发育异常机理的某些研究进展

阐明化学物致畸等发育毒性的作用机理,对建立人类畸或发育毒物的鉴定手段和防治工作都有重要意义。近年来随着发育基因或发育调控基因的发现和功能的阐明,发育异常的机理研究也取得一些突破。本文简要概述了几个主要进展。长期以来,一直认为哺乳动物发育的着床前胚胎阶段是诱发实验性先天畸形的不敏感期。因此,现行化学物致畸性测试均规定在胚胎着庆后的器官形成期给予受试物。然而,近年来的研究发现,在着床前期给予某些化学物可导致胎儿畸形、生长发育迟缓和出生后行为功能异常等发育毒性,这对传统的概念是一个大的冲击,即胚胎早期可能也是致畸等毒性的敏感期。如果确实如此,将意味着现行化学物致畸性测试方案需修改,而且以往常的机理现有两种假设,一种是甲基亚硝酸脲的研究认为,胚泡阶段发生了微小的非致死性突变;另一种是基于环氧乙烷等化学物对受精卵的损伤,原发性损害是非遗传性的,是由于干扰早期胚胎基因表达的原定程序。据估计,人类胚胎至少有60％在出生前死亡,其中大多发生在妊娠早期,只有约15％在着床后死亡,但长期以来对出生前死亡的原因所知甚少,仅知道流产儿中染色体畸变率高。近年来通过基因的插入突变和基因打靶使某一基因失效等方法,发现某些基因损伤可导致不同阶段胚胎发育异常和死亡。通过分析揭示：只有少数发育障碍可导致胚胎和胎儿死亡。着床前小鼠胚胎主要由于影响了胚胎完成着床前发育和形成能生成囊泡的能力而致死。器官形成早期胚胎由于中胚层不发育或不能发育成一个正常功能的心脏,或由于不能建立和维持胚胎血循环而致死。而早期或中期胎儿主要由于心脏发育缺陷不能形成心血管特环而致死;由于卵黄囊造血功能和卵黄囊过渡到肝脏作为造血器官的障碍也可使胎儿致死。很多胚胎器官或系统的发育异常不危及胚胎或胎儿的存活,这些结果对探讨人体出生前死亡的原因和发育异常的机理均有重要参考价值。以往研究发育异常时仅观察革一发育基因的改变,实际上先天缺陷是众多基因改变的结果。近期有人观察了致畸物苯妥因作用后一组与神经系统和颅面发育有关基因的变化,首次观察到转录模式中有多种基因的变化。认为基因表达的协调变化,无论是轻微或是显著地干扰正常形态发生程序,都与选择性先天缺陷的发生有关。这为今后的研究提供了一种新思路。     

卤代芳烃类化合物的早期妊娠毒性动物模型检测方法的建立

目的建立一套动物模型检测方案,用于筛选和研究对人类和动物早期妊娠有影响的环境卤代芳烃类污染物。方法利用TCDD作为初始研究标准化合物,以NIH小鼠建立动物早期妊娠模型评估方案,包括剂量-反应评估(DRE)、着床前后毒性比较(PPP)、子宫蜕膜细胞反应(DCR)和胚胎转移速率(ETR)分析。结果DRE发现TCDD剂量依赖性地引起了第9天胚胎数量的显著减少。PPP比较发现100 ng/(kg.d)对胚胎着床前期影响显著大于着床后期;胚胎重量评估发现,TCDD在妊娠早期的不同时间给药均影响了胚胎的发育,造成发育迟缓,重量减轻。DCR检测发现TCDD处理显著抑制(P<0.01)假孕小鼠子宫蜕膜。ETR分析发现TCDD未影响胚胎在输卵管中的转移速度,但造成分裂卵发育迟缓,着床前分裂卵丢失(P<0.05)。对出生前胚胎成活率观察发现,TCDD可造成出生前胎儿死亡,胎儿成活率低于妊娠中期的胚胎成活率。结论TCDD对着床前胚胎的毒性明显大于着床后,并具有持续毒性的特点。其机理涉及抑制子宫蜕膜细胞反应、造成着床前分裂卵的丢失或发育的不同步。     

三甲双酮对斑马鱼胚胎早期发育的影响

针对抗癫痫药物的临床神经性毒副作用及致畸性,以三甲双酮为探针药建立了抗癫痫药毒性的斑马鱼胚胎模型。结果显示,斑马鱼胚胎暴露于三甲双酮后出现浓度依赖性的畸形和死亡。畸形表型有生长迟缓,脑区、眼和听囊变小,半规管和耳石受损,以及心血管系统异常。这些表型与临床病例和文献报道很相似。毛细胞染色显示听囊ML2神经丘毛细胞数明显减少。原位杂交检测发现脑标志基因zic1和xb51、自噬基因atg5的表达图式发生了异常变化。RT-PCR检测显示听觉基因val和hmx2的表达水平也发生了异常变化。这些结果提示脑组织和控制身体平衡及听力的神经感受器是三甲双酮的主要毒性靶位。斑马鱼胚胎和幼体可以模拟三甲双酮对哺乳动物的致畸和神经毒性反应。     

水螅再生试验在医学研究中的应用快速检测化学物的致畸性

通过化学物对完整成体水螅毒性作用和对胃区体水螅再生抑制作用的比较,研究了氟尿嘧啶、秋水仙碱、青霉素钠和丙酮酸钠的致畸性。结果发现,氟尿嘧啶和秋水仙碱在水螅试验中均显示致畸性,青霉素钠与丙酮酸钠均未显示致畸性。此结果与文献报道的对哺乳动物的致畸作用是一致的。本实验结果初步表明水螅试验在预测化学物的致畸性方面有一定的使用价值。     

雌性生殖道发育的分子基础

哺乳动物的雌性生殖道包括输卵管、子宫、宫颈和阴道,是卵子受精、早期胚胎发育、胚胎着床、孕体发育和分娩等的重要路径,对于哺乳动物的生殖非常重要.雌性生殖器官的发育异常和病变将导致妊娠失败和胎儿死亡,因而了解雌性生殖道的发育过程和分子调节机制有利于理解生殖相关疾病和改善雌性生殖力.目前,利用基因敲除小鼠等多种实验技术,人们发现了调节雌性生殖道发育和导致生殖道疾病的部分关键基因和调节机理,本文将总结近年来雌性生殖道的发育分子调控机制方面的研究进展,并阐述多种信号通路在生殖道发育过程中的交叉调节网络.     

马兜铃水提液对斑马鱼胚胎的致畸作用和心脏毒性的研究

目的：探索马兜铃水提液对斑马鱼胚胎的致畸作用和心脏毒性.方法：分别用不同浓度的马兜铃水提液和马兜铃酸A（AA）处理斑马鱼胚胎,观察致畸作用和对心脏发育影响.结果：给药组的斑马鱼胚胎出现畸形和死亡;当水提液中AA含量为0.5 μg/mL时,胚胎心率明显减慢;AA含量为5μg/mL时,胚胎在24～48 hpf之间全部死亡;水提液的LC50为1.43 μg/mL.结论：与AA相比,马兜铃水提液对斑马鱼胚胎有着更强的致畸和心脏毒性,且毒性作用具有时间和浓度依赖性.     

乙草胺对中华大蟾蜍(Bu fo bu fo gar garizans)早期胚胎发育的影响

用不同浓度的乙草胺分别对中华大蟾蜍 4个不同发育时期的早期胚胎作用 5小时 ,结果发现 ,不同浓度的乙草胺可以导致中华大蟾蜍早期胚胎不同程度的发育成原肠外突和畸胎。不同发育时期的中华大蟾蜍早期胚胎对乙草胺的敏感程度和耐受程度都有所不同 ,其中 ,原肠胚期的胚胎对乙草胺最为敏感。实验表明乙草胺对中华大蟾蜍早期胚胎发育具有明显的致畸致死效应。     

哺乳类早期胚胎发育阻滞的形成与突破

本文对有关哺乳类(包括人)着床前早期胚胎发育阻滞的形成与突破的研究近况作了概述。早期胚胎发育阻滞一般都发生在最初四个细胞周期中的某个长G_2相阶段,该时期恰好是贮存在胚胎细胞中源自母系的mRNA失活或降解、胚胎细胞自身基因组应该被激活的临界期,胚胎在这时对环境压力非常敏感。过氧化氢类物质在胚胎细胞内高含量累积也是导致发育阻滞的因素之一。早期胚胎的正常发育必须依赖于源自生殖道上皮细胞的信号,这类外源信号被初步认为蛋白质性质。提供某些生长因子,或清除微环境中有害物质等都将有助于 胚胎的正常发育。早期胚胎间的协同作用在体外胚胎正常发育中的正效应已引起人们的重视。     

热休克蛋白（HSPs）在胚胎发育中作用的研究进展

在胚胎发育,特别是早期胚胎发育时期,基因转录活跃、蛋白质大量合成,细胞的增殖和分化非常剧烈,细胞的环境在不断变化,细胞对外界刺激十分敏感。这个时期的HSPs变化和作用表现得非常突出。本文简要总结了近十年有关热休克蛋白在胚胎发育中作用的研究成果。根据胚胎发育地HSPs的依赖性、HSPs基因表达的发育阶段特异性和组织特异性、干扰胚胎发育中HSPs表达程序以后导致胚胎异常发育等现象推测：（1）热休克基因与和／功调控体形形成、肌肉及神经分化,而在胚胎发育中具有看家基因的功能;（2）热休克蛋白作为伴侣分子,通过介导新合成的和／或可逆变性的蛋白质正确折叠、装配、转动及促进不需要的和／或不可逆变性的蛋白质降解,参与胚胎的正常发育和保护胚胎不受不良刺激的影响。这方面的深入研究,必将有助于阐明胚胎发育、细胞增殖、细胞分化和去分化、细胞转化、生物适应性等的分子机理。     

胚胎体外共培养：影响因素及作用机理

综述了近年来关于哺乳动物早期胚胎与体细胞共培养的研究进展。重点讨论了早期胚胎与不同类型体细胞共培养,血清、发情周期和体细胞传代次数对胚胎共培养效果的影响,以及胚胎体外共培养的作用机理。体细胞共培养体系可以改善早期胚胎体外培养的条件,促进胚胎发育,提高着床率和妊娠率,在发育生殖研究领域有着广泛的应用前景。然而,对其影响因素和作用机理尚欠系统深入研究,许多问题还亟待解决。     

Models and concepts derived from human teratogenesis and oncogenesis in early life

Several basic empirical facts are emphasized about human developmental oncology. The first is that teratogenesis and oncogenesis are intimately related and that indeed teratogenesis may be the more primitive reaction to the types of mutagenic injury giving rise to neoplasm. The second is that neoplasms of early life, particularly those initiated "in utero" are rare, and tend to spontaneously regress or cytodifferentiate. The theoretical models of carcinogenesis forwarded by Knudson and Matsunaga are enlisted in attempts to explain these phenomena and how the oncogene is expressed and modulated by the fetal or embryonal milieu.     

In vitro approaches to the elucidation of mechanisms of chemical teratogenesis.

This article describes some of the contributions that in vitro methods have made to our progress, albeit slow, toward understanding mechanisms of chemical teratogenesis. Emphasis is given to the painstaking and time consuming nature of approaches required to elucidate mechanisms. The examples considered are cyclophosphamide, 2-methoxyethanol, and retinoids. Some of the newer methods that take advantage of the recent advances in molecular biology and analytical chemistry have already been applied to studies on teratogenic mechanisms. Prospects for the 1990s are excellent and promise more rapid progress than during the past decade toward unraveling the mysteries of normal developmental biology. That knowledge in turn should be immediately applicable for investigations on developmental toxicant-induced abnormal development.     

Problems and terminology of functional teratology.

Possible causes for the teratogenesis of fundamental processes of life are explained. Hence, it is suggested that traditional teratology, i.e. teratomorphology (developmental pathomorphology) should be completed by teratophysiology (developmental pathophysiology), teratopsychology (developmental pathopsychology), and teratoimmunology (developmental pathoimmunology), as developmental biology can be also subdivided into developmental morphology, developmental physiology, developmental psychology and developmental immunology.     

Oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis

Emerging evidence shows that redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways are critical for developmental processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. As a consequence, teratogens that induce oxidative stress (OS) may induce teratogenesis via the misregulation of these same pathways. Many of these pathways are regulated by cellular thiol redox couples, namely glutathione/glutathione disulfide, thioredoxinred/thioredoinox, and cysteine/cystine. This review outlines oxidative stress as a mechanism of teratogenesis through the disruption of thiol-mediated redox signaling. Due to the ability of many known and suspected teratogens to induce oxidative stress and the many signaling pathways that have redox-sensitive components, further research is warranted to fully understand these mechanisms.     

百合科山韭小孢子发生及雄配子体发育

利用石蜡切片对葱属植物山韭(Allium senescens L.)的小孢子发生及雄配子体形成进行了研究.结果表明:山韭花药具4个药室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞组成,属分泌型绒毡层.小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为连续型.成熟花粉为二胞型,偶见三胞型.在小孢子母细胞减数分裂和单核小孢子中出现许多异常行为,如染色体拖曳,落后染色体和后期桥,以及产生微核等,这可能是导致花粉败育的原因之一.     

Shape regulation capacity during development: recovering capacity of embryos developing notwithstanding dramatic deformations.

1. The development was studied of embryos in which dramatic deformations were produced by physical means during the period in which they are highly susceptible to teratogenesis. 2. In spite of the deformations histogenesis as a whole as well as cytodifferentiation seems to be normal. 3. With only few exceptions the embryos showing dramatic deformations ultimately recover a normal morphology. 4. The shape recovering capacity raises the question whether morphogenesis and shape are not in fact more or less independent phenomena.     

Klippel-Feil syndrome in a boy exposed inadvertently to cyclophosphamide during pregnancy: a case report

BACKGROUND: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating agent widely used as an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. Its teratogenic effect has been well studied in different experimental mammalian and non-mammalian animal models. In humans, 11 cases of CPA teratogenesis have been documented. CASE: We present a case of a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome inadvertently exposed to CPA and prednisone in utero during the first trimester. CONCLUSIONS This case of possible cyclophosphamide embryopathy provides evidence of teratogenesis as an etiologic agent in developmental field defects such as Klippel-Feil syndrome.