基于红外相机技术的黑麂活动节律

动物的活动节律是行为生态学中的一个重要内容,它主要研究动物在不同时间内的活动强度及变化规律(原宝东和孔繁繁,2011).黑麂(Muntiacus crinifron)隶属偶蹄目(Artiodactyla)鹿科(Cervidae)麂属(Muntiacus),属国家一级保护动物,其分布范围十分狭小,目前该种群仅存于安徽、浙江、江西和福建4省,且栖息地成小种群岛屿状分布(盛和林,1987).     

利用红外相机技术分析秦岭有蹄类动物活动节律的季节性差异

2009年8月至2013年4月期间,在陕西观音山自然保护区,利用18台红外相机收集到羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)、川西斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)、中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)、毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、林麝(Moschus berezovskii)6种有蹄类动物的照片数据,通过相对丰富度指数分析了它们的活动规律及季节性差异。结果表明:(1)6种有蹄类动物在研究区域总丰富度达到了58.71%,其中羚牛的相对丰富度是28.02%,川西斑羚13.24%,毛冠鹿10.08%,中华鬣羚4.21%,小麂2.26%,林麝0.90%。(2)6种有蹄类动物的月相对丰富度反映了其年活动格局,其中羚牛、川西斑羚、毛冠鹿、中华鬣羚、小麂表现出一致性,即夏季活动最为频繁,秋季减弱,冬季达到活动低谷,春季逐渐回升;而林麝则在冬季活动最为频繁,夏季最弱。(3)日时间段相对丰富度反映了动物全年的日活动规律,其中川西斑羚和羚牛相似,主要以白天活动为主;毛冠鹿、小麂、林麝具有明显的晨昏活动习性;中华鬣羚活动高峰出现在02:00–06:00和20:00–22:00,以夜间活动为主。(4)分析不同季节6种有蹄类动物日活动规律,羚牛在春季出现一定的差异,活动高峰出现在16:00–20:00;川西斑羚、毛冠鹿、中华鬣羚在冬季表现出一定的差异,活动高峰相对延迟或者提前;小麂春季表现出差异,活动主要集中在00:00–10:00和18:00–20:00;林麝由于数据相对较少,在4个季节表现出不同的活动规律。(5)夜行性分析得到中华鬣羚具有较强的夜间活动能力,夜间相对丰富度达到了65.81%。这些研究结果有助于监测有蹄类动物种群的变化,为保护区有效保护管理提供了数据支持。     

基于红外相机技术调查江西永丰县的鸟兽多样性及优势物种活动节律

区域性生物多样性调查与编目对生物多样性保护至关重要,是制定物种保护和环境管理政策的基础。2023-03-2023-12在江西省永丰县境内7个乡镇布设60台红外相机,红外相机独立有效工作日10 272台日,获得1 388张独立有效照片,鉴定出29种鸟类和兽类,其中兽类4目7科13种,鸟类4目9科16种。所拍摄到物种中,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种,白颈长尾雉（Syrmaticus ellioti）;国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物5种,分别是中华鬣羚（Capricornis milneedwardsii）、白鹇（Lophura nycthemera）、白眉山鹧鸪（Arborophila gingica）、画眉（Garrulax canorus）和褐林鸮（Strix leptogrammica）;中国脊椎动物红色名录易危（VU）物种4种,分别为小麂（Muntiacus reevesi）、中华鬣羚、白眉山鹧鸪和白颈长尾雉;世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）红色名录易危物种1种,中华鬣羚;兽类相对丰富度最高的物种分别为赤麂（Muntiacus vaginalis）、果子狸（Paguma larvata）、野猪（Sus scrofa）和鼬獾（Melogale moschata）,鸟类为白鹇和白眉山鹧鸪。优势物种活动节律分析表明,赤麂和野猪全天均有活动,果子狸和鼬獾属于夜行性,白鹇和白眉山鹧鸪均属于昼行性。活动节律重叠度分析表明,野猪和果子狸的活动节律重叠度最高,除野猪和果子狸、白眉山鹧鸪和白鹇以外,其余物种对的活动节律均存在显著分化。所有优势物种均存在活动节律的季节变化。     

基于红外相机技术分析极旱荒漠有蹄类动物的活动节律

红外触发相机技术近年来不但广泛应用于野生动物种类、数量和分布的调查与观测,还可用于对动物活动节律和行为的研究分析。本研究在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区采用公里网格法布设60台红外相机,于2017年9月至2018年9月累计完成14 657个相机工作日,采集到5种荒漠有蹄类动物的1 892张独立有效照片。通过计算相对多度指数,对它们的活动节律进行分析讨论。结果表明:(1)研究区域5种荒漠有蹄类动物总的相对多度达到129.08,其中岩羊(43.87)和北山羊(42.98)的相对多度较高,其次是盘羊(25.38)、蒙古野驴(15.62)和鹅喉羚(1.23);(2)5种荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律表现出一致性,即5—6月活动最为频繁,11—12月出现第二个活动高峰;(3)蒙古野驴不同季节在水源地出现的日活动节律没有明显的规律,但在22:00—24:00会出现一天的峰值;而春、夏季鹅喉羚在水源地出现的最大活动峰值是在12:00—14:00;(4)各季节北山羊和岩羊的日活动节律均呈双峰型,北山羊的第2个活动高峰时间比岩羊的更偏晚一些;盘羊在冬季和春季为双峰型,夏、秋季出现3个高峰;岩羊、盘羊和北山羊的夏季日活动节律在清晨的活动高峰提前、傍晚的活动高峰推后;(5)5种荒漠有蹄类动物中,北山羊的夜间相对多度较高。荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律主要随生活史周期而变化,日活动节律除了受行为习性和日照节律的影响之外,不同种类主要因其栖息环境的不同而有差异。     

红腹锦鸡和红腹角雉活动节律——基于红外相机监测数据

红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)和红腹角雉(Tragopan temmminckii)均为国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类。作为两种同域分布的物种,其生态位重叠程度及竞争机制尚不明确。为了探究上述问题我们从2012年7月至2014年11月,在陕西省佛坪国家级自然保护区的9条样线上布设52台红外相机对这两种雉类的集群现象、日活动节律、季节性活动规律和最适活动温区进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)红腹锦鸡和红腹角雉每年8月下旬开始集群,到第二年的3、4月份集群结束,冬季集群最为频繁,而夏季则分散在其各自活动区单独活动。(2)二者皆为昼行性鸟类,活动高峰均出现在清晨和傍晚,但时间生态位存在明显分化:红腹锦鸡有两个活动高峰,分别为7:00时和17:00时;红腹角雉活动高峰为6:00时、9:00时和18:00时。(3)对两种雉类活动频次的季节性差异分析发现,春季活动最频繁,其后依次是秋季、夏季和冬季。(4)红腹锦鸡和红腹角雉选择在接近当月平均气温的时间段出来活动,红腹锦鸡活动的温度范围在﹣4℃到19℃,红腹角雉的活动温度范围是﹣1℃到22℃;但不同季节间略有差异,两种雉类在秋冬季大多选择在高于当月平均气温的时间段出来活动,而在夏季的活动温度则要略低于当月平均气温。观测数据证实了两种雉雉类有通过错峰活动减少生态位重叠导致的竞争的现象,但并未见到二者间有明显的适应性温区分化。     

红外相机技术监测喀斯特生兽类和鸟类多样性及活动节律

2012年8月至2013年11月,在15 hm2弄岗森林动态监测样地及其周边地区以1台/2 hm2密度布设了35台红外相机,对研究区域内大中型兽类和林下鸟类资源进行连续监测。共记录到20种兽类和26种鸟类,包括2种国家I级、8种国家II级重点保护野生动物。其中,小泡巨鼠（Leopoldamys edwardsi）、帚尾豪猪（Atherurus macrourus）、赤腹松鼠（Callosciurus erythraeus）、北树鼩（Tupaia belangeri）、赤麂（Muntiacus muntjak）等5种动物拍摄率和相对丰富度均居于兽类的前5位;白鹇（Lophura nycthemera）、橙头地鸫（Zoothera citrina）和蓝背八色鸫（Pitta soror）的相对丰富度居于鸟类的前3位。虽然每月监测的鸟兽种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均不存在显著的季节性差异,但不同季节记录到的兽类和鸟类种类存在一定差异：黑叶猴（Trachypithecus francoisi）、野猪（Sus scrofa）2种兽类和斑头鸺鹠（Glaucidium cuculoides）、长尾阔嘴鸟（Psarisomus dalhousiae）、红胁蓝尾鸲（Tarsiger cyanurus）3种鸟类仅在旱季记录到;而仙八色鸫（Pitta nympha）和凤头鹰（Accipiter trivirgatus）2种鸟类仅在雨季记录到。活动节律分析结果表明赤麂、北树鼩、赤腹松鼠和白鹇为昼行性动物,帚尾豪猪与小泡巨鼠为夜行性动物。以上研究结果有助于监测喀斯特生境大中型兽类和林下鸟类种群的变化,为保护区有效管理提供数据支持。     

贵州习水国家级自然保护区红外相机鸟兽监测及活动节律分析

2015年7月至2017年11月,我们利用红外相机对贵州习水国家级自然保护区的鸟类及兽类进行监测。结果表明:(1)共记录到鸟类5目20科56种、兽类5目12科28种,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物有林麝(Moschus berezovskii),国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物有红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)、白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)、鹰雕(Nisaetus nipalensis)、中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)等13种。鹰雕为贵州省新记录,白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)、白眉鸫(Turdus obscurus)等10种为保护区新记录。(2)从中国动物地理区划来看,保护区物种以东洋型(41.67%)为主,南中国型(29.76%)次之;东北型(2.38%)最少。(3)区内4种主要兽类中,毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)主要在傍晚活动;赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)日活动节律呈季节性变化,春秋季集中在午间活动,夏季集中在早上活动,冬季则呈现活动双峰,分别是在8:00–10:00及16:00–18:00之间;豪猪(Hystrix brachyura)主要在20:00–24:00之间活动;藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)秋冬季集中在14:00–16:00活动,而春季则在早上10:00–12:00之间较活跃,夏季也有2个活动高峰,分别是在12:00–14:00及16:00–18:00。2种主要雉类的活动节律明显不同,红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)春夏季都较为集中在午间活动,而秋季主要在6:00–8:00之间;红腹角雉春夏两季活动高峰在早上,秋冬季则是在14:00–16:00之间活动频繁。本监测结果有利于进一步了解和促进此区域的生物多样性及其保护。     

基于红外相机监测的藏酋猴日活动节律及其季节性变化

日活动节律是动物在一天中不同时间段的活动强度及其周期性变化规律,与身体控制代谢和能量收支成本密切相关。2015年8月至2017年8月,在贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区,借助红外相机监测,对藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)日活动节律及不同季节的日活动节律的变化进行了研究。调查期间红外相机累计6370个工作日,共收获687张藏酋猴照片,其中独立有效照片105张。日活动节律分析显示,藏酋猴属于典型性的昼行性动物,日活动呈现"M"型,活动高峰出现在12:00—16:00。不同季节的日活动节律比较结果显示,藏酋猴在雨季和旱季的行为节律差异不显著(P>0.05)。与雨季相比,旱季的行为差异表现为活动时间缩短、日出时段活动减少以及主要活动时间从中午推移到下午。另外,随着年气温的变化,藏酋猴日活动温度范围在-2～34℃,其中,15～25℃时活动频次较高(占比59%)。本研究从红外相机的视角揭示了藏酋猴的日活动节律及其变化,为藏酋猴行为生态学研究的深入提供了科学依据。     

卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区水源地蒙古野驴的活动节律: 基于红外相机监测数据

蒙古野驴(Equus hemionus)主要分布在亚洲中部的荒漠、半荒漠和荒漠草原地区, 是我国I级重点保护野生动物。因其奔跑速度快、警惕性高、分布区域偏僻, 迄今为止对其活动节律仅有半散养条件下昼间的研究。我们于2013年4-11月在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区选取13处水源地, 布设28台红外相机, 对其在荒漠水源地的全天候活动节律进行了调查。结果表明: (1)蒙古野驴在春、夏、秋季的有效照片数量分别为294张、1,990张、2,679张, 其活动频率为秋季>夏季>春季。(2)蒙古野驴昼间集群平均数量大于夜间。(3)蒙古野驴在水源地具有稳定的日活动节律, 时间分配上呈典型的“U”型, 其活动在0:00-1:00达到高峰, 7:00-9:00间快速下降, 12:00-13:00和16:00-17:00是一天中的两个低谷, 在21:00-22:00间快速上升。研究水源地周围蒙古野驴的活动节律可为卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区乃至新疆北部荒漠有蹄类的监测及有效保护管理提供依据, 并能对同域生存的普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)的野化工作起借鉴作用。     

Annual activity patterns of anurans in a seasonal neotropical environment

Summary At Panguana, a study in the upper Amazon basin, 7 different aquatic breeding sites of anurans were investigated from Nov. 1, 1981 to Oct. 31, 1982. Rainfall in this area is seasonal. Only 20% of the total annual precipitation was maesured during the dry period, which lasted from mid-March until mid-September 1982. The reproductive periods of the species were highly affected by the rainfall distribution. Calling males and/or gravid females of 46 species were found during the study period. 37.0% of the anuran species were exclusively, and 43.5% predominantly, active during the rainy season. Plots of 100 m² were established at 6 aquatic sites in primary rainforest. A total of 2126 frogs was counted; 93.2% of these were made during the rainy season. A maximum of 378 individuals were found during one check in the plot at the permanent pond. At this site high concentrations of individuals and large choruses were found at the beginning of the rainy season. As soon as favourable temporary aquatic sites were established, reproductive activities decreased at the permanent pond and increased at temporary breeding sites.     

Utilization by fishes of shallow,seagrass-covered banks in Florida Bay: 2. Diel and tidal patterns

Synopsis Diel and tidal patterns in the occurrence of water column fishes were examined on four shallow banks in Florida Bay, using continuous 72h gillnet sets. Patterns in capture rates were presumed to indicate movement of fishes on and off the seagrass-covered banks. Species that were nocturnally active on the banks included Arius felis, Mugil gyrans, Opisthonema oglinum, Harengula jaguana, Elops saurus, Lutjanus griseus, and Bairdiella chrysoura. Diurnal species included Eucinostomus gula, Lagodon rhomboides and Mugil cephalus. Strongylura notata and Mugil curema showed no consistent patterns. At the two sites with significant tidal fluctuation in water level, different activity patterns on the bank relative to tidal stage were evident for several species. At extreme low tides, water column fishes apparently left the banks to avoid stranding. Cycles of fish utilization of the bank habitat are proposed to be related to both availability of prey (diel patterns) and water level (tidal patterns). These cycles in turn influence activity patterns of predators foraging on these fishes.     

Five decades of tick–man interaction in Denmark – an analysis

The tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) is a known vector of several zoonotic diseases such as Tick Borne Encephalitis (TBE), Lyme borreliosis and ehrlichiosis. The interaction between humans and ticks are at the very core of our understanding of the epidemiology of tick borne zoonoses, but only few experimental studies have been performed. Hence our understanding of the epidemiology of tick-borne disease has to rest on the assumption that the potential tick activity, which is reflected in tick samples from the vegetation or samples from animals, corresponds with tick–human interaction. Observations which may reflect the long term tick–human contact are available in Denmark. These observations are records of requests for information on I. ricinus forwarded to the Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory (DPIL). This article was based on the assumption that the request could be seen as a measure of tick–human interaction reflecting the tick densities in relative terms. The perceived tick densities given by the number of requests on I. ricinus divided by the total number of requests to DPIL was fairly stable from 1965 to 1985, while it doubled during the late 1980s reaching a higher level in the beginning of the 1990s. The perceived density was well explained by the variation in temperature, solar radiation (monthly measurement) and deer abundance (yearly assessments). The measure of deviation, i.e. the ratio between observed requests +1 and modelled requests +1, for the individual years varied between 0.91 and 1.20, with considerable within-year variation. A gradual change in periodicity of the residual might suggest gradually changing tick population dynamics. In conclusion, the perceived tick densities appear to be consistent with the current knowledge of tick ecology and tick-transmitted diseases.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

“艾西丝”南瓜诱导生根过程中过氧化物酶活性及同工酶的研究

以“艾西丝”南瓜组培苗为材料,研究其在诱导不定根形成过程中过氧化物酶活性及同工酶谱的变化。结果表明,当南瓜无根苗从含有较高浓度的ＢＡ培养基转入１／２ＭＳ培养基后,可诱导无根苗茎基部不定根生成,一般在转入生根培养基第３ｄ开始生根,至第６ｄ生根率达７０％以上。在此期间,南瓜茎内过氧化物酶活性由低增高,即在不定根形成之前,过氧化物酶活性处在较低水平,而当不定根形成时,过氧化物酶活性迅速升高,以后一直维持     

黄喉貂日活动节律及食性的季节变化

2016年4月至2017年4月,采用红外相机技术和粪便分析法(频率法和剩余物干重法)对四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区内黄喉貂不同季节的日活动节律及食物组成变化进行了研究。结果显示:(1)黄喉貂主要在白天活动(昼间独立照片数占总独立照片数的85. 64%),不同季节黄喉貂日活动节律无显著差异(χ~2=126. 950,df=132,P=0. 608),但在不同季节其日活动高峰出现时间不同,春季的活动高峰在16:00~19:00(31. 65%),夏季活动高峰在15:00~18:00 (26. 32%),秋季活动高峰在13:00~16:00 (34. 31%),冬季活动高峰在11:00~14:00 (25. 00%),并且冬季夜间活动与其他季节相比明显增多;(2)黄喉貂取食食物有兽类、鸟类、昆虫类和植物类等,但兽类是黄喉貂最主要的食物来源,在一年中以兽类的出现频率最高,为95. 28%,兽类剩余物的总相对干重百分比达80. 99%,其次是植物、鸟类和昆虫;(3)黄喉貂对食物类别的利用表现出明显的季节差异,春、夏、秋三个季节黄喉貂粪便中兽类所占比重最多,春季鸟类出现频率较高,冬季黄喉貂粪便中植物所占比重明显增多。本研究表明,黄喉貂在不同季节其日活动节律和食性均表现出一定的差异,这可能与其繁殖特性和生理代谢需求有关。本研究揭示了黄喉貂的日活动节律及食性的季节性变化,充实了黄喉貂的生物、生态学资料,也为该物种的保护管理提供了参考资料。     

Seasonal variations in circadian rhythms coincide with a phase of sensitivity to short photoperiods in the European hamster

European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus) show pronounced seasonal changes in their physiology and behavior. The present study provides a detailed analysis of the temporal relationship between seasonal cycles of reproduction and body mass and seasonal changes of two circadian parameters, i.e., locomotor activity and 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion, in individual animals kept under natural light conditions. Our results demonstrate a characteristic pattern of locomotor activity and aMT6s excretion observed around the summer solstice, i.e., from mid-May to mid-July. During this time, locomotor activity was characterized by a high level of activity and an early activity onset, while the nightly elevation of melatonin was reduced to baseline levels. These seasonal changes in aMT6s excretion and locomotor activity were only loosely related to changes in the reproductive status of the animals, but correlated well with a period of the annual cycle during which the animals were sensitive to short days. They may therefore reflect a specific state of the circadian pacemaker system within the SCN and can thus be a valuable tool to further characterize molecular and physiological mechanisms of photoperiodic time measurements in European hamsters.     

典型草原区布氏田鼠的活动节律及其季节变化

采用标志重捕、染色标记和野外观测法研究典型草原区布氏田鼠野外实验种群,采用4 种活动模式指数(日活动差异指数θ,昼行性指数λ,峰型指数;活动强度指数η)分析田鼠昼夜活动节律及其季节变化。结果表明,布氏田鼠全年12 个月的昼行性指数λ 均高于0.542,为典型的昼行性种类。其活动节律的季节变化主要与环境温度有关:1、2、3、4、11、12 月,气温较低,布氏田鼠的活动模式呈典型的单峰型;5、6、7 月气温较高,为典型的双峰型;而8、9、10 月则属于单双峰过渡类型。田鼠的峰型指数 在冬季最低,夏季最高,与月均气温呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.89,n = 12,P<0.05)。活动强度指数η与气温也存在显著的正相关(r=0.94,n = 12,P < 0.05)。5～9 月,布氏田鼠的活动强度最高,每日活动时间在6 h 以上;冬季布氏田鼠的日活动量骤降,很少外出活动,尤其在1～2 月,布氏田鼠日均地面活动时间不足1min。另外,室内实验表明,布氏田鼠具有在黑暗环境中活动能力,但在野外条件下,夜间活动极少发生。     

On the role of phylogeny in determining activity patterns of rodents

Evolutionary plasticity is limited, to a certain extent, by phylogenetic constraints. We asked whether the diel activity patterns of animals reflect their phylogenies by analyzing daily activity patterns in the order Rodentia. We carried out a literature survey of activity patterns of 700 species, placing each in an activity time category: diurnal, nocturnal, or active at both periods (a-rhythmic). The proportion of rodents active at these categories in the entire order, was compared to the activity patterns of species of different families for which we had data for over ten species each: Dipodidae, Echimyidae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae, Muridae, and Sciuridae. Activity times of rodents from different habitat types were also compared to the ordinal activity time pattern. We also calculated the probability that two random species (from a particular subgroup: family, habitat, etc.) will be active in the same period of the day and compared it to this probability with species drawn from the entire order. Activity patterns at the family level were significantly different from the ordinal pattern, emphasizing the strong relationship between intra-family taxonomic affiliation and daily activity patterns. Large families (Muridae and Sciuridae) analyzed by subfamilies and tribes showed a similar but stronger pattern than that of the family level. Thus it is clear that phylogeny constrains the evolution of activity patterns in rodents, and may limit their ability to use the time niche axis for ecological separation. Rodents living in cold habitats differed significantly from the ordinal pattern, showing more diurnal and a-rhythmic activity patterns, possibly due to physiological constraints. Ground-dwelling rodents differed significantly, showing a high tendency towards a-rhythmic activity, perhaps reflecting their specialized habitat. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.