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1.
Both chlorcholinchloride and ethrel are used as growth retardants in cereal cultivation. Wheat seedlings were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing 10-3M CCC, CEPA or 5 × 10-4M CCC and CEPA, respectively. The epidermis of full-grown primary leaves was analysed. CCC relatively equally decreases the length of leaves and long epidermal cells, whereas CEPA mainly inhibits cell division. Leaf growth is always a little more inhibited than the number of stomata and trichomes is reduced by CCC or CEPA. This results in an increased frequency of stomata and trichomes by about 14 to 16 per cent. This means that retardants can strongly influence the length of leaves and the length or number of long epidermal cells but, due to the mechanism of programmed determination, the frequency of stomata and trichomes is kept constant within relatively narrow limits. Furthermore it can be concluded that long epidermal cells function as pace-makers in the growth of leaves of monocotyledonous plants.   相似文献   

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Ohne ZusammenfassungDie Arbeit ist ein Auszug aus der von Fräulein Annemarie Hund bei der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität München vorgelegten Dissertation gleichen Titels.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Die lokomotorische Aktivität der ostafrikanischen WinkerkrabbenUca urvillei undU. annulipes wurde mit Hilfe einer radioaktiven Markierung (Co-60-Draht) in einer Gezeitenanlage (Tidenhub 1 m, 12,5stündige Zyklen) über mehrere Wochen registriert.Der Lokomotionsrhythmus ließ sich an die künstlichen Gezeiten ankoppeln. Das tidale Muster von Substratvibrationen war ein besonders wirksamer Zeitgeber.Licht-Dunkel-Zyklen waren gleichfalls als Zeitgeber wirksam: im LD 6,256,25 ergab sich ein tidaler, im LD 1212 ein diurnaler Lokomotionsrhythmus. Wurden gleichzeitig Gezeiten und LD 1212 geboten, so richteten sich die Tiere nach den Gezeiten.Nach dem Übergang von Gezeitenbedingungen in Konstantbedingungen (LL, DD) zeigte nur eines von 15 Tieren einen circadianen Lokomotionsrhythmus. Alle anderen hatten arhythmische Muster, in denen nur gelegentlich circadiane Fronten angedeutet waren. Auch eine Periodenanalyse ergab keine Hinweise auf circadiane oder circatidale Rhythmen.Um diese arhythmischen Muster zu analysieren, wurde ein neuer Ansatz gewählt: jeder Aktivitäts- und Ruheschub (A bzw. R) wurde als Einzelereignis betrachtet, ohne nach einer periodischen Folge zu suchen.Aktivitätsmuster in Konstantbedingungen: Die Häufigkeitsverteilungen der Dauer von Aktivitäts- und Ruheschüben konnten bei der Mehrzahl der Tiere durch Exponentialfunktionen wiedergegeben werden. Zwischen der Dauer aufeinanderfolgender Aktivitäts- und Ruheschübe bestand keine Korrelation. Daraus folgt, daß der einzelne Schub nach seinem Beginn zu allen folgenden Zeitpunkten mit einer bestimmten, gleichbleibenden Wahrscheinlichkeit beendet werden kann. Diese Gesetzmäßigkeit ist als stochastischer Prozeß zu beschreiben.Aus den ermittelten Wahrscheinlichkeitswerten für A und R ergeben sich für die Dauer von A+R, am häufigsten Werte die mit 9–12 Std in der Größenordnung des Gezeitenzyklus liegen.Aktivitätsmuster in Gezeitenbedingungen: Die tidalen Zeitgeber kontrollierten die Dauer der Ruheschübe (vermutlich über eine endogene Instanz); die Dauer der Aktivitätsschübe blieb dagegen bei vielen Tieren unbeeinflußt.
Tidal and spontaneous activity patterns in fiddler crabsI. A new approach to a quantitative analysis of locomotor rhythms
Summary The East African fiddler crabsUca urvillei andU. annulipes were exposed to artificial tides (cycle 12.5 hrs, tidal range of 1 m). Locomotor activity patterns were recorded by means of a radioactive marker (60Co).The activity patterns could be synchronized by the artificial tides. Vibrations of the substratum connected with the tides were one of the effective Zeitgebers.Light-dark cycles also acted as Zeitgebers. An LD of 6.25 6.25 initiated a tidal activity pattern, an LD of 1212 a diurnal one. When the crabs were exposed simultaneously with artificial tides and an LD of 1212 their activity was distinctly correlated with the tides.In constant conditions following tidal treatment only one of 15 individuals showed a circadian rhythm. All other animals showed arhythmic activity patterns. Though circadian fronts could occasionally be seen on visual inspection, there was no evidence for either circadian or circatidal rhythms when the data were arranged by a periodogram method. Therefore, a new approach was used to analyze these arhythmic patterns, measuring the duration of each activity burst (A) and of each resting period (R) separately.Activity patterns in constant conditions: The class frequency of both A and R followed exponential functions. No significant correlation was found between the duration of A and the following R. Thus each event (A or R) is terminated by a distinct probability. This principle can be described as a stochastic process.The probability values found for A and R are such that the resulting duration of A+R is usually in the range of the tidal cycle.Activity patterns in tidal conditions: There is evidence that the tidal zeitgebers control the duration of the resting period only and that the duration of activity is usually independent of the Zeitgebers.


Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.  相似文献   

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Due to infections with moulds already in the vineyards, the formation of mycotoxins is possible under certain circumstances during the process of red wine making. At this, metabolites ofPenicillium spp. are of major importance, as this species are to be found frequently on grapes. Beside the nephrotoxic citrinin, which is often co-occurring with ochratoxin A, the occurrence of mycophenolic acid (MPA), a substance of immunosuppressive action, was investigated since it is formed by a great number of Penicillium-species. The detection of these compounds was carried out by means of ELISA and LC-MS. As testing material 44 red wine samples of different provenience and vintages were used. Mycophenolic acid could be detected in 91 % of the samples. The maximum content amounted to 130 ng/ml, yet most of the samples resulted in much lower concentrations of between 3 and 20 ng/ml. The extent of contamination seems to depend rather on the origin of the wine than on the vintage. In particular samples from Southern Europe were most contaminated. This could be due to different practises in wine-making. Citrinin was not detectable in any sample (< 0,2 ng/ml). Regarding the detected concentrations of MPA and citrinin, there is probably no concern for consumers’ health. However, the degree of contamination of wine with MPA may well serve as an indicator for hygiene in production.  相似文献   

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Summary From mature green leaves of Spinacia oleracea and Beta vulgaris a fraction has been obtained which is enriched in mitochondria. Washed leaves were crushed in a meat-mill in an isotonic or slightly hypertonic medium containing sucrose, EDTA, MgSO4, bovine serum albumin, mercaptoethanol, KH2PO4, and HEPES as a buffer substance. After squeezing through nylon the suspension was centrifuged first at 1500xg, and following removal of the sediment a second time at 25000xg. After resuspension in a washing medium, the pellet was centrifuged in a swing-out rotor for 30 min at 35000xg on a density gradient generated from a silica sol (Ludox HS 40). A temperature of 2°C was maintained during the whole procedure.Whereas the usual isolation techniques are unsatisfactory for the preparation of intact leaf cell mitochondria, the above procedure enabled us to obtain a fraction from the gradient which had the following properties. The respiration rate was 29.5 atoms O/mg protein-N/h with -ketoglutarate as a substrate. Phosphorylation rates as calculated from the phosphate measurements and P/O ratios were low. This has been interpreted as a consequence of ATPase activity in the fraction. In polarographic studies ADP/O ratios of 1.32–2.15 with succinate as a substrate were measured. Respiratory control was also observed. This indicates the presence of tightly coupled mitochondria in the fraction.The fine structure of the mitochondria was shown to be intact as far as electron microscopical evidence can be used as a criterion. The procedure appears to be suitable for isolating active mitochondria and intact chloroplasts from green leaves. It may permit the study of interrelationships between these organelles.

Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Schumacher zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.

Auszug aus einer Dissertationsschrift (Math.-Nat. Fakultät der Universität Bonn) von K. Gronebaum-Turck.  相似文献   

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Heinz Jansen 《Planta》1967,74(4):371-378
Summary Root formation of tomato cuttings was always inhibited by GA, never promoted. The number of roots was reduced and the roots appeared later, so that at the end of the experiment (13 days later) a reduced dry weight resulted. The effect depended on the concentration of GA, the lowest effective concentration being 10-3 mg/l. Root formation decreased up to 1000 mg/l GA. An effect on the shoot was noted at concentrations above 10 mg/l. Counts of root primordias after 3–5 days showed the same diminution of root formation. The growth of existing primordias seemed not to be influenced by GA.Short-time treatments with GA had a smaller effect, but a 3-day absorption-period resulted in the same decrease as a treatment during the whole experiment. When GA was given after the experiment had started, the first 3 days of treatment were again the most effective. This result shows that the induction of root primordias is inhibited or at least retarded.CCC had no effect on root formation nor was it able to alter the inhibition by GA. IAA alone did not promote the rooting process. In combination with GA (concentration range for both 10-3–1 mg/l) IAA never reduced the inhibition by GA. On the contrary, 1 mg/l IAA+GA was somewhat more inhibitive than GA alone.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Kristallisiertes Lysozym wurde mit Dosen zwischen 1 und 100 Mrad Röntgenstrahlen bestrahlt. Die kleineren Dosen haben keine meßbare Wirkung auf Aktivität oder quantitative Aminosäurezusammensetzung. Da das Molekül durch größere Strahlendosen in andere Modifikationen umgewandelt wird und die entsprechenden Vorgänge komplex sind, läßt sich die naktivierungdes Enzyms nicht ohne weiteres durch die lassische Treffertheorie interpretieren. Hiermit zusammenhängende Probleme werden diskutiert. Erst Strahlendosen von der Größenordnung 100 Mrad erzeugen in einem automatischen Aminosäureanalysator sicher analysierbare Aminosäureveränderungen. Die G-Werte liegen zwischen 3 und 13. Die größere Strahlenempfindlichkeit haben vor allem die aromatischen und die schwefelhaltigen Aminosäuren. Vergleiche mit anderen Ergebnissen führen zu dem Schluß, daß diese Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Aminosäuren durch Milieufaktoren nur wenig beeinflußt wird.
Summary Crystallized lysozyme was X-irradiated with doses between 1 and 100 Mrads. Doses of a few Mrads have no measurable effect on activity and quantitative amino acid composition of lysozyme. However, increasing doses successively convert the original protein into a large number of modified proteins showing more or less lysozyme activity. These processes are of a complex nature. Consequently can the inactivation not be described in terms of the classical target theory. Only X-ray doses of the order of magnitude of 100 Mrads produce amino acid changes which can clearly be determined with an automatic amino acid analyzer. The G-values for the destruction of the various constituent amino acids are between 3 and 13. The larger sensitivities have the S-containing and aromatic amino acids as well as the long chain aliphatic amino acids. A comparison with other results shows that the radiation sensitivity of the constituent amino acids of solid proteins is little influenced by other factors (O2-pressure, water content, protein structure etc.).


Auszugsweise vorgetragen während des ESR-Symposiums Gatlinburg, Tenn., Mai 1965, und während eines Chemischen Kolloquiums an der University of Colorado in Boulder am 21. Oktober 1965.  相似文献   

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Summary The binding behaviour of 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) and of (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA), (2-chlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2-Cl-PA) and (4-chlorophenoxy) acetic acid (4-Cl-PA) in subcellular fractions of Pisum epicotyls and roots, which are rich in plasma membranes, has been investigated. Binding parameters are determined by means of centrifugation experiments or equilibrium dialysis using 14C-labelled auxins. The experiments prove the existence of saturable (specific) binding sites and the reversibility of auxin binding. For the binding of IAA and MCPA to the particle fraction the binding constant K106 M-1 and the number of the binding sites n·R10-13 M per mg pellet-protein have been estimated. In displacement experiments MCPA or 4-Cl-PA displace IAA, whereas IAA can not displace phenoxyacetic derivatives. These results indicate that with concentrations in the range of herbicide action phenoxyacetic acids bind to a site of the auxin receptor which is not identical with the binding site of IAA. In this way the binding affinity of receptor for IAA is decreased allosterically, which results in an apparent dispalcement of IAA.
Abkürzungen IAA -Indolylessigsäure - MCPA (2-Methyl-4-chlorphenoxy)-essigsäure - 2-Cl-PA (2-Chlorphenoxy)-essigsäure - 4-Cl-PA (4-Chlorphenoxy)-essigsäure - Tris Trishydroxyaminomethan - HSA Humanserumalbumin Herrn Prof. Dr. K. Mothes anläßlich der 75. Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages gewidmet  相似文献   

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Ohne ZusammenfassungHabilitationsschrift der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.  相似文献   

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F. van der Paauw 《Planta》1935,24(2):353-360
Zusammenfassung Durch Zusatz geringer Mengen Blausäure wird die Kohlensäureassimilation vonStichococcus bacillaris bei hoher und niedriger Lichtintensität beschleunigt. Größere Dosen von Blausäure verursachen eine Hemmung der Assimilation; bei hoher Bestrahlungsintensität ist die Hemmung etwas stärker als bei niedriger. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die früher mitHormidium erhaltenen Ergebnisse.Stichococcus unterscheidet sich von dieser Grünalge dadurch, daß es nur mit sehr hohen Gaben an Blausäure möglich ist, die Assimilation unterhalb des Gaswechselgleichgewichtes zu hemmen, und ähnelt hierin der vonWarburg untersuchtenChlorella.Die Atmung wird durch Blausäurezusatz stark beschleunigt. Auch hierin verhält sichStichococcus wieChlorella und unterschiedlich vonHormidium.Die Abspaltung von Sauerstoff aus Zwischenprodukten der Atmung verläuft wahrscheinlich unter geringerem Energieaufwand als die Abspaltung von Sauerstoff aus freier Kohlensäure.Mit 2 Textabbildungen.  相似文献   

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《Insect Biochemistry》1976,6(3):297-301
Evidence for the presence of 6-phospho-glyconate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase has been found in the haemolymph of the ant, Formica pratensis. All enzyme activity stopped after the addition of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The presence of xanthin oxidase could not be demonstrated in the pupal haemolymph. Esterase activities were present in three slow running bands of polygynous Formica rufa.  相似文献   

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