贡嘎山亚高山森林自然演替特征与模拟

通过对贡嘎山典型天然林样地动态的调查和群落结构的研究,基本掌握了青藏高原东部亚高山森林植被的演替特征和过程,在自然生态竞争条件下,树木的种源通过扩散,就地下种和萌发新技产生的幼苗只有极少数能够生长成大树,在树木繁育过程中,光照,水分,温度和养分竞争是决定性条件,山地灾变干扰对森林的更新也具有重要作用,提出的贡嗄山森林演替模型（GFSM）在树木个体生命史模型的基础上重现了群落的演替动态,特别是将土壤形成与树木演变结合起来,采用随机过程模拟气候波动及单木生长死亡的不确定性,揭示了亚高山天然条件下的森林个体与群落的行动态,对于解决天然林更新与保护提供了系统的分析预测技术与理论。     

林窗与生物多样性维持

自 2 0世纪以来 ,森林群落演替更新与生态系统的空间异质性 (ｓｐａｔｉａｌｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｉｔｙ) ,逐渐成为当前生态学研究的热点。干扰 (自然或人为干扰 )作为群落时空格局及其动态的驱动力 ,是森林群落发展变化和结构维持的必要成分。将干扰状况与森林群落特征结合起来的研究方法 ,有助于对群落动态变化规律的深入理解 ,从而加深人们对森林群落调控机理的全面认识。生物多样性是全球关注的热点问题之一。对于生物多样性的维持与保护 ,提出了众多的理论与假说 ,但尚未形成一个完善的理论体系。空间异质性、物种竞争、边缘效应等都…     

山西太岳山油松群落对采伐干扰的生态响应

森林群落受到采伐干扰后的生态响应程度一直是森林生态学领域关注的研究前沿。本文以太岳山的油松林为对象,选择受不同采伐干扰强度和恢复时间的4块样地,通过固定标准地群落的调查获得数据资料,选用丰富度指数、Simpson指数（λ）、Shannon-Wiener指数（H'）、均匀度指数（E1）和Jaccard、Sprenson两种相似性指数,研究油松林对不同采伐方式生态响应,探讨不同采伐干扰强度和恢复时间下油松林生物多样性变化和更新演替规律。研究结果表明：1）受采伐干扰的样地中阳性植物的种类明显增多,随着恢复时间的增长,植物处于生长逐步旺盛、物种逐步丰富的阶段,其种类组成表现出由简单到复杂、由喜阳植物垄断到耐阴种类不断增多、种类由少变多的动态特征。2）适度的择伐可以提高群落整体的多样性,但皆伐则降低了群落的综合物种多样性。3）受相同择伐强度干扰后,群落之间保持了最高的相似性,皆伐干扰使群落环境有了本质的变化,与天然林的物种相似性最低。4）受采伐干扰后形成的次生林内,恢复初期中更新幼苗幼树出现6个树种,主要以油松和辽东栎（Quercus liaodungensi）为主。天然林中的环境最有利于油松幼苗的生长,择伐后恢复初期18a间幼树数量最高,幼苗数量最低,皆伐后更新幼苗幼树数量最少,环境条件最不利于更新。     

关帝山次生林区典型森林交错带物种多样性研究

森林交错带富于高的生物多样性。应用Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数,研究了关帝山次生林区森林交错带中处于不同演替阶段的群落物种多样性动态特征,同时对交错带内群落与相邻群落的物种多样性特怔进行了对比分析。结果表明：处于森林演替不同阶段的交错带,在由阔叶林、针阔叶混交林到针叶林的演替过程中,Shannon－Weiner多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数均表现出单峰变化趋势,在演替中后期的针阔叶混交林阶段,指数值最高。Simpson优势度指数则表现出凹形变化．不同于多样性、丰富度指数,在演替中后期,达到最低值。Pielou均匀度指数表现出下降趋势。交错带内群落与相邻群落相比,Shannon－Weiner多样性指数较高,具有高的物种多样性,边际效应表现为正效应。Margalef丰富度指数变化与Shannon－Weiner多样性指数变化不一致,只在一定程度上证明了边际正效应的影响。两指数共同反映出研究地区的森林交错带内群落具有较高的物种多样性。     

物种多度格局研究进展

物种多度格局研究始于20世纪30年代,是种群生态学和群落生态学研究的起点。物种多度格局研究主要在两个水平上进行：1）初期研究主要集中于群落水平,希望在不同群落之间发现一个共同的整体格局来描述群落的组织结构。常用模型包括几何级数、对数级数、对数正态和断棍模型,不同模型代表了不同的生态学过程。2）目前转向重视物种水平,并以物种多度的区域分布规律及其生态学机制研究为主。物种分布区多度关系有正相关、无相关和负相关3种形式。局部多度高的物种一般趋于广布,而局部多度低的物种趋于受限分布。物种多度区域分布的生态位模型预测为单峰型,还经常会出现“热点地区”;而异质种群模型预测为双峰型。物种多度的区域分布主要由环境资源特性、物种生态位和扩散过程等因素决定。3）物种多度格局的时间变化与空间变异类似,代表了这些生态学过程的时间异质性。4）物种多度格局的尺度变化经常表现出自相似性,但该规律并非一直存在,因为生物多样性由不同尺度上的不同生态学过程决定。5）多度（稀有度）是物种保护的基本依据,而群落多度模型能够指示生态学和干扰过程变化对群落结构的影响。物种多度格局的模型手段仍需改进,机制研究尚不系统,应用研究亟待扩展,对于物种多度格局的深入理解将为揭示生物多样性分布机制和有效保护提供帮助。     

亚高山森林生态系统过程研究进展

亚高山森林是以冷、云杉属为建群种或优势种的暗针叶林为主体的森林植被。亚高山森林在庇护邻近脆弱生态系统、保育生物多样性、涵养水源、碳吸存和指示全球气候变化等方面具有十分重要且不可替代的作用和地位,其多样化的植被和土壤组合为研究生态系统过程提供了天然的实验室。亚高山森林的群落演替与更新、生物多样性保育、水文生态过程、生物元素的生物地球化学循环以及亚高山森林生态过程对气候变化的响应等研究已取得了明显的进展。但有关全球变化条件下的亚高山森林土壤生物多样性和冬季生态学过程等研究明显不足。全球气候变化背景下的冬季生态学过程、极端灾害事件对亚高山森林生态系统过程的影响、亚高山森林生物多样性的保育机制、亚高山森林土壤生物多样性与生态系统过程的耦合机制等可能是未来研究的前沿科学问题。     

广东亚热带森林群落的生态优势度

本文应用simpson优势度指标,测定广东亚热带14个森林群落的生态优势度。对测定结果深入分析,说明了生态优势度指标在森林群落分析上有较大的意义,可以衡量不同的群落类型,作为群落分类的辅助指标;能反映群落生境变化对群落结构的影响,以及说明森林群落演替过程群落结构的变化;广东亚热带森林在自然状况下向气候顶极群落的演替过程中,生态优势度指标逐渐下降。 本文还进一步探讨生态优势度的生态学涵义。说明生态优势度指标的群落生态学意义,指出与物种多样性指数、群落均匀度在概念上的联系与差别,以及三者在应用上的异同。     

古田山不同干扰程度森林的群落恢复动态

森林采伐后次生林的恢复过程对于生物多样性的保护和生态系统功能的重建具有重要意义。作者以古田山不同干扰程度的12个1 ha 森林样地为研究对象, 运用群落多元统计方法, 探讨了自然恢复过程中森林群落组成及物种多样性的动态变化及趋势。结果表明: 不同恢复阶段森林样地的群落组成存在显著性差异, 而同一恢复阶段的样地具有高度的相似性。物种丰富度随恢复进程有增加的趋势, 但各阶段差异并不显著; 物种均匀度除人工林较低以外, 其他恢复阶段之间无显著性差异。不同恢复阶段研究样地的群落组成及物种多样性的差异主要存在于林冠层。灌木及更新层具有各自的指示种, 人工林的指示种为落叶灌木或阳性乔木, 幼龄次生林的指示种为常绿灌木或小乔木, 老次生林的指示种为亚乔木层常绿树种, 老龄林的指示种为林冠层树种。上述结果表明古田山不同人为干扰程度森林群落的物种多样性具有较强的自我恢复能力。尽管物种组成难以预测, 但处于同一恢复阶段的森林, 其幼树的生活型组成呈现出一致的变化趋势。     

茂县土地岭植被恢复过程中物种多样性动态特征

植被恢复是退化生态系统重建的重要途径,植被恢复过程物种多样性的变化反映了植被的恢复程度.通过群落调查和多样性分析,研究了岷江上游土地岭植被恢复过程中群落物种多样性特征.结果表明： 恢复过程中6类不同类型群落分别表现其对于不同环境特征、干扰及更新方式等的响应;森林是较灌丛更适合当地环境状况的植被类型;人工恢复无干扰和轻度干扰群落的多样性相对较高,是较好的恢复模式.重度干扰使得1年生植物与地下芽植物比例增加,其它口食性较好的多年生草本减少.较强的干扰是群落无法更新、长期处于灌丛阶段且多样性较低的重要原因.本地区人工恢复群落在更新进程和多样性维持上优于自然更新群落,种植华山松加速了本地区植被演替进程.建议以适合恢复区域的多种恢复配置方式进行造林,并避免较强干扰,可以加速群落演替进程并保持恢复群落较高的物种丰富度与多样性.     

片段化森林群落构建的生态过程及其检验方法

鉴于全球森林均呈现片段化(破碎化)的分布状态,理解片段化森林群落构建的过程很有必要。该文通过综述群落构建的主要生态过程如生态漂变、扩散、选择和物种形成等在片段化森林群落构建中的相对作用,发现因片段化森林形成方式的不同,重构群落(片段化生境中通过次生演替重新形成的森林群落)和解构群落(原有森林被片段化后形成的森林群落)在不同演替阶段所受到的主要生态过程的相对作用有所不同。虽然利用基于群落内物种分布格局推测构建过程(如物种多度分布、零模型结合β多样性的方法、功能特征的收敛和发散等)、人工控制实验、群落结构动态分析等方法对片段化森林中群落构建的过程进行了有效的检验,但是针对片段化森林群落构建过程的实验性研究仍然不足。未来有待在理论模型、群落构建过程的检验以及理论与物种保护相结合等方面继续开展深入的研究。     

林隙（gap）更新动态研究进展

林隙（ｇａｐ）更新动态研究进展臧润国（中国林业科学研究院生态环境研究所,北京１０００９３）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｏｆＧａｐＲｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓ．ＺａｎｇＲｕｎｇｕｏ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒ...     

东灵山地区落叶阔叶林长期动态的模拟

用林窗模型研究了暖温带辽东栎林的长期动态变化。用森林经营历史和实际调查数据求得模型的参数。经过与实际数据检验证明所得模型能合理地预测辽东栎林的物种组成动态变化。通过对辽东栎交生裸地的模拟,可以得到：辽东栎种群在森林动态变化过程中呈现波动的形式,波动的周期为１１０ａ左右,叶面积指数的动态变化过程与林分的竞争状况有密切的关系,生产力的变化有着明显的无规律性,变化极水稳定,在３０ａ进有一个变化的高峰期,     

Individual-based model of spatio-temporal dynamics of mixed forest stands

This research presents the results of constructing and parameterizing an individual-based model of spatiotemporal dynamics of mixed forest stands. The model facilitates computerized experiments with forest stands having different combinations of species and age structures. These forest stands grow on temperate areas where light is the main system-forming factor that shapes and develops forest ecosystems. The model TEMFORM (TEMperate FORests Model) is developed with few equations and parameters, most of which can be estimated using standard forest inventory data. Parameterization of the model used the growth tables of a set of basic forest-forming species in Far East Russia. Simulation results of the development of the natural single- and mixed-species stands and the effects of different types of disturbances on the stand dynamics and compositions are presented.     

暖温带落叶阔叶林动态变化的模拟研究

用森林动态林窗模型 FORET1模拟了暖温带落叶阔叶林的长期变化特征。模型参数取自暖温带地区长期森林研究和经营的历史数据 ,对过去数据中缺少的参数进行了实地测定 ,并用观测的数据对模型作了检验。结果表明模型能较好地模拟暖温带落叶阔叶林的长期动态变化特征。通过模拟可以看出 ,森林的净初级生产力没有明显变化规律且极度不稳定 ,峰值出现在30 a左右 ,相似于世界上其它地区森林动态格局变化 ,生物量格局呈循环状态变化 ,循环周期大致在 110 a左右。     

Modeling and empirical validation of long‐term carbon sequestration in forests (France, 1850–2015)

The development of appropriate tools to quantify long‐term carbon (C) budgets following forest transitions, that is, shifts from deforestation to afforestation, and to identify their drivers are key issues for forging sustainable land‐based climate‐change mitigation strategies. Here, we develop a new modeling approach, CRAFT (CaRbon Accumulation in ForesTs) based on widely available input data to study the C dynamics in French forests at the regional scale from 1850 to 2015. The model is composed of two interconnected modules which integrate biomass stocks and flows (Module 1) with litter and soil organic C (Module 2) and build upon previously established coupled climate‐vegetation models. Our model allows to develop a comprehensive understanding of forest C dynamics by systematically depicting the integrated impact of environmental changes and land use. Model outputs were compared to empirical data of C stocks in forest biomass and soils, available for recent decades from inventories, and to a long‐term simulation using a bookkeeping model. The CRAFT model reliably simulates the C dynamics during France's forest transition and reproduces C‐fluxes and stocks reported in the forest and soil inventories, in contrast to a widely used bookkeeping model which strictly only depicts C‐fluxes due to wood extraction. Model results show that like in several other industrialized countries, a sharp increase in forest biomass and SOC stocks resulted from forest area expansion and, especially after 1960, from tree growth resulting in vegetation thickening (on average 7.8 Mt C/year over the whole period). The difference between the bookkeeping model, 0.3 Mt C/year in 1850 and 21 Mt C/year in 2015, can be attributed to environmental and land management changes. The CRAFT model opens new grounds for better quantifying long‐term forest C dynamics and investigating the relative effects of land use, land management, and environmental change.     

Propagation of local interactions create global gap structure and dynamics in a tropical rainforest

Gap dynamics in tropical forests are of interest because an understanding of them can help to predict canopy structure and biodiversity. We present a simple cellular automaton model that is capable of capturing many of the trends seen in the canopy gap pattern of a complex tropical rainforest on the Barro Colorado Island (BCI) using a single set of model parameters. We fit the global and local densities, the cluster size distributions, and two correlation functions, for gaps, gap formations, and gap closures determined from a spatial map of the forest (1983-1984). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that the cluster size distributions of gap formations and closures in the BCI are both power laws. An important element in the model is that when a transition from gap to non-gap (closure), or vice versa (formation), occurs, this transition is allowed to expand into adjacent cells in order to make different cluster sizes of transitions. Model results are in excellent agreement with reported field data. The propagation of local interactions is necessary in order to obtain the complex dynamics of the gap pattern. We also establish a connection between the global and local densities via the neighborhood-dependent transition rates and the effective global transition rates.     

林窗干扰与森林群落演替

林窗干扰是影响森林群落演替的一个重要因素。该文从林窗干扰和森林群落演替理论及林窗对森林群落微环境、植物入侵和定居、群落结构、群落演替的影响等方面简要介绍了当前国内外有关林窗干扰与森林群落演替的研究现状和研究前景。     

Modeling Forest Mortality Caused by Drought Stress: Implications for Climate Change

Climate change is expected to affect forest landscape dynamics in many ways, but it is possible that the most important direct impact of climate change will be drought stress. We combined data from weather stations and forest inventory plots (FIA) across the upper Great Lakes region (USA) to study the relationship between measures of drought stress and mortality for four drought sensitivity species groups using a weight-of-evidence approach. For all groups, the model that predicted mortality as a function of mean drought length had the greatest plausibility. Model tests confirmed that the models for all groups except the most drought tolerant had predictive value. We assumed that no relationship exists between drought and mortality for the drought-tolerant group. We used these empirical models to develop a drought extension for the forest landscape disturbance and succession model LANDIS-II, and applied the model in Oconto county, Wisconsin (USA) to assess the influence of drought on forest dynamics relative to other factors such as stand-replacing disturbance and site characteristics. The simulations showed that drought stress does affect species composition and total biomass, but effects on age classes, spatial pattern, and productivity were insignificant. We conclude that (for the upper Midwest) (1) a drought-induced tree mortality signal can be detected using FIA data, (2) tree species respond primarily to the length of drought events rather than their severity, (3) the differences in drought tolerance of tree species can be quantified, (4) future increases in drought can potentially change forest composition, and (5) drought is a potentially important factor to include in forest dynamics simulations because it affects forest composition and carbon storage.     

Amazon forest carbon dynamics predicted by profiles of canopy leaf area and light environment

Tropical forest structural variation across heterogeneous landscapes may control above‐ground carbon dynamics. We tested the hypothesis that canopy structure (leaf area and light availability) – remotely estimated from LiDAR – control variation in above‐ground coarse wood production (biomass growth). Using a statistical model, these factors predicted biomass growth across tree size classes in forest near Manaus, Brazil. The same statistical model, with no parameterisation change but driven by different observed canopy structure, predicted the higher productivity of a site 500 km east. Gap fraction and a metric of vegetation vertical extent and evenness also predicted biomass gains and losses for one‐hectare plots. Despite significant site differences in canopy structure and carbon dynamics, the relation between biomass growth and light fell on a unifying curve. This supported our hypothesis, suggesting that knowledge of canopy structure can explain variation in biomass growth over tropical landscapes and improve understanding of ecosystem function.     

Simulating forest ecosystem response to climate warming incorporating spatial effects in north-eastern China

Aim Predictions of ecosystem responses to climate warming are often made using gap models, which are among the most effective tools for assessing the effects of climate change on forest composition and structure. Gap models do not generally account for broad‐scale effects such as the spatial configuration of the simulated forest ecosystems, disturbance, and seed dispersal, which extend beyond the simulation plots and are important under changing climates. In this study we incorporate the broad‐scale spatial effects (spatial configurations of the simulated forest ecosystems, seed dispersal and fire disturbance) in simulating forest responses to climate warming. We chose the Changbai Natural Reserve in China as our study area. Our aim is to reveal the spatial effects in simulating forest responses to climate warming and make new predictions by incorporating these effects in the Changbai Natural Reserve. Location Changbai Natural Reserve, north‐eastern China. Method We used a coupled modelling approach that links a gap model with a spatially explicit landscape model. In our approach, the responses (establishment) of individual species to climate warming are simulated using a gap model (linkages ) that has been utilized previously for making predictions in this region; and the spatial effects are simulated using a landscape model (LANDIS) that incorporates spatial configurations of the simulated forest ecosystems, seed dispersal and fire disturbance. We used the recent predictions of the Canadian Global Coupled Model (CGCM2) for the Changbai Mountain area (4.6 °C average annual temperature increase and little precipitation change). For the area encompassed by the simulation, we examined four major ecosystems distributed continuously from low to high elevations along the northern slope: hardwood forest, mixed Korean pine hardwood forest, spruce‐fir forest, and sub‐alpine forest. Results The dominant effects of climate warming were evident on forest ecosystems in the low and high elevation areas, but not in the mid‐elevation areas. This suggests that the forest ecosystems near the southern and northern ranges of their distributions will have the strongest response to climate warming. In the mid‐elevation areas, environmental controls exerted the dominant influence on the dynamics of these forests (e.g. spruce‐fir) and their resilience to climate warming was suggested by the fact that the fluctuations of species trajectories for these forests under the warming scenario paralleled those under the current climate scenario. Main conclusions With the spatial effects incorporated, the disappearance of tree species in this region due to the climate warming would not be expected within the 300‐year period covered by the simulation. Neither Korean pine nor spruce‐fir was completely replaced by broadleaf species during the simulation period. Even for the sub‐alpine forest, mountain birch did not become extinct under the climate warming scenario, although its occurrence was greatly reduced. However, the decreasing trends characterizing Korean pine, spruce, and fir indicate that in simulations beyond 300 years these species could eventually be replaced by broadleaf tree species. A complete forest transition would take much longer than the time periods predicted by the gap models.