四川省赫坎按蚊种团各蚊种卵形态鉴别的可靠性研究

本文论证用蚊卵形态鉴别四川省赫坎按蚊种团各蚊种的可靠性。中华按蚊同嗜人按蚊、筠连接蚊、八代按蚊、贵阳按蚊,凉山按蚊同嗜人按蚊等,用卵形态鉴别比较可靠;其余各蚊种之间卵形态鉴别不完全可靠,必须结合蚊虫生活史中其他阶段的形态进行鉴别;卵甲板定同卵宽、甲板定同浮囊内缘间距离、浮囊内缘至甲板边缘距离同甲板宽等的比值,以及甲板的形状等卵外部形态,在赫坎按蚊种团各蚊种之间的鉴别上占有比较重要的地位。     

我国赫坎按蚊类群的研究

本文报告作者等在1962—1965年对我国代表性地区赫坎按蚊类群的初步研究结果。通过对不同地区各种按蚊生活史各期,包括卵、幼虫、蛹皮和成虫比较系统的研究,认为我国的赫坎按蚊类群至少包括9种按蚊,即赫坎按蚊、八代按蚊、拟中华按蚊、中华按蚊、贵阳按蚊、印度按蚊、带足按蚊、雷氏按蚊嗜人新亚种和江苏按蚊新种。文内对各种按蚊的形态作了简要的描述,提出了它们的主要鉴别特征、个体变异及地理变异,并试列出本类群内各种按蚊的成虫、蛹、幼虫及卵的检索表,以供现场的调查与防治工作参考应用。根据我们的调查结果,并综合有关文献报道,本文扼要地叙述了我国赫坎按蚊类群各种按蚊的地理分布、主要习性和它们对丝虫病和疟疾传播的关系。为我国两种重要蚊媒传染病的流行病学与防治提供了理论依据。     

赫坎按蚊与中华按蚊染色体的比较研究

细胞遗传学是蚊类、特别是按蚊复合种团分类和系统发育研究十分有用的方法之一(White,1984;Green等,1984)。采用细胞遗传学方法,结合生化、生活习性、生态和形态分类等技术,已经发现了许多按蚊近似物种的存在(Kitzmiller,1976;Coluzzi等,1979;Stegniy,1981),明确鉴别各按蚊近似种,对于制定有效的媒介控制措施有着重要意义。本文比较同属赫坎按蚊种团(Anopheles hyrcanusgroup)的两种近似种——赫坎按蚊(An.hyrcanus)和中华按蚊(An.sinensis)的唾腺多线染色体、有丝分裂染色体,确定它们在遗传学上的亲缘关系,为赫坎按蚊种团的分类和系统发育的研究提供资料。     

我国赫坎按蚊复合体成员种的rDNA-ITS2区序列差异及系统发育分析

测定了我国赫坎按蚊复合体 9成员种的核糖体DNA第二内转录间隔区 (rDNA ITS2 )序列 ,根据序列差异分析各蚊种间的系统发育关系。结果显示 :( 1 )ITS2区序列最长的是中华按蚊 ( 4 6 8bp) ,最短的是克劳按蚊和赫坎按蚊 ( 4 36bp) ;GC含量为 4 4 9%～ 4 6 8% ;( 2 )发现该复合体 4成员种的ITS2区序列存在种内个体间差异 ,幅度为 0～ 3 8% ,明显小于种间差异 ;( 3)将各蚊种的ITS2区序列进行同源排序比较 ,发现其变异大多是简单重复单元的拷贝数不同 ;种间差异性最大的是克劳按蚊与嗜人按蚊( 32 3% ) ,最小的是贵阳按蚊与凉山按蚊 ( 9 0 % )平均差异率为 2 2 3% ;( 4 )根据ITS2区序列特征 ,用 3种方法构建的树状图拟合一致。以上结果表明赫坎按蚊复合体各成员种rDNA ITS2序列在种内非常保守 ,以种间序列差异分析为基础的分子鉴别技术是甄别蚊种分类地位混淆和错误的有效方法。     

嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊不同发育阶段蛋白质和酯酶同工酶的比较研究

嗜人按蚊 Anopheles anthropophagus 和中华按蚊 Anopheles sinensis 是赫坎按蚊类群的两个主要成员,是我国疟疾和丝虫病的重要传播媒介。为进一步给我国赫坎按蚊类群的系统关系研究提供生物化学证据,亦为两蚊种发育生化及其毒理学研究提供参考,本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电点聚焦(IEF)电泳法,比较分析了嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊不同发育阶段蛋白质和酯酶同工酶,现将结果报告如下。     

嗜人按蚊与中华按蚊多线染色体的比较*1)

本文报告以中华按纹的多线染色体为标准,与嗜人按纹的染色体作比较,发现后者在2L臂上17A-21C这一段有固定性臂内倒位,其他各臂如X和3L无明显差异。在3R臂上，两种按蚊均有特征性的种内多态性臂内倒位。上述结果阐明了这两种按蚊在染色体上的亲缘关系，为赫坎按纹种团的分类及系统发育的研究提供了有价值的资料。     

嗜人按蚊与中华按蚊多线染色体的比较

本文报告以中华按纹的多线染色体为标准,与嗜人按纹的染色体作比较,发现后者在2L臂上17A-21C这一段有固定性臂内倒位,其他各臂如X和3L无明显差异。在3R臂上,两种按蚊均有特征性的种内多态性臂内倒位。上述结果阐明了这两种按蚊在染色体上的亲缘关系,为赫坎按纹种团的分类及系统发育的研究提供了有价值的资料。     

四川省赫坎按蚊种团蚊种卵的形态及变异

对四川赫坎按蚊种团各蚊种因个体、地区以及季节和温度的不同而产生的卵形态变异进行了观察。将中华按蚊因各种因素影响产生的变异卵,归结为“宽中曲型”、“甲断型”两类卵型,认为“宽中曲型”卵,有可能为中华按蚊正在分化过程中的类型;中华按蚊在不同季节的不同温度条件下,能够产生同“小窄甲板型”、“大窄甲板型”、“小宽甲板型”、“大宽甲板型”相似的中华按蚊卵。为了避免产生误解,建议马氏（1964、1966）所称谓的“中华按蚊类群”仍称赫坎按蚊类群为好。     

应用PCR—SSCP鉴别我国多斑按蚊复合体成员种（双翅目：蚊科）

测定并分析了我国多斑按蚊复合体5个成员种(多斑按蚊、威氏按蚊、伪威氏按蚊、达罗毗按蚊和塞沃按蚊)核糖体DNA 28S-D3序列,应用PCR-SSCP技术对该复合体成员种进行分子鉴别。结果显示：我国多斑按蚊复合体5个成员种的D3序列长度范围为388-394bp,GC含量为58．12％—59．79％,D3序列在种内保守,在种间存在差异,种间差异最大的是达罗毗按蚊与伪威氏按蚊为6．55％,最小的是达罗毗按蚊与多斑按蚊为2．58％,平均差异率为4．59％。用SSCP分析多斑按蚊复合体5个成员种的28S-D3扩增产物,结果显示电泳条带具种特异性,可用于鉴别各蚊种。     

嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊产卵活动的比较观察

1980年7—9月份在闽北崇安县五夫乡对中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊的产卵活动作了比较观察,现报道如下。一、内容与方法清晨5—6时捕光法采集人房按蚊,选择胃血处于Sella氏Ⅱ期的新吸血蚊单管饲养,每4小时观察一次产卵情况,以卵定种后,统计产卵时间、产卵数以及完成一次生殖营养周期所需时间。定种后按蚊解剖卵巢,按卵巢表面微气管末端形状来判定产卵与否,并计算经产蚊比率。二、结果与讨论(一)产卵时间:观察20批,其中嗜人按蚊270只,中华按蚊193只。两种按蚊多在夜间产卵,而以在22～2时为多(表)。表20批按蚊产卵的时间蚊种观数察2产:0卵1～%6产:0卵1…     

An investigation of arterial insufficiency in rat hindlimb. An enzymic, mitochondrial and histological study.

A membrane-bound aminopeptidase able to remove methionine from haemoglobin nascent peptides is described. The enzyme also hydrolyses methionine from methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin but not lysine from lysyl-bradykinin. The tripeptide Met-Ala-Ser is poorly hydrolysed. This aminopeptidase also splits amino acid 2-naphthylamides, being, however, less specific with respect to these synthetic substrates.     

Conformational analysis of oligoarabinonucleotides. An NMR and CD study.

A 500 and 300 MHz proton NMR study of the series of oligoarabinonucleotides 5'aAMP, 3'aAMP, aA-aA, (aA-)2aA and (aA-)3aA is presented. In addition, circular dichroism is used to study the stacking behaviour of aA-aA. The complete 1H-NMR spectral assignment of the compounds (except the tetramer) is given. Proton-proton and proton-phosphorus coupling constants, obtained by computer simulation of the high-field region of the spectra, yield information on the conformation of the arabinose rings (N- or S-type) and on the intramolecular stacking properties of the dimer and the trimer. The monomers 5'aAMP and 3'aAMP exhibit a preference for N- and S-type sugar conformation, respectively. It is shown that the dimer aA-aA at low temperature prefers a mixed stacked state of the type aA(S)-aA(N). In the trimer the aA(2)-aA(3) fragment exhibits a conformation similar to that found in the dimer, whereas the aA(1) residue prefers to adopt S-type sugar and has some tendency to stack upon residue aA(2).     

An investigation of non-steady-state algal growth. I. An experimental model ecosystem

In order to test rigorously the transient behaviour of mathematical models of algal growth, detailed laboratory data sets with good temporal resolution are required. A series of algal growth experiments was conducted in transient conditions. Monoculture growth of, and competition for nutrients between, three contrasting species of phytoplankton (the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, the harmful flagellate Heterosigma carterae and the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum) were investigated in different temperature, light and nutrient regimes. Although growth dynamics were qualitatively similar in batch culture, quantitative differences were evident in the growth response of the different species when grown in single yield-limiting nutrient conditions in identical physical conditions. Quantities such as the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio and C and N per cell varied between species and within species under different growth conditions. Such results have particular significance to the development of mathematical models, which commonly represent algal populations as a single homogeneous group using a single currency such as numbers, C or N. Changes in light and temperature regime influenced algal growth: Alexandrium failed to grow at low temperatures, while specific growth rates of Thalassiosira were more sensitive to changes in temperature than those of Heterosigma. Changes in the dominant organism(s) and/or its size or nutrient status may influence the transfer of nutrients within the food web. Commonly, mathematical models make cell growth a function of a single yield-limiting nutrient. Decreased growth rates and high residual nutrient concentrations in competition experiments indicate that this approach is unlikely to be successful in conditions of limited supply of more than one nutrient, where multiple nutrient stresses will be significant.      

Beta-glycosidases and diabetic microangiopathy. II. An insulin-dependent isozyme of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase.

Previously we reported that beta-glycosidase activities were markedly decreased in the kidney but increased in the serum of diabetic rats. To examine these changes, the isozymes of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase [EC 3.2.1.30] of rats were examined by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. At least 3 major isozymes were found in both the kidney and liver. The main isozyme was type II isozyme in normal rat kidney and type III in normal rat liver. The activity of the type II isozyme in the kidney was markedly lowered when the total activity was decreased in diabetes and its normal activity was restored on insulin treatment, in parallel with increase in the total activity in diabetes. No significant change was found in the chromatographic pattern of isozymes in the liver in diabetes. In diabetic rat serum, the increase of total activity was found to be due to increase of type I and II isozymes.     

An analysis of extended and exponentially-fed-batch cultures.

Under certain conditions it is shown that an extended culture is equivalent to an exponentially-fed-batch culture, that an exponentially-fed-batch culture (and an extended culture) can be maintained at a steady state and that an exponentially-fed-batch culture may be mimicked by a continuous-flow culture with a constant dilution rate. Operational conditions required to maintain steady states are specified.