在ipt-GUS转基因拟南芥中双组分信号传导基因应答体内细胞分裂素的增加

ipt—GUS转录融合基因在拟南芥植物中表达,其体内细胞分裂素的含量可达到野生型的20-30倍。从拟南芥种子萌发后的6、12、20和30d四个时间分析了植物体内细胞分裂素含量的提高对其双组分信号传导系统中基因的影响。研究发现：细胞分裂素受体基因CRE1比CKI1基因更容易被增加的植物细胞分裂素诱导表达。拟南芥植物细胞分裂素反应调节基因ARR4和ARR5在植物发育的不同时期应答植物体内增加的植物细胞分裂素,ARR4的应答反应比ARR5早,种子萌发后的第6天幼苗真叶形成初期,ARR4基因被明显涛导;而ARR5的应答反应在幼苗真叶形成后的几个时间段均能检测到,并且在种子萌发后的第20天,花枝形成开始时特别明显。在双组分信号传导途径中,从受体到反应调节基因传导磷酸基团的传导基因AHP4在幼苗发育的后期种子萌发后的第20和30天,应答植物体内增加的植物细胞分裂素,并且在花枝形成初期比较明显。     

玉米细胞分裂素反应调节因子基因的克隆与进化分析

在植物的生长发育过程中,细胞分裂素在调节细胞分裂和组织发育中起着非常重要的作用.研究表明细胞分裂素的信号转导是一种双组分信号转导途径,在这个系统中,由3种蛋白组成,分别是组氨酸激酶、磷酸转移蛋白和反应调控因子.利用已经克隆的玉米和水稻细胞分裂素反应调节因子基因,进行BLAST分析从玉米全基因组中获得候选ZmRR类型基因.然后设计全长基因引物,通过Trizol法提取玉米叶片总RNA,利用RT-PCR技术克隆出全长候选基因.序列分析表明所扩增序列含有完整的编码框,共编码156个氨基酸残基.序列比对分析其与ZmRR1-10基因具有较高的同源性,并命名为ZmRR11,系统进化树分析证实其属于A类细胞分裂素调控因子,并对所有ZmRR类型基因进行motif分析,共发现37个保守的motif.该基因的克隆和进化分析对阐明玉米双元信号传导体系具有重要的意义.     

脂质活性信号分子鞘氨醇-1-磷酸及其生物学特性

鞘氨醇-1-磷酸(sphingosine-1-phosphate,S1P)是目前颇受关注的脂质信号分子.体内S1P主要由红细胞内鞘氨醇激酶催化鞘氨醇合成,后经由ATP结合盒式转运子释放入血浆.血浆S1P超过半数存在于高密度脂蛋白和血清白蛋白上.S1P可通过直接胞内作用和激活其特异性G蛋白偶联受体产生多种重要生物学效应.S1P1-5型受体在体内各类型组织和细胞表达水平不同,参与包括细胞增殖、存活、迁移等多种生物学过程.     

接头蛋白Gab1的结构及功能研究进展

Gab1蛋白属于接头蛋白Gab家族,该家族蛋白因能与生长因子受体结合蛋白2（Grb2）相结合而得名。作为接头蛋白,Gab1蛋白能被多种受体酪氨酸激酶或非受体酪氨酸激酶激活,接受胞外多种生长因子、细胞因子和一些T/B细胞抗原受体的刺激,介导PI3K/Akt和Ras/MAPK等多条信号转导途径,具有促进细胞生长、迁移、调节免疫等多种生物学功能,与糖尿病、肿瘤、心血管疾病等的发生发展密切相关。     

支架蛋白Gab2信号调控与乳腺癌

Gab2是支架蛋白Gabs家族中的重要成员.该家族蛋白通过介导膜受体与信号转运蛋白间的偶联及各信号分子间的整合参与信号传导.作为支架蛋白,Gab2可被酪氨酸激酶磷酸化激活,接受胞外多种因子刺激,招募富含SH2结构域的信号转运分子,活化下游SHP2/Ras/ERK和PI3K/AKT等一系列信号传导途径,在细胞增殖、分化、...     

钠钾ATP酶的信号转导功能新进展

钠钾ATP酶不仅是主动跨膜转运钠钾离子的载体蛋白,而且可能作为内源性洋地黄物质的受体参与信号转导。它通过在质膜上与小窝蛋白、Src激酶之间的相互作用,并在细胞内借助Src激酶反式激活上皮生长因子受体,组装信号转导的复合物激活信号转导的级联反应,从而介导内源性洋地黄物质增加心脏和血管的收缩性、促进正常细胞肥大或增殖、促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡等作用。研究内源性洋地黄物质与钠钾ATP酶结合后激活的信号转导通路将有助于明确它在病理生理条件下的重要性,有可能为治疗高血压和肿瘤提供新思路,并深化对细胞内信号转导机制的认识。     

曼陀罗细胞中6-BA结合蛋白与硝酸还原酶活力的关系

曼陀罗单倍体细胞,在无水层情况下,经紫外线诱变,在氯酸盐培养基上筛选得到一株缺少硝酸还原酶活力的突变细胞株。经3年培养证明突变性状稳定。对它进行生理生化分析,看到它核内细胞分裂素结合蛋白减少。结合蛋白与细胞分裂素结合后能够促进核内 RNA 聚合酶活力,加速基因转绿。在正常细胞中,细胞分裂素能够促进硝酸还原酶诱导活力,而在这些缺少核内细胞分裂素结合蛋白的突变细胞中,外源细胞分裂素对酶活力的诱导没有作用。从而猜测,在突变细胞中,由于激素不能充分与结合蛋白结合,降低了细胞中转绿的总水平,可能是硝酸还原酶活力提不高的原因。本文还讨论了激素与受体结合后在调控基因表达上的可能途径。     

HMGB1在缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用机制研究进展

高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group protein B1,HMGB1)是一类核内非组蛋白,人HMGB1含有215个氨基酸残基,定位于人染色体13q12,它在核内主要参与维持核小体的结构、识别和结合DNA、调控DNA的复制转录等.HMGB1主要通过两种途径释放到细胞外,与Toll样受体、晚期糖基化终产物受体等受体相互作用激活核因子κB、有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶p38信号通路,释放炎症介质参与缺血-再灌注损伤的发生发展.对HMGB1作用的生物学基础的深入研究,将提供治疗缺血-再灌注损伤的新靶点.     

ErbB2受体酪氨酸激酶激酶区的表达与纯化

以GFP融合表达的形式在毕赤酵母中表达具有生物活性的受体酪氨酸激酶ErbB2的激酶区.构建受体酪氨酸激酶激酶区与GFP的融合表达载体pPIC3.5K,转化毕赤酵母GS115,通过组氨酸营养缺陷型筛选,G418高拷贝菌株筛选,以及摇瓶诱导表达筛选,选取较高水平表达菌株进行5升罐培养,以镍亲和层析手段纯化得到蛋白表达产物,进行SDS-PAGE分析和酶联免疫反应检测酶活.结果表明在毕赤酵母中成功诱导表达了约100kD的激酶融合蛋白并具有激酶活性.该研究为筛选ErbB2的抑制剂奠定了基础.     

黄瓜AHP基因家族的鉴定及其非生物胁迫表达分析

组氨酸磷酸转运蛋白(AHP)是细胞分裂素信号转导途径中重要蛋白之一,在植物生长发育和抵御系列非生物胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。探讨黄瓜AHP的分子特征与表达模式,可为进一步探究黄瓜AHP基因功能和提高植物的非生物胁迫耐受性提供理论依据。通过对黄瓜AHP基因家族成员的数量、进化关系、顺式作用元件、基因结构、发育及非生物胁迫下基因表达模式进行分析。结果表明,黄瓜AHP基因家族有7个成员,不均匀分布在6条染色体上;系统进化分析发现黄瓜AHP基因家族成员与冬瓜和甜瓜亲缘关系较近;其启动子序列主要含有光响应、低温响应、干旱响应、激素响应和防御应激等顺式作用元件;基因表达谱分析发现CsAHP1、CsAHP3和CsAHP4在非生物胁迫下显著上调或下调,且CsAHP1在开花当天表达量最高;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)结果显示,CsAHP1和CsAHP3均在干旱、高温胁迫下显著上调表达,CsAHP1、CsAHP2和CsAHP5在低温弱光胁迫下显著上调表达。黄瓜AHP基因家族可能与植物发育和非生物胁迫响应有着密切的关系。     

Cytokinin receptors in sporophytes are essential for male and female functions in Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis has three cytokinin receptors genes: CRE1, AHK2 and AHK3. Availability of plants that are homozygous mutant for these three genes indicates that cytokinin receptors in the haploid cells are dispensable for the development of male and female gametophytes. The triple mutants form a few flowers but never set seed, indicating that reproductive growth is impaired. We investigated which reproductive processes are affected in the triple mutants. Anthers of mutant plants contained fewer pollen grains and did not dehisce. Pollen in the anthers completed the formation of the one vegetative nucleus and the two sperm nuclei, as seen in wild type. The majority of the ovules were abnormal: 78% lacked the embryo sac, 10% carried a female gametophyte that terminated its development before completing three rounds of nuclear division, and about 12% completed three rounds of nuclear division but the gametophytes were smaller than those of the wild type. Reciprocal crosses between the wild type and the triple mutants indicated that pollen from mutant plants did not germinate on wild-type stigmas, and wild-type pollen did not germinate on mutant stigmas. These results suggest that cytokinin receptors in the sporophyte are indispensable for anther dehiscence, pollen maturation, induction of pollen germination by the stigma and female gametophyte formation and maturation.Key words: cytokinin, cytokinin receptor, female gametophyte, male gametophyte, stigma     

The subcellular distribution of the Arabidopsis histidine phosphotransfer proteins is independent of cytokinin signaling

Cytokinins are a class of mitogenic plant hormones that play an important role in most aspects of plant development, including shoot and root growth, vascular and photomorphogenic development and leaf senescence. A model for cytokinin perception and signaling has emerged that is similar to bacterial two‐component phosphorelays. In this model, binding of cytokinin to the extracellular domain of the Arabidopsis histidine kinase (AHKs) receptors induces autophosphorylation within the intracellular histidine‐kinase domain. The phosphoryl group is subsequently transferred to cytosolic Arabidopsis histidine phosphotransfer proteins (AHPs), which have been suggested to translocate to the nucleus in response to cytokinin treatment, where they then transfer the phosphoryl group to nuclear‐localized response regulators (Type‐A and Type‐B ARRs). We examined the effects of cytokinin on AHP subcellular localization in Arabidopsis and, contrary to expectations, the AHPs maintained a constant nuclear/cytosolic distribution following cytokinin treatment. Furthermore, mutation of the conserved phosphoacceptor histidine residue of the AHP, as well as disruption of multiple cytokinin signaling elements, did not affect the subcellular localization of the AHP proteins. Finally, we present data indicating that AHPs maintain a nuclear/cytosolic distribution by balancing active transport into and out of the nucleus. Our findings suggest that the current models indicating relocalization of AHP protein into the nucleus in response to cytokinin are incorrect. Rather, AHPs actively maintain a consistent nuclear/cytosolic distribution regardless of the status of the cytokinin response pathway.     

The cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis are located mainly to the endoplasmic reticulum

The plant hormone cytokinin is perceived by membrane-located sensor histidine kinases. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) possesses three cytokinin receptors: ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE2 (AHK2), AHK3, and CYTOKININ RESPONSE1/AHK4. The current model predicts perception of the cytokinin signal at the plasma membrane. However, cytokinin-binding studies with membrane fractions separated by two-phase partitioning showed that in the wild type, as well as in mutants retaining only single cytokinin receptors, the major part of specific cytokinin binding was associated with endomembranes. Leaf epidermal cells of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) expressing receptor-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis showed strong fluorescence of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network for all three receptors. Furthermore, separation of the microsomal fraction of Arabidopsis plants expressing Myc-tagged AHK2 and AHK3 receptors by sucrose gradient centrifugation followed by immunoblotting displayed the Mg2?-dependent density shift typical of ER membrane proteins. Cytokinin-binding assays, fluorescent fusion proteins, and biochemical fractionation all showed that the large majority of cytokinin receptors are localized to the ER, suggesting a central role of this compartment in cytokinin signaling. A modified model for cytokinin signaling is proposed.     

细胞分裂素结合蛋白的研究进展

迄今为止,已从多种植物中分离到细胞分裂素结合蛋白(CBPs),它们可能在细胞分裂素的信号转导、体内运输及代谢中起作用。根据现有研究结果认为,大多数CTKs受体可能位于膜上,通过与G_蛋白耦联的信号转导系统或双组分信号转导系统完成CTKs信号的跨膜转导。少数CTKs受体可能位于细胞质中,与胞内CTKs结合后进入细胞核,直接调节基因的表达。本文综述了近年来对CBPs的研究进展,分析了CTKs受体的可能类型及CBPs作用的可能机制。     

Evidence for the localization of the Arabidopsis cytokinin receptors AHK3 and AHK4 in the endoplasmic reticulum

Cytokinins are hormones that are involved in various processes of plant growth and development. The model of cytokinin signalling starts with hormone perception through membrane-localized histidine kinase receptors. Although the biochemical properties and functions of these receptors have been extensively studied, there is no solid proof of their subcellular localization. Here, cell biological and biochemical evidence for the localization of functional fluorophor-tagged fusions of Arabidopsis histidine kinase 3 (AHK3) and 4 (AHK4), members of the cytokinin receptor family, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is provided. Furthermore, membrane-bound AHK3 interacts with AHK4 in vivo. The ER localization and putative function of cytokinin receptors from the ER have major impacts on the concept of cytokinin perception and signalling, and hormonal cross-talk in plants.     

Advances in upstream players of cytokinin phosphorelay: receptors and histidine phosphotransfer proteins

Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones that have been linked to numerous growth and developmental aspects in plants. The cytokinin signal is perceived by sensor histidine kinase receptors and transmitted via histidine phosphotransfer proteins (HPts) to downstream response regulators. Since their discovery, cytokinin receptors have been a focus of interest for many researchers. Ongoing research on these transmembrane receptors has greatly broadened our knowledge in terms of cytokinin–receptor interaction, receptor specificity, receptor cellular localization, and receptor functions in cytokinin related growth and developmental processes. This review focuses on the recent advances on the cytokinin receptors and HPt proteins in Arabidopsis.     

Properties, functions and evolution of cytokinin receptors

The discovery of cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana ten years ago was a milestone in plant hormone research. Since then, research has yielded insights into the biochemical properties and functions of these sensor histidine kinases. Their affinities to both trans-zeatin and isopentenyladenine are in the low nM range. Cytokinin ribosides, cis-zeatin and thidiazuron were established as compounds with genuine cytokinin activity and the first cytokinin antagonists were identified. Numerous functions of cytokinin receptors in plant development, as well as in the plant's responses to the environment, have been elucidated and are summarized. Finally, we address the question how the receptors have evolved during plant evolution.