Analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on chronic neuropathic pain mediated by P2X3 receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium (ATP) gated P2X receptors, especially the subtype P2X(3), play a key role in transmission of pain signals in neuropathic pain, ATP has been documented to play a significant role in the progression of pain signals, suggesting that control of these pathways through electroacupuncture (EA) is potentially an effective treatment for chronic neuropathic pain. EA has been accepted to effectively manage chronic pain by applying the stimulating current to acupoints through acupuncture needles. To determine the significance of EA on neuropathic pain mediated by P2X(3) receptors in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were recorded, and the expression of P2X(3) receptors in the DRG neurons was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). In addition, the currents which were evoked in DRG neurons isolated from rats following chronic constriction injury (CCI) by the P2X(3) receptors agonists i.e. ATP and α,β-methylen-ATP (α,β-meATP) were examined through the experimental use of whole cell patch clamp recording. The present study demonstrates that EA treatment can increase the MWT and TWL values and decrease the expression of P2X(3) receptors in DRG neurons in CCI rats. Simultaneously, EA treatment attenuates the ATP and α,β-meATP evoked currents. EA may be expected to induce an apparent induce analgesic effect by decreasing expression and inhibiting P2X(3) receptors in DRG neurons of CCI rats. There is a similar effect on analgesic effect between rats with contralateral EA and those with ipsilateral EA.     

Effect of lappaconitine on neuropathic pain mediated by P2X3 receptor in rat dorsal root ganglion

ATP facilitates initiation and transmission of the neuropathic pain at the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) level via the P2X receptors, especially the subtype P2X(3). Lappaconitine (LA) is an active principle isolated from Chinese herbal medicine and possesses analgesic effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LA on chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain mediated by P2X(3) receptor in the DRG neurons. In the presence of CCI and/or LA, the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured and P2X(3) receptor expression in the DRG neurons was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Following intrathecal administration of P2X(3) receptor oligonucleotide, the effect of LA on pain thresholds was assessed. Furthermore, the effect of LA on the P2X(3) receptor agonists ATP- and α,β-meATP-induced inward currents (I(ATP) and I(α,β-meATP)) in the acutely dissociated rat DRG neurons was investigated by whole cell patch-clamp. The results included: (1) There showed reduction of pain thresholds, enhancement of I(ATP) and I(α,β-meATP) and up-regulation of P2X(3) receptor expression in rat DRG neurons when neuropathic pain occurred. (2) In the presence of LA, the decreased pain thresholds, the up-regulated P2X(3) receptor expression and the enhanced I(ATP) and I(α,β-meATP) were reversible in the CCI rats. (3) The down-regulated P2X(3) receptor expression with pretreatment of P2X(3) receptor antisense oligonucleotide significantly attenuated the analgesic effect of LA. These results indicate that the analgesic effect of LA involves decrease of expression and sensitization of the P2X(3) receptors of the rat DRG neurons following CCI.     

Role of sodium ferulate in the nociceptive sensory facilitation of neuropathic pain injury mediated by P2X(3) receptor

Neuropathic pain usually is persistent and no effective treatment. ATP plays an important role in the initiation of pain. P2X(3) receptors are localized in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and activated by extracellular ATP. Sodium ferulate (SF) is an active principle from Chinese herbal medicine and has anti-inflammatory activities. This study observed the effects of SF on the nociceptive facilitation of the primary sensory afferent after chronic constriction injury (CCI) mediated by P2X(3) receptor. In this study, the content of ATP in DRG neurons was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). P2X(3) agonist-activated currents in DRG neurons was recorded by the whole-cell patch-clamp skill. The expression of P2X(3) mRNA in DRG neurons was analyzed by in situ hybridization. The ATP content of DRG was increased after CCI. In CCI rats treated with SF, the content of ATP in DRG neurons was reduced. SF decreased the increment of P2X(3) agonist-activated currents and P2X(3) mRNA expression in DRG neurons during CCI. SF may inhibit the initiation of pain and primary afferent sensitization mediated by P2X(3) receptor during CCI.     

Nanoparticle-encapsulated emodin decreases diabetic neuropathic pain probably via a mechanism involving P2X3 receptor in the dorsal root ganglia

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). More than 90% of all cases of DM belong to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emodin is the main active component of Radix et rhizoma rhei and has anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Nanoparticle encapsulation of drugs is beneficial for drug targeting and bioavailability as well as for lowering drug toxicity side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nanoparticle-encapsulated emodin (nano emodin) on diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) mediated by the Purin 2X3 (P2X3) receptor in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) values in T2DM rats were lower than those of control rats. MWT and TWL in T2DM rats treated with nano emodin were higher compared with those in T2DM rats. Expression levels of P2X3 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) in the DRG of T2DM rats were higher than those of controls, while levels in T2DM rats treated with nano emodin were significantly lower than those of the T2DM rats. Phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 in the T2DM DRG were decreased by nano emodin treatment. Nano emodin significantly inhibited currents activated by the P2X3 agonist α,β-meATP in HEK293 cells transfected with the P2X3 receptor. Therefore, nano emodin treatment may relieve DNP by decreasing excitatory transmission mediated by the DRG P2X3 receptor in T2DM rats.     

Suppressing PKC-dependent membrane P2X3 receptor upregulation in dorsal root ganglia mediated electroacupuncture analgesia in rat painful diabetic neuropathy

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a common and troublesome diabetes complication. Protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated dorsal root ganglia (DRG) P2X3 receptor upregulation is one important mechanism underlying PDN. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that electroacupuncture (EA) at low frequency could effectively attenuate neuropathic pain. Our previous study showed that 2-Hz EA could relieve pain well in PDN. The study aimed to investigate whether 2-Hz EA relieves pain in PDN through suppressing PKC-mediated DRG P2X3 receptor upregulation. A 7-week feeding of high-fat and high-sugar diet plus a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in a dose of 35 mg/kg after a 5-week feeding of the diet successfully induced type 2 PDN in rats as revealed by the elevated body weight, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and insulin resistance, and the reduced paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), as well as the destructive ultrastructural change of sciatic nerve. DRG plasma membrane P2X3 receptor level and DRG PKC expression were elevated. Two-hertz EA failed to improve peripheral neuropathy; however, it reduced PWT, DRG plasma membrane P2X3 receptor level, and DRG PKC expression in PDN rats. Intraperitoneal administration of P2X3 receptor agonist αβ-meATP or PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) blocked 2-Hz EA analgesia. Furthermore, PMA administration increased DRG plasma membrane P2X3 receptor level in PDN rats subject to 2-Hz EA treatment. These findings together indicated that the analgesic effect of EA in PDN is mediated by suppressing PKC-dependent membrane P2X3 upregulation in DRG. EA at low frequency is a valuable approach for PDN control.     

Functional characterization and analgesic effects of mixed cannabinoid receptor/T-type channel ligands

Background

Increased neuronal excitability and spontaneous firing are hallmark characteristics of injured sensory neurons. Changes in expression of various voltage-gated Na⁺ channels (VGSCs) have been observed under neuropathic conditions and there is evidence for the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in sensory hyperexcitability. Here we demonstrate the contribution of PKC to P2X-evoked VGSC activation in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in neuropathic conditions.

Results

Using the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain and whole-cell patch clamp recordings of dissociated DRG neurons, we examined changes in excitability of sensory neurons after nerve injury and observed that P2X3 purinoceptor-mediated currents induced by α,β-meATP triggered activation of TTX-sensitive VGSCs in neuropathic nociceptors only. Treatment of neuropathic DRGs with the PKC blocker staurosporine or calphostin C decreased the α,β-meATP-induced Na⁺ channels activity and reversed neuronal hypersensitivity. In current clamp mode, α,β-meATP was able to evoke action-potentials more frequently in neuropathic neurons than in controls. Pretreatment with calphostin C significantly decreased the proportion of sensitized neurons that generated action potentials in response to α,β-meATP. Recordings measuring VGSC activity in neuropathic neurons show significant change in amplitude and voltage dependence of sodium currents. In situ hybridization data indicate a dramatic increase in expression of embryonic Na_v1.3 channels in neuropathic DRG neurons. In a CHO cell line stably expressing the Na_v1.3 subunit, PKC inhibition caused both a significant shift in voltage-dependence of the channel in the depolarizing direction and a decrease in current amplitude.

Conclusion

Neuropathic injury causes primary sensory neurons to become hyperexcitable to ATP-evoked P2X receptor-mediated depolarization, a phenotypic switch sensitive to PKC modulation and mediated by increased activity of TTX-sensitive VGSCs. Upregulation in VGSC activity after injury is likely mediated by increased expression of the Na_v1.3 subunit, and the function of the Na_v1.3 channel is regulated by PKC.     

Electroacupuncture alleviates diabetic neuropathic pain in rats by suppressing P2X3 receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia

Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a troublesome diabetes complication all over the world. P2X3 receptor (P2X3R), a purinergic receptor from dorsal root ganglion (DRG), has important roles in neuropathic pain pathology and nociceptive sensations. Here, we investigated the involvement of DRG P2X3R and the effect of 2 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) on DNP. We monitored the rats’ body weight, fasting blood glucose level, paw withdrawal thresholds, and paw withdrawal latency, and evaluated P2X3R expression in DRG. We found that P2X3R expression is upregulated on DNP, while 2 Hz EA is analgesic against DNP and suppresses P2X3R expression in DRG. To evaluate P2X3R involvement in pain modulation, we then treated the animals with A317491, a P2X3R specific antagonist, or α β-me ATP, a P2X3R agonist. We found that A317491 alleviates hyperalgesia, while α β-me ATP blocks EA’s analgesic effects. Our findings indicated that 2 Hz EA alleviates DNP, possibly by suppressing P2X3R upregulation in DRG.

     

The effect of sinomenine in diabetic neuropathic pain mediated by the P2X<Subscript>3</Subscript> receptor in dorsal root ganglia

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for more than 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a common complication of T2DM. Sinomenine is a natural bioactive component extracted from the Sinomenium acutum and has anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of sinomenine on DNP mediated by the P2X₃ receptor in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) in T2DM rats were lower than those of control rats. MWT and TWL in T2DM rats treated with sinomenine were higher compared with those in T2DM rats. The expression levels of the P2X₃ protein and mRNA in T2DM rat DRG were higher compared with those of the control, while those in T2DM rats treated with sinomenine were significantly lower compared with those of the T2DM rats. Sinomenine significantly inhibited P2X₃ agonist ATP-activated currents in HEK293 cells transfected with the P2X₃ receptor. Sinomenine decreased the phosphorylation and activation of P38MAPK in T2DM DRG. Therefore, sinomenine treatment may suppress the up-regulated expression and activation of the P2X₃ receptor and relieve the hyperalgesia potentiated by the activation of P38MAPK in T2DM rats.     

脊髓自噬功能激活与大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性疼痛的关系

目的：探讨脊髓自噬功能与大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性疼痛（DNP）的关系。方法：雄性SD大鼠（42只）高糖高脂饲养8周,腹腔单次注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）制备大鼠2型糖尿病模型。两周后检测机械缩足阈值（MWT）和热缩足潜伏期（TWL）,降至基础值80%以下者为2型糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠,记为DNP组（24只）;未降至基础值80%以下者为2型糖尿病无神经病理性疼痛大鼠,记为DA组（18只）。另取18只大鼠为对照（control,C）组,普通饲料喂养。于确定DA与DNP分组后的第3、7和14天,测定机械缩足阈值（MWT）和热缩足潜伏期（TWL）,并在行为学检测结束后各组随机取6只大鼠处死,取L4~L6脊髓膨大,采用Western blot法检测自噬特异性蛋白微管相关蛋白1（Beclin-1）、微管相关蛋白1轻链3（LC3）和P62的表达。另取6只7 d DNP组大鼠采用免疫荧光双染法检测脊髓背角P62与小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞、神经元的共表达情况。结果：连续8周喂养高糖高脂饲料的SD大鼠的血浆胰岛素水平升高,胰岛素敏感指数下调,表明出现胰岛素抵抗;在腹腔注射STZ后,血糖升高达到2型糖尿病诊断标准（≥16.7 mmol/L）;与C组、DA组比较,DNP组大鼠在第3、7和14天时MWT降低,TWL缩短,并且脊髓背角LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin-1表达上调,P62表达下降（P<0.05）。免疫荧光双染色显示,P62在脊髓背角表达,主要与神经元共存,少量与小胶质细胞共存,几乎不与星形胶质细胞共表达。结论：2型糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠脊髓LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin-1和P62表达的改变提示脊髓自噬功能激活;脊髓背角中神经元自噬激活在2型糖尿病大鼠DNP的发生和发展起着关键作用。     

人参皂苷Rg2对慢性坐骨神经损伤大鼠痛觉敏化和抑郁状态的影响*

目的:观察人参皂苷Rg₂对慢性坐骨神经损伤大鼠痛觉敏化、抑郁状态的影响。方法: 将50只 SD 大鼠随机分为 5组(n=10): 空白对照组(Normal+生理盐水腹腔注射)、假手术组(手术但不结扎+生理盐水腹腔注射) 、坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤(CCI)组(CCI +生理盐水腹腔注射) 、人参皂苷Rg₂低剂量组(CCI+ Rg₂ 5 mg/kg腹腔注射)、人参皂苷Rg₂高剂量组(CCI+ Rg₂ 10 mg/kg 腹腔注射)。CCI模型建立后,药物通过注射器进行腹腔内注射 5 ml/kg,每天1次,连续14 d。分别在术前1 d和术后 1、3、5、7、10、14 d测定大鼠的机械性缩足反射阈值(MWT)和热缩足潜伏期(TWL);术前1 d和术后第14日时检测明暗箱实验和强迫游泳试验。 结果:与假手术组比较,CCI组术后14 d机械痛阈值和热痛潜伏期明显缩短(P＜0.01),明箱内停留时间明显缩短(P＜0.01),穿梭次数明显减少(P＜0.01),游泳潜伏期明显延长(P＜0.01)。与CCI组比较,人参皂苷Rg₂组术后14 d机械痛阈和热痛潜伏期明显增加(P＜0.01),大鼠在明箱内时间明显延长(P＜0.01),穿梭次数明显增多(P＜0.01),且游泳潜伏期明显缩短(P＜0.01)。结论:人参皂苷Rg₂能抑制 CCI 大鼠的机械痛敏和热痛敏,同时改善其抑郁状态。     

川芎嗪对慢性压迫性损伤大鼠神经病理痛行为学的影响

目的探讨川芎嗪对慢性压迫性损伤（CCI）大鼠行为学的影响。方法建立大鼠坐骨神经CCI神经病理痛模型,取40只雄性大鼠随机分成4组,Ⅰ组为空白对照组,Ⅱ组为假手术组,Ⅲ组为CCI＋川芎嗪治疗组,Ⅲ组在术后第1天开始腹腔注射100 mg/kg川芎嗪注射液,Ⅳ组为CCI手术组。分别于术前（0 d）及术后1、3、5、7、91、1、14 d以von Frey细丝法和热辐射法测定机械缩足反射阈值（mechanical withdrawal threshold,MWT）和热缩足反射潜伏期（thermal withdrawal latency,TWL）,观察CCI大鼠神经病理痛的行为学变化。结果术后14 d,Ⅳ组和I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组相比较,大鼠后爪的机械和热痛敏阈值明显降低（P〈0.01）;I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间相比,大鼠后爪的机械和热痛敏阈值差异没有显著性（P〉0.05）。结论川芎嗪可以缓解CCI大鼠的慢性神经病理痛行为学表现。     

Estrogen altered visceromotor reflex and P2X3 mRNA expression in a rat model of colitis

P2X₃ and P2X_2/3 receptors are expressed in peripheral tissues and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and participate in peripheral pain. However, the mechanisms underlying P2X receptor-mediated nociception at different ovarial hormone levels has not been examined. In this study, 24 female rats were randomly divided into sham-operated (sham), ovariectomized (OVX), estrogen-treated, and estrogen–progesterone-treated groups with colitis. In each group, the visceromotor reflex (VMR) to colorectal distension was tested and the DRG were harvested for a real-time PCR analysis of P2X₃ and P2X₂ receptor mRNA. In OVX rats with colitis we found that the VMR to colorectal distension and P2X₃ receptor mRNA in DRG were both significantly decreased. Estrogen replacement reversed the decrease. However, neither the VMR nor the P2X₃ mRNA level in DRG from OVX colitis rats was reversed by the complex of estrogen and progesterone. Patch-clamp recording showed that in colitis rats, estradiol rapidly potentiated the sustained and transient currents evoked by ATP to 336 ± 49% and 122 ± 12% of controls, respectively, in a subpopulation of DRG neurons, which were blocked by ICI 182, 780, an antagonist of the estrogen receptor. Whereas progesterone rapidly inhibited the transient currents induced by ATP to 67 ± 10% of control and had no effect on the sustained currents evoked by the same agonist. These results indicate that P2X₃ receptors are likely to be an important contributor to the altered colonic functions in colitis rats, where the underlying mechanisms are closely related to endogenous estrogen modulation.     

Differential expression of ATP-gated P2X receptors in DRG between chronic neuropathic pain and visceralgia rat models

There are divergences between neuropathic pain and visceralgia in terms of the duration, location, and character of hyperalgesia. It is generally recognized that nociceptive receptors, including P2X receptors, may play different roles in nociceptive mechanisms. The different roles of P2X1–7 receptors have not been fully understood both in neuropathic pain and visceral hyperalgesia. In order to explore the different expressions of P2X1–7 receptors in these two hyperalgesia models, the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from rat sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model and neonatal colorectal distention (NCRD) model were studied (both the primary nociceptive neuron afferents of those two models projected to the same segment of spinal cord). Both immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology were applied to analyze the protein expression levels and nucleic acid of P2X1–7 receptors. We found that except P2X2 and P2X3, the expression levels of P2X1 and P2X5 receptors increased in neuropathic pain while those expression levels of P2X4, P2X6, and P2X7 receptors increased in visceral pain. Our results also suggested that in addition to P2X2/3 heteromeric, other P2X subunits may also involved in generation heteromeric such as P2X1/5 and/or P2X2/5 in neuropathic pain and P2X4/6 and/or P2X4/7 in visceral pain.     

HCN2在大鼠外周神经病理性疼痛发生中的作用

目的：初步探讨超极化激活的环核苷酸门控通道2型（HCN2）在外周神经病理性疼痛发生中的作用。方法：将24只健康成年大鼠进行随机分组（n=12）：假手术组（Sham）大鼠仅分离左侧L4、L5脊神经,模型组（SNL）分离脊神经后进行相应的结扎处理,手术7 d后用行为学方法进行模型评价;将造模成功的大鼠进行随机分组（n=6）：①阴性对照组（Saline）,左侧足底注射生理盐水;②阳性对照组（GBPT）,腹腔注射加巴喷丁;③实验组（ZD7288）,左侧足底注射HCN非特异性阻断剂ZD7288。在给药前以及给药后1 h、4 h、24 h、48 h用疼痛行为学实验检测其对神经病理性疼痛的作用;分别取手术前对照组（Control）、假手术组（Sham）和模型组（SNL）大鼠的背根神经节（DRG）（n=6）,利用qPCR和Western blot的方法研究造模前后大鼠DRG内HCN2的表达的变化情况。结果：①成功建立大鼠神经痛模型;②与Saline组比较,GBPT组和ZD7288组在注射1 h后,均能明显的减轻大鼠神经病理性疼痛的症状（P<0.01）,而GBPT组和ZD7288组之间比较则无差异;③与Control组和Sham组相比较,SNL组大鼠DRG内的HCN2 mRNA表达量明显增加（P<0.01）;与Control组和Sham组相比较,SNL组大鼠DRG内的HCN2通道蛋白表达量显著增加（P<0.05）。结论：HCN2参与外周神经病理性疼痛的发生,并有可能成为治疗神经病理性疼痛一个潜在的新靶点。     

miR-98 acts as an inhibitor in chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain via downregulation of high-mobility group AT-hook 2

Neuropathic pain, resulting from somatosensory nervous system dysfunction, remains a serious public health problem worldwide. microRNAs are involved in the physiological processes of neuropathic pain. However, the biological roles of miR-98 in neuropathic pain development have not been investigated. Therefore, in our current study, we focused on the effects of miR-98 in neuropathic pain. It was shown that miR-98 was significantly downregulated in chronic sciatic nerve injury (CCI) rat models. In addition, high mobility group A2 (HMGA2) was obviously upregulated in CCI rats. Overexpression of miR-98 inhibited neuropathic pain progression, including mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. By a bioinformatics analysis, HMGA2 was predicted as a direct target of miR-98. The negative correlation between miR-98 and HMGA2 was validated in our present study. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-98 dramatically repressed HMGA2 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Neuroinflammation participates in neural-immune interactions, which can contribute to the neuropathic pain development. Meanwhile, we found that inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, and COX-2) protein expression in rats infected with LV-miR-98 was greatly suppressed. Taking these results together, we concluded that miR-98 might depress neuropathic pain development through modulating HMGA2.     

RvD1对大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性痛的作用及机制研究

目的：采用2型糖尿病神经病理性痛大鼠,探讨其脊髓背角小胶质细胞极化情况以及消退素D1（RvD1）缓解大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性痛的机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠高糖高脂饲养,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）,制备大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性痛模型。将2型糖尿病神经病理性痛大鼠随机分为3组（n=36）：2型糖尿病神经病理性痛组（D组）、2型糖尿病神经病理性痛注射RvD1组（R组）和溶剂对照组（S组）。R、S组分别于注射STZ 14 d后蛛网膜下腔置管,3 d后R、S组分别给予RvD1 10μl（10 ng/μl）和100%乙醇10μl,每天1次,连续14 d,D组不做任何处理。另取36只正常大鼠为正常对照组（N组）,普通饲料喂养。鞘内给药后第1、3、7、14天时测定机械缩足阈值（MWT）和热缩足潜伏期（TWL）,各组随机取9只大鼠处死,取L4-6脊髓膨大,采用Western blot法检测小胶质细胞M1、M2型极化标记物,即诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、精氨酸酶1（Arg1）的表达。结果：与N组比较,D、S组第1、3、7、14天时MWT降低、TWL缩短,脊髓背角Arg1表达减少,iNOS表达增多（P < 0.05）;与D组比较,R组第7、14天时MWT升高、TWL延长,脊髓背角Arg1表达增多,iNOS表达减少（P < 0.05）;D组与S组各指标比较差异无统计学意义。结论：RvD1促进小胶质细胞M2型极化并缓解大鼠2型糖尿病神经病理性痛。     

苦参碱对神经病理性大鼠背根神经节P2X3受体、疼痛行为学和疼痛阈值的影响

摘要 目的：探讨苦参碱对神经病理性大鼠背根神经节P2X3受体、疼痛行为学和疼痛阈值的影响。方法：选择Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠30只,随机分为3组,包括模型组、试验组和假手术组。于大鼠造模成功1 d后,试验组给予30 mg/（kgod）的剂量在腹腔注射苦参碱溶液,1次/d;给予假手术组和模型组腹腔注射等量浓度为0.9 %的氯化钠溶液,1次/d,共14 d。进行自发疼痛行为学评分检测、机械痛阈值检测、热痛阈值检测、P2X2和P2X3mRNA相对表达量检测、P2X2和P2X3蛋白表达水平检测,以及氧化应激指标水平检测。结果：术后模型组与试验组自发性疼痛行为学评分与假手术组比均升高,自术后第5天起,与模型组比,试验组自发性疼痛行为学评分明显低于模型组（P<0.05）;自术后第3天起,相较于假手术组,模型组机械痛阈值、热痛阈值显著下降,相较于模型组,试验组自术后第5天起机械痛阈值、热痛阈值显著上升（均P<0.05）;术后第14天试验组与假手术组机械痛阈值、热痛阈值对比无差异（P>0.05）;模型组P2X2和P2X3mRNA、P2X2及P2X3蛋白比假手术组和试验组高（均P<0.05）,试验组和假手术组P2X2、P2X3mRNA、P2X2及P2X3蛋白比较无差异（P>0.05）;干预前及干预1、2周后模型组大鼠脊髓组织SOD比假手术组低,MDA比假手术组高;试验组大鼠脊髓组织SOD比模型组高,MDA比模型组低（均P<0.05）。结论：苦参碱可有效缓解神经病理性痛的所引发的机械痛觉和热痛觉,镇痛作用较好,机制可能在于其可使大鼠背根神经元中P2X2、P2X3受体下降相关,同时其在抑制神经病理性大鼠脊髓组织氧化应激反应方面有一定的作用,与其在对神经病理性痛大鼠脊髓组织神经元凋亡的抑制有密切关系。