a sulfur-packed reactor. As the methanol concentration increased, the overall nitrate removal efficiency increased. As influent methanol concentrations increased from 285 to 570, 855, and 1,140 mg/l, the value of Delta mg alkalinity as CaCO(3) consumed/Delta mg NO(3)(-)-N removed increased from -1.94 to -0.84, 0.24, and 0.96, and Delta mg SO(4)(2-) produced/Delta mg NO(3)(-)-N removed decreased from 4.42 to 3.57, 2.58, and 1.26, respectively. These results imply the co-occurrence of simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification. Sulfur-utilizing autotrophic denitrification in the presence of a small amount of methanol is very effective at decreasing both sulfate production and alkalinity consumption. Most of methanol added was removed completely in the effluent. A small amount of nitrite accumulated in the mixotrophic column, which was less than 20 mg NO(2)(-) -N/l, while under heterotrophic denitrification conditions, nitrite accumulated steadily and increased to 60 mg NO(2)(-) -N/l with increasing column height.     

小流域内植被类型对土壤NO3-/NH4+空间变化的影响

流域内植被类型、地形地貌特征对土壤氮循环过程有重要的作用,是影响下游水体无机氮素来源以及富营养化的关键因子。通过比较小流域内4种植被类型(落叶松人工林、油松人工林、天然阔叶次生林和农田(玉米))对土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量空间变化的影响,揭示流域内不同立地条件下水源涵养林与土壤无机氮变化特征之间的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量差异显著(P<0.05);由坡上到坡下土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量显著降低;在土壤表层NO3--N和NH4+-N含量最高,随着土层深度增加无机氮含量减少;与水源涵养林天然植被和人工林植被相比,农田土壤NO3--N含量最高(11.86mg·kg-1),有较高的氮流失风险。     

植物功能群去除对内蒙古典型草原羊草群落土壤碳、氮库的影响

2005—2007年,通过野外植物功能群去除试验,研究了内蒙古典型草原羊草群落植物多样性变化对土壤表层碳、氮库的影响.结果表明：典型草原生态系统表层土壤全碳、全氮含量年际变化较小(＜15%),2005年的土壤全碳、全氮含量与2006、2007年无显著差异(P>0.05),但2006年的土壤全碳、全氮含量显著高于2007年(P<0.05);无机氮含量年际变化较大,2006年铵态氮含量比2007年高80%,差异显著(P<0.05),而硝态氮含量年变化不显著(P>0.05).去除植物功能群的数量和土壤硝态氮含量存在显著的线性正相关(P<0.05).说明植物物种多样性降低使土壤硝态氮含量增加,可能导致土壤氮的淋溶损失.     

不同管理方式下橡胶林土壤氮动态特征

对西双版纳割胶、未割胶条件下橡胶林种植带土壤及其保护带土壤氮素动态变化特征进行了研究,并比较了不同保护带种植方式(距瓣豆绿肥覆盖与野生杂草覆盖)对土壤氮素动态的影响。结果表明,橡胶林种植带土壤全氮、碱解氮和硝态氮含量低于保护带。橡胶林土壤全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮均呈现明显的动态变化,种植距瓣豆绿肥覆盖与野生杂草生长覆盖的橡胶林土壤氮变化趋势一致。土壤全氮随时间逐渐下降,碱解氮含量先升后降,铵态氮和硝态氮含量变化幅度较大。橡胶林土壤全氮和碱解氮含量呈现表层(0～20cm)>中层(20～40cm)>底层(40～60cm)的趋势,且未割胶处理全氮和碱解氮含量>割胶处理,而保护带为距瓣豆绿肥覆盖的割胶橡胶林>杂草生长覆盖的橡胶林。距瓣豆绿肥覆盖的保护带土壤硝态氮含量高于杂草生长覆盖。碱解氮与铵态氮含量呈显著的负相关、与硝态氮呈显著正相关。割胶橡胶林土壤氮养分含量最低。橡胶林土壤种植豆科距瓣豆绿肥能够改善土壤氮素肥力。     

Characteristics of the bioreactor landfill system using an anaerobic-aerobic process for nitrogen removal

A sequential upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and air-lift loop sludge blanket (ALSB) treatment was introduced into leachate recirculation to remove organic matter and ammonia from leachate in a lab-scale bioreactor landfill. The results showed that the sequential anaerobic-aerobic process might remove above 90% of COD and near to 100% of NH4+ -N from leachate under the optimum organic loading rate (OLR). The total COD removal efficiency was over 98% as the OLR increased to 6.8-7.7 g/l d, but the effluent COD concentration increased to 2.9-4.8 g/l in the UASB reactor, which inhibited the activity of nitrifying bacteria in the subsequent ALSB reactor. The NO3- -N concentration in recycled leachate reached 270 mg/l after treatment by the sequential anaerobic-aerobic process, but the landfill reactor could efficiently denitrify the nitrate. After 56 days operation, the leachate TN and NH4+ -N concentrations decreased to less than 200 mg/l in the bioreactor landfill system. The COD concentration was about 200 mg/l with less than 8 mg/l BOD in recycled leachate at the late stage. In addition, it was found that nitrate in recycled leachate had a negative effect on waste decomposition.